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PubMed1981

Studies on the phenomenon of latent propagated sensation along the channels. I. The discovery of a latent PSC and a preliminary study of its skin electrical conductance.

By combining electrical impulse stimuli with mechanical ones, we are able to trace out a new line of feeling, coincident with the classical channel course. Impulse stimulation was carried out at the Jing point of the Large Intestine or Stomach channel, namely Shangyan or Lidui. With a small rubber nipple, light taps were applied on the skin along the lines perpendicular to the channel and crossing over the acupuncture points; a specific propagational numb feeling at the points of the channel could be found. By linking up these points of specific feeling, an imaginary line which is exactly the classical Large Intestine or Stomach channel can be traced out. This line is called the "latent propagational sensation line along the channels" because, unless through tapping, no prominent sensation of propagation could be felt. Employing an impulsive electrical generator and an all-wave commutating circuit linked to a micro-ammeter, the skin conductance was measured over the latent PSC of the Large Intestine channel lying between the wrist and 5 cm above the elbow joint. Results were compared to those locations of 1 cm apart from the channel course, i.e. the control sites devoid of acupuncture points or channels. At most acupuncture points or any site of the channel course on all of the 10 subjects under examination, there was greater electrical conductance maxima than there was at control sites. This fact indicates that not only the acupuncture points, but the entire course of latent PSC are also of higher electrical conductance.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1991

Decrease in functional residual capacity during inspiratory loading and the sensation of dyspnea.

The purposes of the present study were to determine the changes in functional residual capacity (FRC) during inspiratory loading and to examine their mechanisms. We studied seven normal subjects seated in a body plethysmograph. In both graded inspiratory elastic (35, 48, and 68 cmH2O/l) and resistive (21, 86, and 192 cmH2O.l-1.s) loading, FRC invariably decreased from control FRC and phasic expiratory activity increased. The reduction in FRC was greater with greater loads. A single inspiratory effort against an inspiratory occlusion at three different target mouth pressures (-25, -50, and -75 cmH2O) and durations (1, 2, and 5 s) also resulted in a decrease in FRC with an increase in expiratory electromyogram activity in the following expiration. The decrease in FRC was greater with greater target pressure and duration. This decrease in FRC is qualitatively similar to that during inspiratory loaded breathing, and we suspect that the same mechanisms are at work. Because neither vagal nor chemoreceptor reflex can account for these responses, we suspect conscious awareness of breathing or behavioral control to be responsible. In an additional study, the sensation of discomfort of breathing during elastic loading decreased with a decrease in FRC. These results suggest that the reduced FRC may be due to behavioral control of breathing to reduce the sensation of dyspnea during inspiratory loading.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Quantification of intensity of sensations during muscular work by normal subjects.

Eleven subjects performed a series of 30-s work bouts on a cycle ergometer at power outputs ranging from 20-120% of the work capacity (Wcap) achieved during an incremental cycle to exhaustion and estimated the intensity of several sensations (leg effort, muscle tension, muscle discomfort, muscle pain, and breathing discomfort) by using Borg's category-ratio scale (range 0-10 units). Leg effort was perceived as "just noticeable" at 31 +/- 15% Wcap, muscle tension was just noticeable at 31 +/- 16% Wcap, muscle discomfort was just noticeable at 47 +/- 21% Wcap, breathing discomfort was just noticeable at 52 +/- 19% Wcap, and muscle pain was just noticeable at 58 +/- 33% Wcap. The intensity of all sensations increased in a positively accelerating manner with increases in power output (P < 0.001). Above 60% Wcap, the intensity of leg effort and muscle tension exceeded the intensity of muscle pain (P < 0.01), and above 100% Wcap the intensity of muscle discomfort also exceeded the intensity of muscle pain (P < 0.01). At 120% Wcap, leg effort, muscle tension, and muscle discomfort were rated between "severe" and "very severe" (6.1 +/- 2.2, 6.4 +/- 2.0, and 5.6 +/- 2.1 Borg units, respectively), whereas muscle pain and breathing discomfort were rated between "moderate" and "somewhat severe" (3.6 +/- 2.1 and 3.3 +/- 1.9 Borg units, respectively). These results suggest that subjects have a perception of muscle pain during muscular work that is distinct from perceptions of leg effort, muscle tension, and muscle discomfort.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Serotonin and dopamine as mediators of sensation seeking behavior.

