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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Single neurons in the spinal trigeminal and dorsal column nuclei project to both the cochlear nucleus and the inferior colliculus by way of axon collaterals: a fluorescent retrograde double-labeling study in the rat.

A number of single neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) and the dorsal column nucleus (DCN) were found to project simultaneously to the cochlear nucleus (CoN) and the external cortex of the inferior colliculus (ICe) by way of axon collaterals. Each rat was injected with Fluoro-Gold (FG) into CoN on one side and with tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine (TMR-DA) into ICe on the side ipsilateral or contralateral to the FG injection. In these rats, a number of neuronal cell bodies in DCN and the interpolar and caudal subnuclei of STN were double-labeled retrogradely with both FG and TMR-DA, mainly on the side ipsilateral to the FG injection into CoN. These neurons in STN and DCN might mediate somatosensory inputs simultaneously to the two lower brainstem nuclei, CoN and ICe, which constitute the relays of the auditory pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Topographic distribution and collateral projections of the two major populations of nigrothalamic neurons. A retrograde labeling study in the rat.

The principal target nuclei of nigrothalamic projections in the rat are the mediodorsal (MD) and ventromedial (VM) nuclei. The present study examined the patterns of distribution and collateral projections of the two major groups of nigrothalamic neurons, i.e., nigro-MD and nigro-VM neurons. Retrograde fluorescent labeling with Fluoro-Gold was used to examine whether the distribution areas of nigro-MD and nigro-VM neurons might be overlapped with or segregated from each other in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. A clear tendency was observed that nigro-MD neurons were distributed more ventrally than nigro-VM neurons. It was further examined by retrograde fluorescent double labeling with Fluoro-Gold and Fluoro-Ruby whether or not these nigrothalamic neurons might provide axon collaterals to the superior colliculus or the pontine reticular formation. The nigro-MD neurons were found to send axon collaterals to the superior colliculus more frequently than the nigro-VM neurons. Additionally, a small number of nigrothalamic neurons were found to send axon collaterals to the pontine reticular formation. The functional significance of the two major populations of nigrothalamic neurons was discussed on the basis of their collateral projections to the superior colliculus or the pontine reticular formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Neurotrophin receptor expression is induced in a subpopulation of trigeminal neurons that label by retrograde transport of NGF or fluoro-gold following tooth injury.

Tissue responses to injury are regulated by neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptor levels and can involve both retrograde and paracrine/autocrine trophic signaling. To determine how neurotrophins may contribute to the injury response, the timing and the extent of the up-regulation of neurotrophins and their receptors was examined in a model system which is particularly well suited for the analysis of trophic signaling pathways in response to injury. Injury to the occlusal surfaces of rat molar cusps induces a localized increase in nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in the dental pulp within 4-6 h. Radiolabeled NGF was transported in a receptor-mediated fashion from the teeth to a subset of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion within 15 h, indicating that these neurons possess NGF receptors (trk A and/or p75NTR). To test for NGF responses in the tooth sensory afferent neurons, levels of expression of neurotrophins and their receptors were examined by in situ hybridization in the trigeminal ganglion at 0, 4, 12, 20, 28 and 52 h post-injury. Within the maxillary division of the trigeminal ganglion, trk A expression was elevated at 4 h post-injury, with a maximum increase (2-fold) after 52 h. p75NTR was increased by 28 h post-injury and was increased 1.35-fold by 52 h. BDNF mRNA was increased 12 h after injury (1.8-fold), and 2.5-3-fold at 52 h post-injury. The trk B expression was increased only late after injury (28 and 52 h). To determine the receptor/neurotrophin phenotype of trigeminal neurons with projections to the molar teeth, these neurons were double-labeled with the retrograde tracer fluoro-gold and probes for either BDNF or trk B. The results show that tooth-innervating trigeminal neurons express BDNF, but not trk B. The timing of mRNA expression after injury and the phenotype of identified trigeminal neurons suggests a complex signaling cascade in which NGF at the injury site regulates NGF receptor expression at the levels of the cell body as well as increases in BDNF expression. Upregulated BDNF may act in a paracrine fashion on neighboring trigeminal cells expressing trk B. This signaling cascade may be a common feature of the response to mild peripheral inflammatory injuries within nociceptive pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Expression of glutamate receptor subunit/subtype messenger RNAS for NMDAR1, GLuR1, GLuR2 and mGLuR5 by accumbal projection neurons.

