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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

[Intracellular activity of Cl- measured with microelectrodes selective for Cl- in superficial epithelial cells of gastric mucosa at "rest"].

Intracellular chloride activity and the electrical membrane potential differences were determined in surface epithelial cells of frog fundic gastric mucosa in resting conditions. Separate measurements were carried out by applying single barreled, (KCl filled), conventional and liquid Cl- -selective microelectrodes. Membrane potentials with respect to the serosal (psi cs) and mucosal surfaces (psi cm) recorded with conventional microelectrodes, were -67 +/- E.S. 1.7 mV and -39.9 mV (as calculated from psi cs and psi T) respectively. The average electrical potential measured with Cl- -selective microelectrodes with respect to the serosal bath (psi Cl-cs) was -30.5 +/- E.S. 1.9 mV which yields an intracellular Cl- activity of 14 mmol/l, a value that is 2.8 times that predicted for an equilibrium distribution across the serosal membrane. On the contrary, Cl- seems to be distributed at equilibrium across the mucosal membrane. These results indicate that Cl- is accumulated across the serosal membrane into gastric cells in an energy requiring step.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

An ultrastructural study of enteric serosa after surgical management.

The surface topography of rabbit enteric serosa was studied with a scanning electron microscope before and after surgical manipulation and after pretreatment with polyvinylpyrrolidone, an experimental antiadhesion agent. Results indicated that the serosal surface is characterized by an intertwined three-dimensional lattice of collagen like material which was remarkably altered by simple handling. Pretreatment with polyvinylpyrrolidone reduced this alteration, but polyvinylpyrrolidone itself has an adverse effect upon serosal topography. This study has provided novel insight into the fine structure of the intestinal serosa and has demonstrated alterations in this structure after simple operative handling. It has been shown that polyvinylpyrrolidone, although offering some protection, altered the fine latticework that covers the serosal surface. In addition, this study has demonstrated the usefulness of the scanning electron microscope in defining serosal damage and evaluating new therapeutic antiadhesion agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[New data on the mechanisms of glucose transport in the small intestine based on an analysis of the role of serous-mucous flows].

The transport of glucose, other monosaccharides and disaccharides in the rat small intestine has been studied under the condition of a predominance of serosal-to-mucosal (SM) flows over mucosal-to-serosal (MS) ones. A dependence has been found of the efflux of glucose into the serosal solution on the duration of incubation, starting glucose concentration in the serosal solution, intestinal segment under study (proximal-distal gradient), action of glucose transport inhibitors (phlorizin, absence of Na+ in the incubation medium, anoxia) and temperature. In this paper, the hypothesis on entero-hematic circulation has been proposed, according to which recycling of glucose is one of the important manifestations of processes of microcirculation of substances between blood and the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Transport in mammalian gastric mucosa.

Experiments in mammalian gastric mucosae lead to the following conclusions: 1. Sodium, potassium, and chloride are all required in the serosal solution but not on the mucosal side for acid secretion to occur. The only exception to this is in the dog, for which Cl- is required on both sides. 2. Most mammalian gastric mucosa actively absorb Na+. This 2. Most mammalian gastric mucosa actively absorb Na+. This absorption can be blocked by amiloride in the mucosal solution or by ouabain on the serosal side. The Na+ absorption probably occurs in some cell type other than parital cells. 3. Sodium and chloride move through separate transport pathways across the serosal border. 4. Hydrogen and chloride secretion are closely linked; however the secretion does not appear to be in the neutral HCl form. 5. There is a ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+ pump at the serosal membrane. 6. An increase in intracellular cAMP can initiate acid secretion. In addition cAMP appears to play a role physiologically at least in the initiation of histamine-stimulated acid secretion.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1980

[Influence of pH on the transfer of volatile fatty acids in the isolated cecal wall of the rat].

The influence of pH on the transfer of acetic, propionic and butyric acids was studied in vitro using everted sacs of the rat caecum. The sacs were filled with 2 ml of saline medium and then shaken 1 hr at 38 degrees C in flasks containing the same medium. A Krebs-Ringer phosphate incubation medium was used with O2 as gas phase. Incubation mediums containing 15 mM acetic, propionic and butyric acids were adjusted to give three different pH values: 7.91, 7.00 and 6.03. After incubation the mucosal and serosal fluids were collected and samples were taken to determine the pH and the volatile fatty acid concentrations. The pH values of mucosal and serosal fluids changed slightly during the course of the experiments. There was net volatile fatty acid influx into caecal tissue from the serosal medium and into the mucosal medium from the caecal tissue. Lowering the pH from 7.00 to 6.03 resulted in a significant decrease of serosal volatile fatty acid influxes. Caecal tissue retained more volatile fatty acids by lowering the pH from 7.91 to 7.00 and 6.03. Acetic acid accumulated in the caecal tissue against its electro-chemical gradient at pH 6.03. Two different mechanisms appeared to favor the transport of ionized and non-ionized forms of volatile fatty acids through the caecal membranes.