The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the relationship of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems to subscales of sensation seeking (SS). Two of the subscales, Disinhibition (DIS) and Experience Seeking (ES), were chosen for analysis based on their representation of the two major factors obtained in a factor analysis: DIS represents a factor of lack of impulse control and ES a factor of novelty seeking. In studies 1 and 2 responsivity to a serotonergic (5-HT) challenge by a 5-HT1a receptor agonist (ipsapirone) was investigated by drug-induced prolactin (PRL) and cortisol responses, as well as by emotional states and behavioral measures. The dopaminergic (DA) response to a DA agonist (lisuride) and antagonist (fluphenazine) was analyzed in a condition of smoking deprivation (study 3) using PRL responses, emotional states, and behavioral measures of nicotine craving as dependent variables. In the studies of the serotonergic system, high ES subjects showed a blunted cortisol response in both studies and high DIS subjects demonstrated a blunted PRL response in study 2. A frequently observed side effect of serotonergic agonists, increase in emotional arousal, was not observable with ipsapirone in high ES and high DIS subjects as compared to low scorers. Behavioral aggression, which had been experimentally induced in study 2, was increased in high ES as well as in high DIS by the 5-HT1a agonist which exerted antiaggressive effects in low scorers. These findings were found compatible with the idea of a generally low responsivity of the serotonergic system in high ES as well as in high DIS types of sensation seekers of 5-HT1a subsensitivity in high DIS and subsensitivity of other postsynaptic 5-HT receptors in high ES. There was no association between SS subscales and DA-induced decrease of PRL, but high ES subjects seemed to tolerate nicotine deprivation better than low ES subjects indicating that they were less susceptible to deprivation of nicotine-induced DA. But craving for nicotine was increased in high ES subjects by the DA agonist lisuride as opposed to the antagonist, which was taken as evidence that DA stimulation may induce approach behavior in high ES. Although only two subscales had been selected for the investigation, this approach suggests both common and different relationships between SS subscales and neurotransmitter systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of the adaptation time constants of the vestibulo-ocular reflex and of the sensation of rotation during sinusoidal stimulation.

The influence of adaptation on the phase characteristic of both the vestibular-ocular reflex and the sensation of rotation is investigated. The experimental data can be described by a second-order model with an adaptation term. The adaptation time constant Ta is found to be 135 s for the vestibulo-ocular reflex while it has a much lower value, 47 s, for the sensation of rotation. The difference is only found in the low-frequency region.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlations between subjective sensation of nasal patency and rhinomanometry in both unilateral and total nasal assessment.

The correlation between rhinomanometry and subjective sensation of nasal obstruction was studied. Patients assessed their nasal airway patency using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS results and rhinomanometry correlated better when unilateral nasal obstruction was evaluated compared to total nasal evaluation. When rhinomanometric data were divided into four clinically relevant grades of obstruction (very patent, normal, obstructed and very obstructed) and the quartiles of the VAS results were compared to these, the agreement was good or fairly good in 75-85% of cases. A similar result was also encountered when, in an experimental study, 30 individuals were asked to breathe through four artificial nose models with a varying inner diameter of 9-3 mm. Again, most subjects assessed these models logically, but in 11% of the cases the subject assessed the narrowest tube as patent or the widest tube as very obstructed. Our results prove the necessity of having some sort of objective method to evaluate nasal patency; if we rely only on the patient's sensation, we may get a misleading picture of his nasal function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The effects of acid perfusion of the esophagus on ventilation and respiratory sensation.