Nucleus accumbens neurons are the targets of glutamatergic inputs. By coupling in situ hybridization for glutamate receptor mRNAs with retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold, the present study examined the relationship between the distribution patterns of glutamate receptor subtypes/subunits and the output pathways of the nucleus accumbens to the ventral pallidum and ventral tegmental area. Following iontophoretic deposits of Fluoro-Gold into the ventral pallidum, neurons in both the nucleus accumbens shell and core were retrogradely labeled. A high percentage of accumbens neurons retrogradely labeled from the ventral pallidum were double-labeled for mRNAs encoding for mGluR5 (82+/-4.1%), NMDAR1 (71+/-3.5%), GluR1 (70+/-6.1%) and GluR2 (76+/-3.6%). No significant difference in the proportion of double-labeled neurons between the core and shell was observed. Following the deposit of Fluoro-Gold into the ventral tegmental area, only the accumbens shell neurons were retrogradely labeled. The proportion of neurons expressing NMDAR1, GluR1 and GluR2 were somewhat less in the projection to the ventral tegmental area compared to the ventral pallidum since approximately 60% of the neurons retrogradely-labeled from the ventral tegmental area expressed these transcripts. In contrast to the high proportion of mGluR5-containing neurons in the nucleus accumbens innervating the ventral pallidum, only half of the neurons projecting to the ventral tegmental area expressed mGluR5. These data show that accumbens neurons innervating the ventral pallidum and ventral tegmental area differ in the relative proportion of expressed mRNA encoding mGluR5, implying differential postsynaptic impact by glutamate transmission on neurons contributing to the two major efferent pathways of the nucleus accumbens.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The inherent, age-dependent loss of retinal ganglion cells is related to the lifespan of the species.

Retinal ganglion cells are neurons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain. With age, there is an inherent loss of retinal ganglion cells that we have quantitated by retrograde labeling of these neurons. In adult mice, the loss of retinal ganglion cells is approximately 2.3% per month; in adult rats, the loss of retinal ganglion cells is approximately 1.5% per month. The total losses of these neurons over the average lifespans of mice and rats are similar to those which have been reported in monkeys and humans. Furthermore, caloric restriction, which extends the lifespans of mice and rats, slows the temporal age-related loss of retinal ganglion cells. Thus, the total age-dependent losses of these neurons appear to be approximately the same over the lifespans of these mammalian species.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Increased expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 on spinothalamic tract neurons following spinal cord injury in the rat.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to an increase in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) immunoreactivity in the peri-lesion area. The increased expression of mGluR1 parallels the development of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and has been suggested to contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic central pain (CCP) syndromes resulting from SCI. However, expression of mGluR1 has not been directly shown to increase on cells in the pain pathway. Therefore, the expression of mGluR1 on spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons was quantified using confocal imaging and densiometric analysis in normal, sham, and SCI rats. Contusion SCI produced an increase in mGluR1 expression on STT cells in both the cervical enlargement and the spinal section just rostral to contusion SCI. These results suggest that mGluR1 is expressed on neurons that modulate pain transmission and expression on these cells increases following injury, supporting the hypothesis that mGluR1 contributes to CCP following SCI.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The dorsal portion of the lumbar intervertebral disc is innervated primarily by small peptide-containing dorsal root ganglion neurons in rats.

The intervertebral discs are innervated by the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In the present study, we applied Fluoro-Gold (FG) to the dorsal portion of the L5-L6 intervertebral disc to label DRG neurons retrogradely, and then examined whether FG-labeled neurons were substance P (SP)-immunoreactive or isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding. Of the FG-labeled neurons, 44.0% were immunoreactive for SP, whereas only 0.6% were reactive for IB4. The rate of SP-immunoreactive neurons was significantly higher than that of IB4-binding neurons (P<0.001), suggesting that under physiological conditions the dorsal portion of the lumbar disc is mainly innervated by peptide-containing neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Collateral projections from single neurons in the dorsal column nuclei to the inferior colliculus and the ventrobasal thalamus: a retrograde double-labeling study in the rat.