Acetates↗
PubMed1994

Basolateral Cl-/HCO3- exchange in epithelial cells from guinea pig distal colon.

In guinea pig distal colon, H+ secretion into the lumen due to the apical ouabain-sensitive H+, K(+)-ATPase activity is associated with HCO3- exit into the serosa. This study aimed at elucidating (1) the transport mechanism of HCO3- exit across the basolateral membrane and (2) the relation of lactate release to the H+, K(+)-ATPase activity, in isolated mucosae mounted in Ussing chamber. The HCO3- exist across the basolateral membrane depended on the serosal Cl-. 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene- anostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) applied to the serosal side reduced the rate of HCO3- exit across the basolateral membrane. The lactate was released to the serosal side, but not to the luminal side. The serosal lactate appearance was abolished when the apical H+, K(+)-ATPase was inhibited by luminal ouabain. These results suggest that HCO3- exit across the basolateral membrane is mediated by a DIDS-sensitive Cl-/HCO3- exchange. In addition, the lactic acid production appears to be coupled to the apical H+, K(+)-ATPase activity.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗
PubMed1993

Effects of inflammatory mediators on electrolyte transport across the porcine distal colon epithelium.

The epithelium from the porcine distal colon was mounted in Ussing chambers and bathed in plasma-like Ringer's solution. Histamine produced increases in current which were not affected by pretreatment with the neural conduction blocker tetrodotoxin. Both the H1-histamine antagonist pyrilamine and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin produced dextral shifts in the histamine concentration-response curve. Replacement of Cl with gluconate or HCO3 with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane(tris)-N-2- hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid in the bathing solution inhibited the mucosal response to histamine by 74 and 23%, respectively. In addition, histamine increased the serosal-to-mucosal Na and Cl fluxes and inhibited the mucosal-to-serosal Na flux, resulting in a reduction of net Na and Cl absorption. Prostaglandin E2 also produced increases in short-circuit current which remained unaffected by tetrodotoxin. Replacement of either Cl or HCO3 inhibited these increases by 85%. Prostaglandin E2 inhibited the mucosal-to-serosal and net Cl fluxes. Leukotriene C4 produced oscillating increases in the short-circuit current which were completely blocked by tetrodotoxin. These increases in current were attributed to an increase in the serosal-to-mucosal Cl flux which resulted in a decrease in net Cl absorption. From these data it was concluded that: 1) histamine interacts with H1-receptors to increase Na and Cl secretion and inhibit Cl absorption; 2) prostaglandin E2 inhibits a HCO3-dependent Cl absorptive pathway, possibly involving Cl/HCO3 exchange and 3) leukotriene C4 acts on enteric nerves to stimulate Cl secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Alteration in the modulatory role of respiratory epithelium after exposure of guinea pigs to respirable cotton dust.

Chest tightness may occur after inhalation of cotton dust. To understand the origins of this symptom of byssinosis, we exposed guinea pigs to respirable cotton dust and determined whether the resulting pulmonary obstruction was associated with alterations in the in vitro reactivity of the trachea to methacholine. The isolated, perfused trachea preparation was utilized because it allows a comparison of airway smooth muscle responses to drugs after they are applied separately to the mucosal or serosal surfaces. In epithelium-containing control tracheae, mucosally applied methacholine was less potent and elicited smaller maximum contractile responses than those obtained when it was applied to the serosal compartment. After a 6-h inhalation exposure to 30 mg/m3 respirable cotton dust, the mucosal maximum response to methacholine was substantially increased immediately (0 h) after the end of the exposure, but it was decreased 18 h postexposure. A dust level of 10 mg/m3 produced modest increases in the mucosal maximum responses at both postexposure periods, elevating them to the magnitude of the extraluminal maximum response. The potency of serosally applied methacholine was not affected by any cotton dust exposure. Mechanical epithelium removal increased mucosal reactivity to the serosal level in both control and cotton (30 mg/m3)-exposed groups, and abolished the effects of dust on mucosal reactivity to methacholine. Our findings suggest that the modulatory effect of the epithelium may be inhibitory or excitatory. The balance between the two influences may be altered by inhaled cotton dust.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1993

Effects of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and sigma ligands on ion transport in mouse jejunum.