The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and asthma remains controversial. Asthma symptoms worsen with GER, but are not consistently related to changes in lung function. The purpose of this study was to determine whether acid perfusion (AP) of the esophagus alters ventilation and causes respiratory symptoms. Nonasthmatic patients with normal lung function and esophageal disease (16 females and nine males, FEV1 %predicted = 99+/-9.6), underwent a Bernstein test after motility testing. Airflow, rib cage (Vrc), and abdominal (Vab) tidal volumes, esophageal (Pes) and gastric (Pga) pressure, and surface (Es) and esophageal (Edi) diaphragm electromyographic (EMG) signals were measured. Throat, swallowing, chest, and stomach discomfort and respiratory sensation were estimated with the Borg scale. Minute ventilation (VE) increased during AP and declined during recovery with saline perfusion of the esophagus (7.1+/-1.5 to 8.5+/-2.4 to 7.3+/-2.1 L/min; n = 25; p = 0.0002). Respiratory rate (RR) went from 13.6+/-2.6 to 15.8+/-3.4 to 15.3+/-3.1 breaths/min (n = 25; p = 0.0002) during AP. VE was greater in the Bernstein-positive patients during AP. Tidal volume (VT), Vrc, Vab, Pes, Pga, Es, and Edi did not change during AP. Chest discomfort (D) correlated with ventilation (VE = 0.7 + 0.8 D; r = 0.67; p < 0.001) and respiratory effort sensation (B) (B = 0.2 + 0.4 VE; r = 0.70; p < 0.001) during AP. AP did not inhibit diaphragm activity. Increased VE may explain the paradox of GER worsening respiratory symptoms without changing lung function.

Asthma↗
PubMed1988

Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on respiratory sensation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during submaximal exercise.

We wished to evaluate the role of dynamic hyperinflation and dynamic airway compression as potential sources of exertional dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The rationale was that if such factors contribute importantly, then the administration of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which serves to unload the inspiratory muscles and attenuate dynamic compression on expiration, should improve respiratory sensation. Further partitioning of CPAP into its continuous positive inspiratory pressure (CPIP) and continuous positive expiratory pressure (CPEP) components permitted an assessment of the relative importance of the above factors with respect to respiratory sensation. CPAP, CPIP, and CPEP (4 to 5 cm H2O each) were administered intermittently (for intervals of 40 to 60 s on each occasion) in random order during steady-state submaximal exercise in five patients with COPD (average FEV1, 40% predicted) and in five normal healthy subjects. Changes in the sense of breathing effort during the various pressure applications were assessed by asking the subjects to point to a category scale of -5 to +5, where -5 indicated that breathing was markedly easier and +5 indicated that breathing was markedly harder. CPAP, when administered to the COPD group, resulted in a highly significant (p less than 0.005) reduction in the sense of breathing effort. By contrast, CPAP significantly increased the sense of breathing effort in the normal group (p less than 0.01). CPIP facilitated breathing in both the COPD group and the normal group (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of respiratory effort sensation to expiratory muscle fatigue during expiratory threshold loading.

We investigated whether fatigue of the expiratory muscle, that is, the abdominal muscle, may account for a change in the respiratory effort sensation in normal subjects during expiratory threshold loading. The respiratory effort sensation was scored using a modified Borg scale. Expiratory muscle fatigue was assessed both from changes in the maximal static expiratory pressure and in the centroid frequency (fc) of the abdominal muscle electromyogram (EMG). Expiratory threshold loading (magnitude of threshold; 40 to 60% of the maximal expiratory pressure at FRC, breathing frequency = 15/min, and duty cycle = 0.5) was continued until exhaustion or for 30 min. Loading was repeated following a 15-min recovery period after the end of the first expiratory loading. The maximal static expiratory pressure during loading (Pmmax) decreased initially and then remained decreased. Decreases were smaller with the 40% load (22 +/- 6%, SEM) than with the 60% load (37 +/- 3%) (p less than 0.05). The decrease during the second run of the 60% load was greater than during the first (p less than 0.01 by ANOVA). The maximal expiratory pressure at TLC before the second run of the 60% load was decreased by 9 +/- 3% compared with the control (p less than 0.02) but that with the 40% load was not. The fc with the 60% load decreased initially by 8 +/- 1% and then remained constant, although no change was observed with the 40% load.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Dyspnea sensation and chemical control of breathing in adult twins.