A number of single neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) and the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex were found to project to the thalamus and the inferior colliculus (IC). In the rats which were injected unilaterally with tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine (TMR-DA) and Fluoro-Gold (FG) respectively into the posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus and the external nucleus of IC, a number of neuronal cell bodies labeled retrogradely with both TMR-DA and FG were found throughout DCN contralateral to the injections. A few double-labeled neurons were also seen in the caudomedial part of the gracile nucleus ipsilateral to the injections. The double-labeled DCN neurons had relatively small cell bodies which are oval or fusiform in shape. When the injection sites in the thalamus extend into the posteromedial ventral thalamic nucleus, a few double-labeled neuronal cell bodies were seen contralaterally in the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex, mainly in the caudal part of the interpolar spinal trigeminal nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Collateral projections from single neurons in the dorsal column nucleus to both the cochlear nucleus and the ventrobasal thalamus: a retrograde double-labeling study in the rat.

In the rats which were injected with Fluoro-Gold into the cochlear nucleus and simultaneously with tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine into the ventrobasal thalamus, a number of neurons in the gracile and the cuneate nuclei of the dorsal column nucleus (DCN) and in the interpolar and caudal subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) were double-labeled retrogradely with the both tracers. The results indicated the existence of single DCN/STN-neurons which provided axons to the cochlear nucleus, mainly ipsilaterally, and to the contralateral ventrobasal thalamus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Retrograde double-labeling study of retinal ganglion cells from the ipsilateral vLGN and SC in the albino rat.

Retinal ganglion cells with branches to the ipsilateral ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) and superior colliculus (SC) were studied by retrograde fluorescent double-labeling. Double-labeled cells were found in the ventral temporal crescent of the retina, with a few ipsilaterally projecting single-labeled cells scattered in this area. Single-labeled vLGN-projecting cells were found predominantly in the ventral-temporal crescent and to a lesser extent in the temporal and dorsotemporal octant. SC-projecting cells were present predominantly in the ventral-temporal crescent and to a lesser extent in the ventral and ventronasal octant. Our best animal model had 2200 ipsilaterally labeled cells. There were 451 (20.5%) double-labeled vLGN and SC-projecting cells, 561 (25.5%) single-labeled vLGN-projecting cells, and 1186 (53.9%) single-labeled SC-projecting cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Glutamate receptor subunits associated with rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

The purpose of this study was to determine what subunits of the glutamate (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)) receptor are expressed by sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord of adult rats. Preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labelled with Fluorogold, double-labelled with choline acetyltransferase immunofluorescence, and examined with confocal microscopy for evidence of immunoreactivity for GluR1, GluR2, GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits. Quantitative analysis revealed that 92, 63 and 85% of preganglionic cells in the T8 segment express GluR1, GluR2 and GluR2/3 subunits, respectively. Cells were not immunoreactive for the GluR4 subunit. This evidence is consistent with the idea that most sympathetic preganglionic neurons form heteromeric AMPA receptors. Cells with GluR2 subunits will assemble receptors which are impermeable to calcium ions and may be resistant to excitotoxic cell death.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Nitric oxide synthase containing neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate of the rat project to the optic pretectal nuclei.