The effects of putative sigma ligands and two neuropeptides on intestinal ion transport were evaluated in isolated sheets of whole mouse jejunum mounted in Ussing flux chambers. Serosal administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY), (+)-N-cyclopropylmethyl-N-methyl-1,4- diphenyl-1-ethyl-but-3-en-1-ylamine hydrochloride (JO 1784), di(ortho-tolyl)guanidine (DTG) and (+)- or (-)-N-allyl-normetazocine (NANM) produced concentration-related decreases in short-circuit current (Isc) without changes in tissue conductance. Although NPY and PYY were active in nanomolar concentrations, JO 1784, DTG and (+)- and (-)-NANM were active in micromolar concentrations; the rank order of potency in inhibiting Isc was PYY > NPY >> JO 1784 = (-)-N- cyclopropylmethyl-N-methyl-1,4-diphenyl-1-ethyl-but-3-en-1-ylamine hydrochloride > DTG > (+)-NANM = (-)-NANM. Serosal application of tetrodotoxin effectively blocked the decrease in Isc associated with all of the ligands tested. The activity of the serosally applied ligands was blocked by prior application of chlorisondamine, a ganglionic blocker. The effects of JO 1784 and NPY were evaluated using antagonists of several receptor types. Although application of serosal haloperidol had no effect alone up to concentrations of 1 microM, this compound produced a rightward displacement in both the NPY and JO 1784 concentration-effect curves. In contrast, sulpiride, SCH-23390, naloxone, yohimbine and prazosin failed to antagonize the effects of NPY or JO 1784.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Paracellular phosphate absorption in rat colon: a mechanism for enema-induced hyperphosphatemia.

The mechanism of colonic phosphate absorption is not well defined. We measured unidirectional phosphate fluxes across rat distal colon epithelium in the absence of transepithelial electrochemical gradients. Steady-state mucosal-to-serosal flux (Jms) was not different from the serosal-to-mucosal flux (Jsm), generating no net flux (Jnet = Jms - Jsm, was not different from "0'). Simultaneous fluxes of mannitol, a paracellular probe, exhibited an identical flux pattern, suggesting that phosphate flux across the colonic epithelium may be mediated through the paracellular pathway. Tight junction permeability was increased with mucosal addition of taurodeoxycholate (TDC, 2 mM) which caused a prompt increase in transepithelial conductance from 7.03 +/- 0.35 to 13.88 +/- 0.35 mS/cm2 (p < 0.001). This was associated with an increase in Jsm, but no change in Jms, for mannitol, resulting in a net flux in the secretary direction. Identical TDC-induced changes were observed in phosphate fluxes, again suggesting phosphate permeation through the intercellular, mannitol pathway. A significant correlation was observed between the permeability of phosphate and the permeability of mannitol, measured both in the mucosal-to-serosal and the serosal-to-mucosal directions and under both control and experimental (mucosal TDC) conditions. Thus, colonic phosphate transport is mediated through the paracellular pathway and enema with high phosphate concentrations (1,760 times blood concentration), can trigger rapid and massive phosphate absorption through this diffusive pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Transport of albumin into the intestinal lumen of the rat.

The intestine is considered a major site for the breakdown and clearance of serum proteins. The mechanism of transport of macromolecules from the serosa into the lumen is unclear. The present study was designed to characterize the serosal to mucosal movement of albumin. Transport of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was assessed in short-circuited Ussing chambers, using stripped rat jejunum devoid of Peyer's patches. To define the kinetics of serosal to mucosal albumin transport the serosal surface was exposed to BSA at varying concentrations (0.5-5 mg.mL-1). Fluids from the mucosal compartment were sampled over time and assayed for immunologically intact BSA by ELISA. All subsequent experiments utilized a concentration of cold BSA (2 mg.mL-1) that produced maximal levels of intact BSA transport. To assess total BSA transport (intact BSA plus degraded BSA), 10 microCi (1 Ci = 37 GBq) 125I-labelled BSA was added to the serosal surface in addition to 2 mg.mL-1 cold BSA. To further characterize BSA transport tissues were treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) (metabolic inhibitor) or colchicine (an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization) or with the nerve blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX). All experiments using inhibitors were performed in paired tissues obtained from the same animal. Transport of intact BSA into the intestinal lumen was a saturable process, with a Vmax of 251 +/- 13 ng.cm-2.h-1 and a Km of 0.72 +/- 0.1 mg.mL-1, and represented 7% of the total BSA flux into the intestinal lumen. In the presence of NaF (2 x 10(-3) M), transport of both intact and total BSA was significantly inhibited (intact: control 374 +/- 80 vs. NaF 46 +/- 11, 88% inhibition; total: control 3288 +/- 296 vs. NaF 2550 +/- 235 ng.cm-2.h-1, 22% inhibition; p < 0.05). In addition, colchicine significantly inhibited intact BSA transport (control 339 +/- 15 vs. colchicine 206 +/- 13 ng.cm-2.h-1, 39% inhibition; p < 0.05). TTX had no effect on intact BSA flux. The findings suggest that transport of intact BSA from the serosa into the intestinal lumen is a saturable, energy-dependent process, which involves microtubules but is not under neural regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Intestinal metabolism and transport of alpha-disaccharide conjugates: the role of disaccharidase in the Na+/glucose cotransporter-mediated transport.