To examine possible genetic influence on the sensation of dyspnea and on load compensation, we conducted a twin study using healthy adult pairs (10 monozygotes, MZ, and 9 dizygotes, DZ). The ventilatory response to progressive hypercapnia (HCVR) was examined under three different conditions: hyperoxia (PETO2 > 150 mm Hg), hypoxia (PETO2 maintained at 50 to 55 mm Hg), and hyperoxia with an inspiratory flow-resistive load (17 mm H2O/L/s), with simultaneous assessment of the dyspnea sensation by visual analog scale (VAS). Although the VDZ/VMZ ratio (VMZ and VDZ are within-pair variances in MZ and DZ, respectively) for the slope value of the minute ventilation-PETCO2 regression line was not different from 1 in hyperoxia either with or without an inspiratory load, it was significantly larger than 1 in hypoxia (F = 5.17, p < 0.05), suggesting that a genetic influence on HCVR existed only in the presence of hypoxia. During 3% CO2 inhalation, the VDZ/VMZ ratio for the tidal volume (VT) was larger than 1 in hyperoxic HCVR with loading (F = 7.89, p < 0.01), and that for respiratory frequency (f) was larger than 1 only in hypoxic HCVR (F = 3.59, p < 0.05). At a PETCO2 of 55 mm Hg, the VT ratio was larger than 1 under all conditions (F = 5.91, p < 0.05; F = 6.99, p < 0.05; F = 3.75, p < 0.05; respectively), and the f ratio was significantly larger than 1 again only in hypoxic HCVR (F = 3.48, p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Air pulse quantification of supraglottic and pharyngeal sensation: a new technique.

There are no published studies evaluating the sensory capacity of the region innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. A normal sensory capacity is important in this area, since hypesthesia or anesthesia of the pharynx and supraglottic larynx may result in dysphagia and aspiration. This often occurs after stroke or after ablative surgery of the pharynx and larynx. Evaluating the efficacy of restorative procedures for supraglottic and pharyngeal sensation is dependent on defining and quantifying the sensory deficit. We have developed a new, noninvasive method to measure sensation in the pharynx and supraglottic larynx. A puff of air--of precisely controlled duration and pressure--was delivered via a flexible telescope to the anterior wall of the pyriform sinus. Surface sensibility was determined according to the psychophysical method of limits by varying air pressure while holding puff duration constant. We conducted 204 trials in 20 healthy adults. The average sensory discrimination threshold was 2.09 +/- 0.15 mm Hg. An intraclass correlation revealed excellent consistency (R = .80). There was no statistically significant difference between the right and left sides. Brief air pulse stimulation is an easy, relatively safe, and reliable method of determining supraglottic and pharyngeal sensory discrimination thresholds.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing the diabetic foot: plantar callus and pressure sensation.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the loss of protective pressure sensation in the foot and the formation of plantar calluses, two well-known precursors of plantar ulceration, in adults with diabetes referred to an outpatient diabetes education program. Pressure sensation testing was performed using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. Foot inspection included the identification and measurement of plantar calluses. Using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, groups categorized as sensitive (n = 67) and insensitive (n = 35) were compared on callus formation. The groups had equivalent numbers, areas, and thickness of calluses. The high prevalence of calluses in both sensitive and insensitive groups suggests that additional factors such as age-related changes in the foot and routine footwear must be included in risk assessment of the diabetic foot and in consideration of preventive interventions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tibial nerve grafting for restoration of plantar sensation.

Five patients with a segmental loss of the tibial nerve and insensate plantar aspect of the foot were evaluated at an average of 5 years (2.5-9.5) postsural nerve grafting of the tibial nerve. Free-tissue transfer was required in three patients. The results as graded by restoration of superficial sensation, healing of plantar ulceration, and absence of neurogenic pain were four good and one fair at follow-up over 2 years. Assessment at 2 years or less yielded one good and four poor results, indicating a prolonged recovery period. Nerve grafting may be indicated in segmental injuries of the tibial nerve to restore plantar sensation, but ultimate recovery may require up to 4 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of negative pressure assisted ventilation on dyspnoeic sensation and breathing pattern.

Although negative pressure assisted ventilation with an assist-control mode may have a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of severe dyspnoea, the effects of negative pressure assisted ventilation with the assist-control mode on dyspnoea and breathing patterns have not been examined. We examined the effects of negative pressure assisted ventilation with the assist-control mode on dyspnoea and breathing patterns produced by a combination of resistive loading and hypercapnia in nine healthy subjects breathing spontaneously. Subjects were asked to rate their sensation of respiratory discomfort using a visual analogue scale. Negative pressure assisted ventilation caused a significant reduction in sensation of respiratory discomfort from a visual analogue scale score of 74 (55-91) (median (range)) before negative pressure assisted ventilation to 34 (15-53) during negative pressure assisted ventilation (p<0.01). During negative pressure assisted ventilation, there were significant changes in breathing patterns characterized by an increase in tidal volume and a decrease in respiratory frequency, while neither minute ventilation nor end-tidal carbon dioxide tension changed. Our results indicate that negative pressure assisted ventilation with the assist-control mode is effective in relief of dyspnoea and that negative pressure assisted ventilation influences the control of breathing to minimize respiratory discomfort.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The prediction of drug use among college students from MMPI, MCMI, and sensation seeking scales.