We combined fluorescent tracing with immunohistochemistry to examine nitric oxide synthase (NOS) containing neurons in the rat ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN). NOS immunopositive neurons in vLGN had a similar appearance to previously described NADPH-d positive neurons. The majority (96%) of the NOS immunopositive neurons in vLGN projected to the pretectal nuclei and these represented 16% of all the vLGN neurons that project to the pretectal nuclei. No NOS immunopositive neurons projected to the superior colliculus. Co-localization of NADPH-d and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported in vLGN neurons but we found few cells containing both NOS and GABA.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Peripheral projections of primary sensory neurons immunoreactive for brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is synthesized in a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons and transported anterogradely to the spinal cord and peripheral targets. In the present study, the peripheral projection of sensory neurons immunoreactive (-ir) for BDNF was examined by a combined method of immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing in rats. It was found that 36.3% of sensory neurons projecting to subcutaneous tissues, 9.8% to epidermis and 8.3% to muscle, contained BDNF immunoreactivity. In contrast, only 0.2% of sensory neurons projecting to adrenal gland and 0.9% to coeliac ganglia contained BDNF. A small proportion of sensory neurons projecting to muscles, mesenteric blood vessels and hair follicles was also BDNF immunoreactive. These results provide evidence that primary sensory neurons immunoreactive for BDNF project mainly to subcutaneous tissues but not to autonomic ganglia and their adjacent viscera.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Increase of galanin mRNA in lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons of adult rats after partial sciatic nerve ligation.

Partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) is a widely used model for the study of neuropathic pain. However, there is little information on neuropeptide expression in primary sensory neurons after PSNL. We examined galanin (GAL) mRNA expression in L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of adult rats after PSNL. We found that 4 and 14 days after PSNL the percentages of GAL mRNA positive neurons were significantly increased in the ipsilateral DRG compared to the contralateral side. Using combined retrograde fluorescent dye tracing and in situ hybridization, we found that 47% of the injured neurons and 10% of the spared neurons were GAL mRNA positive. Since only 2-3% of neurons in the contralateral uninjured DRG were GAL mRNA positive, PSNL induced up-regulation of GAL mRNA in both injured and spared DRG neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Population characteristics of preproenkephalin mRNA-containing neurons in the globus pallidus of the rat.

Anatomical, neurochemical and electrophysiological evidence indicates the presence of multiple neuronal subpopulations within the rodent globus pallidus (GP). One subpopulation that has not been well characterized is GP neurons that express preproenkephalin mRNA (PPE+ cells). The present study seeks to further characterize GP subpopulations by determining whether the PPE+ GP neurons express parvalbumin immunoreactivity (PV-IR) and where their axons project by retrogradely labeling pallidal neurons with the tracer FluoroGold (FG). Using combined PV immunocytochemistry (ICC) and PPE mRNA in situ hybridization, we observed that PV-IR and PPE mRNA identify predominantly separate pallidal cell populations. Combined FG ICC and PPE mRNA in situ hybridization also revealed that this neuropeptide mRNA is more often found in FG-labeled pallidostriatal than pallidosubthalamic neurons. Our data support a growing body of evidence that suggests the GP is more heterogeneous than accounted for by current functional models of the basal ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Primary afferent fibers of the pelvic nerve terminate in the gracile nucleus of the rat.

After injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the pelvic nerve of the rat, a small number of HRP-labeled axon terminals were found in the gracile nucleus. Double labeling experiments were also performed: Fluoro-Gold (FG) was injected into the pelvic nerve, while cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected into the gracile nucleus or dorsal faciculus at the fifth and sixth cervical cord segments ipsilateral to the FG injection. About 5% of FG-labeled neurons were labeled with CTb in the L6-, S1- and S2-dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to the tracer injection. The results suggest that some primary afferent information from pelvic visceral organs may be directly conveyed to gracile nucleus by the primary afferent neurons.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1999

Hypothalamic orexin A-immunoreactive neurons project to the rat dorsal medulla.

Retrograde tract tracing combined with immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify the origin of orexin A-immunoreactive (OrA-ir) fibers in the rat medulla. One to 5 days following injection of the fluorescent dye Fluorogold into the dorsal medulla, labeled neurons were found in the lateral half of the lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular, perifornical, dorsomedial, dorsal and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. Labeling the same sections with OrA antisera revealed a concentration of OrA-ir neurons in the perifornical and dorsomedial regions of the tuberal hypothalamus. A maximum of 10% of Fluorogold-labeled hypothalamic neurons were OrA-ir and 15% of OrA-ir hypothalamic neurons contained Fluorogold. Our results demonstrate that a fraction of OrA-ir neurons in the tuberal hypothalamus project to areas of the medulla that are involved in autonomic functions.

Animals↗