Intestinal transport and metabolism of p-nitrophenyl alpha-disaccharides were studied. In the absorption of p-nitrophenyl alpha-melibioside, no compounds other than p-nitrophenyl alpha-melibioside were detected on either the mucosal or the serosal side. In the absorption of p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltoside, on the other hand, p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside was formed on the mucosal side to appear on the serosal side. p-Nitrophenol and p-nitrophenyl beta-glucuronide also appeared on the serosal side in the absorption of p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltoside, and the total amount transported to the serosal side was significantly decreased in the absence of Na+ (a cosubstrate of Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1)). Furthermore, the total transport clearance of p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside formed from p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltoside on the mucosal side in the p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltoside absorption, was similar to that of the absorption of p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside itself. These results led to the conclusion that the intestinal absorption of disaccharide conjugate depended on disaccharidase, and the absorption of the alpha-maltose conjugate occurred sequentially by the maltase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the disaccharide conjugate and SGLT1-mediated transport of the glucose conjugate.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Modulation of the permeability of H2 receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine by P-glycoprotein in rat intestine and the human colonic cell line Caco-2.

The influence of secretory transporters on intestinal permeability characteristics of the H2 receptor antagonists ranitidine and cimetidine was studied in Caco-2 monolayers and rat intestinal mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers. Both drugs exhibited vectorial transport across rat ileum with significantly greater (2-4-fold) permeability in the serosal-to-mucosal than the mucosal-to-serosal direction, indicative of net mucosal secretion. Mucosal ranitidine secretion was also observed in rat distal colon, although to a lesser degree. Ileal ranitidine secretion was concentration dependent and significantly reduced by the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates verapamil and cyclosporin. In contrast, probenicid, an inhibitor of the multidrug-related protein, had no effect on ranitidine permeability. The paracellular marker mannitol showed no evidence of asymmetric permeability or sensitivity to P-gp inhibitors. Significant expression of P-gp protein in rat intestinal epithelial cells was confirmed by immunoblotting. Caco-2 monolayers, which overexpress P-gp, also showed asymmetric permeability of ranitidine and cimetidine. In this model, ranitidine permeability in the mucosal-to-serosal direction decreased by approximately 95% as monolayer resistance increased from 150 to 500 Omega/cm2, indicating a primarily paracellular route of transport. However, serosal-to-mucosal permeability was insensitive to resistance changes, consistent with a primarily transcellular route in this direction. These data indicate that ranitidine and cimetidine can act as substrates for intestinal P-gp and suggest that the balance between absorptive and secretory mechanisms as a factor in determining intestinal absorption needs to be a routine consideration even for compounds expected to have a predominantly paracellular route of absorption.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed1997

Pleural mesothelioma mimics the integrin profile of activated, sessile rather than detached mesothelial cells.

Mesothelial cells (MC) form a polarized monolayer lining serosal cavities. During serositis, the MC lining undergoes hyperplasia, and MC are shed into effusions. During these processes, contact with basement membrane and, ultimately, neighboring cells is at least temporarily lost, suggesting regulated alterations in cell/matrix and cell/cell adhesion. Such interactions are primarily mediated by integrins. Malignant mesothelioma has a growth pattern characterized by lateral, limited invasive but contiguous spread. During serositis, activated MC, both sessile and detached, expressed an extended spectrum of beta1, beta3 and beta4 integrins compared with resting MC, as shown by immunohistology. Malignant mesothelioma had an integrin repertoire and a subcellular distribution resembling that of activated sessile rather than floating MC. In vitro, MC exposed a more comprehensive pattern of integrins than that of the newly established mesothelioma cell lines ME-HD-1 and ME-HD-2, as shown by flow cytometry. MC consistently adhered better than mesothelioma cells to laminin, tenascin, fibronectin and collagen type IV. Adhesion of MC and mesothelioma cells to these matrix proteins was, at least in part, mediated via beta1 integrins. The different integrin profiles and adhesion properties of cultured MC and mesothelioma cells may reflect a limited functional differentiation of the latter.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1985

Pathology of spontaneous colibacillosis in a broiler flock.