This study examines the ability of five self-report assessment measures to predict college students' drug use across 12 pharmacological drug categories. Subjects were 125 female and 61 male university undergraduate students. The test battery included the following instruments: the Psychopathic Deviancy (Pd) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); the MacAndrew Alcoholism scale (MAC), a special scale of the MMPI; the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS); the Millon Alcohol Abuse Scale; and the Millon Drug Abuse Scale. Scores from these instruments were utilized in linear combinations to predict individual drug use outcomes as well as polydrug versus single drug use patterns. The drug categories included in this investigation are coffee, tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, tranquilizers, depressants, amphetamines, LSD, other hallucinogens, solvents, narcotics, and cocaine. Results demonstrate significant and meaningful relationships between predictors and drug use levels among college students. Weighted equations derived from linear discriminant function analyses were generally capable of accurately classifying subject's drug use levels across drug categories and in discriminating single drug use from polydrug use patterns. Typically, the Sensation Seeking Scale entered as the most powerful predictor of substance use and abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Trigeminal sensory neuropathy associated with decreased oral sensation and impairment of the masseter inhibitory reflex.

We describe 4 patients with severe trigeminal sensory neuropathy whose main disability resulted from impaired intraoral sensation associated with disturbances of mastication and swallowing. Each patient had an abnormal blink reflex and jaw jerk. In addition, the masseter inhibitory reflex was absent in 3 patients and abnormal in the 4th. This reflex plays a role in the reflex control of mastication and can easily be elicited in normal subjects by stimulation of the skin and mucous membrane in the distribution of the 2nd and 3rd divisions of the trigeminal nerve while the jaw-closing muscles are contracting. Disturbed intraoral sensation combined with impaired trigeminal reflexes (particularly the masseter inhibitory reflex) interferes with neural mechanisms that regulate chewing and can be a source of severe disability in patients with trigeminal sensory neuropathy.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Association between abnormal sensation and increased microneurographic muscle sympathetic nerve activity of the peroneal nerve in patients with lumbar spinal problems].

Nine patients with lumbar spinal problems (patient group) and four healthy volunteers as a control group were examined by the microneurographic technique. A tungsten microelectrode (impedance 2 approximately 5 M omega) was introduced into the peroneal nerve in the affected limb in the patient group. Muscle sympathetic nerve activities were rectified and integrated every 0.1 sec. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity was expressed as the burst number of integrated muscle sympathetic nerve activities per minute (burst rate) and the burst number per 100 heart beats (burst incidence). Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA. The mean burst rate was 22.5 +/- 5.3 burst/min in the patient group, and 11.9 +/- 1.9 burst/min in the control group. The mean burst incidence was 31.7 +/- 8.2 burst/100 HB in the patient group and 17.1 +/- 4.3 burst/100 HB in the control group. Both the mean burst rate and mean burst incidence were higher in the patient group than in the control group (mean burst rate: p < 0.005, mean burst incidence: p < 0.01). In 62.5% of the patients with increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity, dysesthesia (tingling, and pin prick sensations) was complained of. There was a positive correlation between dysesthesia and increased basic activity of the muscle sympathetic nerve. This suggests the sympathetic nervous system may be involved in inducing abnormal sensations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Inspiratory muscle training and respiratory sensation during treadmill exercise.

We studied whether inspiratory muscle training (IMT) changed respiratory sensation during exercise in 12 healthy women; IMT was performed twice daily, for 15 minutes, using a pressure threshold device and continued for 4 weeks. The inspiratory threshold was set to 30 percent of each individual's maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax). Breathing effort was evaluated during a progressive exercise test using Borg scale. After IMT, both Pimax and maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure increased by 30 percent in the training group (p < 0.05) but did not change in the control group. Prior to IMT, the Borg score increased in proportion to exercise grade. The difference in the sensory score-exercise stage curves before and after IMT in the training group was not significant. No significant difference was noted in the relationship of the Borg score to minute ventilation before and after 4 weeks in either group. We concluded that IMT may not affect respiratory sensation during exercise in normal subjects, although IMT increases diaphragmatic strength.

Adult↗