Forty-eight of 134 chickens collected from a flock on a broiler farm were diagnosed pathologically and microbiologically to have colibacillosis. Both acute septicemia (seven birds, 1 to 36 days old) and subacute serositis (41 birds, 5 to 57 days old) were found. The former consisted of necrosis with fibrinous exudates in the ellipsoids and lymphoid follicles of the spleen, and fibrinous thrombi in sinusoids of the liver with occasional necrosis of hepatic cells. The latter had fibrinopurulent inflammation with granulomatous changes in the serosal tissues--including the epicardium, pericardium, and hepatic peritoneal sac--accompanied by septicemic lesions in the spleen and liver. Respiratory lesions (airsacculitis, pneumonia, and tracheitis) were noted in most chickens affected with acute septicemia and subacute serositis. Degenerative changes also were observed in the bursa of Fabricius.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

The effect of age on clinical and serological manifestations in unselected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

In a unique series of 80 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus constituting all identified cases in a defined population, the effect of age, at onset and at diagnosis, on disease expression was examined. Contrary to current views, the incidence of the disease was similar among all age groups. The proportion of patients with serositis, secondary Sjögren's syndrome, and anti-SSA antibodies gradually increased with age, while that of cutaneous symptoms, antibodies to native DNA, and hypocomplementemia decreased. Serositis was common as the initial symptom in the elderly and serositis or musculoskeletal manifestations were the initial symptom in 88% of patients over 50 at onset of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A clinicopathologic study of mucinous gastric carcinoma including multivariate analysis.

BACKGROUND: Mucinous gastric carcinoma (MGC) is a rare subtype of gastric adenocarcinoma, and its clinical and pathologic features are still controversial. To clarify the significance of this subtype of carcinoma, the authors conducted a case-control study to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics of MGC and determine whether this mucin-producing histologic type is associated with a worse prognosis than other gastric carcinomas. METHODS: Twenty-two cases of MGC and 46 patients with nonmucinous gastric carcinoma (NGC) were included. Patients were evaluated on the basis of age, gender, tumor size, location, depth of tumor invasion, histologic differentiation, lymph node involvement, organ metastasis, stage at presentation, surgical curability, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. To determine whether the MGC itself was an independent prognostic factor, a multivariate analysis was performed with the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The MGC patients were found to have larger tumors (P < 0.001), tumors more often located in the upper stomach (P < 0.05), more serosal invasion (P < 0.05), more lymph node involvement (P < 0.05), greater frequency of advanced stage disease (P < 0.01), and lower 5-year survival rates (P < 0.05) than NGC patients. There was no significant correlation between the subtypes of differentiation of MGC and other data, including the prognosis. Multivariate analysis showed that clinically important predictive factors were serosal invasion and disease stage at diagnosis. The mucinous histologic type itself was not an independent factor for poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: The overall survival rate for patients with MGC was worse than that for patients with NGC. The poor prognosis was correlated with more advanced stage at diagnosis and more frequent serosal invasion, not with the mucinous histologic type.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1976

A study of survival in patients with stomach cancer treated by a combination of preoperative intra-arterial infusion therapy and surgery.

Since 1968, there have been 62 patients with stomach cancer seen in the First Department of Surgery of Chiba University. Treatment consisted of preoperative intra-arterial chemotherapy and surgery. The chemotherapy entailed continuous infusion for 15 to 20 hours. The survival rates were analyzed with particular emphasis on the degree of serosal invasion of the stomach. The overall survivals at the end of 3 years were 54.2% for the treated patients, and 37.1% for the controls: and at the end of 5 years, 33.3% of the treated patients were living as compared to 29.7% of the control patients. In patients without serosal invasion, the survival rates were higher for those treated than for the controls for the first 2 years. At the end of 3 years, the 39 patients treated for serosal invasion had a survival rate of 46.8% vs. 29% in the controls: and at 5 years, 32.2% of the treated patients vs. 23.7% in the controls. The survival rates for the treated patients with cancerous infiltration of other organs were about the same as those for the corresponding control patients.

Adult↗