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PubMed2006

[Effect of treatment with ethyl pyruvate on multiple organ dysfunction and mortality following delayed resuscitation after burn injury in rat].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) treatment on multiple organ dysfunction and mortality following delayed resuscitation after burn injury in rat, and investigate the mechanisms of its protective effect. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to 30% full-thickness scald injury followed with delayed resuscitation (6 hours postburn). (1) One hundred and thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham scald group (n=10), scald group (n=60) and EP-treatment group (n=60). In the scald group, 40 ml/kg normal saline was injected intraperitoneally 6 hours after scald injury for resuscitation, and it was repeated periodically. Following delayed resuscitation after burn injury, EP was injected at a dose of 40 mg/kg every 12 hours in EP-treatment group for 3 days. According to the interventional time points, rats of scald and EP-treatment groups were respectively divided in three subgroups: 2 hours prior to scald (n=20), 2 hours after scald (n=20), and 12 hours after scald (n=20). The mortality of animals was observed with 7 days as the cut point. (2) Seventy male rats were randomly divided into sham scald group (n=10), scald group (n=30), and EP-treatment group (n=30). In EP-treatment group, 40 mg/kg EP was injected intraperitoneally 2 hours after scald. Animals were sacrificed at 12, 24, and 72 hours postburn, and serum samples were collected to determine the organ functional parameters, and lung tissue was obtained for measurement of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. RESULT: The 7-day mortality in scald and EP-treatment groups (EP given 12 hours postburn) was 75.0% and 35.0% respectively (P<0.05). Compared with scald group, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and creatine kinase (CK) levels were markedly decreased in EP-treatment group at 12 to 24 hours postburn (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and pulmonary MPO activities were also significantly declined at 12 to 72 hours following burns (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: EP can obviously improve the outcome in rats with delayed resuscitation after burn injury, and prevent the development of multiple organ dysfunction secondary to major burns.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of zinc supplementation on zinc and calcium levels in serum and tissue in burned rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of zinc supplementation on zinc and calcium levels in serum and tissue in burned rats. METHODS: Eighty SD rats were randomly divided into C group (control group without scald, n = 8), and N, W, H groups (each consisting of 24 rats), in which the rats were exposed to scalding resulting in partial thickness burns covering 15% of the total body surface area on the back, and then they were fed with diets containing zinc 40 microg/g in N and W groups, and 80 microg/g in H group. A cream containing zinc 761.1 microg/g was applied on the wound in W group at the same time. Eight rats of each group were sacrificed on day 1, 3 and 7 after scald respectively. Venous blood and samples of liver, femur and scald skin were harvested. Zinc and calcium contents in serum and tissues were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. RESULTS: The serum Zn(2+) levels in N, W groups were lower than C group, however, it was obviously higher in H group (up to 16.2 micromol/L) on day 1 after scald. The liver Zn(2+) showed an increasing tendency in all groups, while Ca(2+) level declined in H group, but increased in N, W group. The bone Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) levels showed a progressive declination in all groups from day 1 to 7 after scald. The changes were more obviously in N group than H group (P < 0.05). The Zn(2+) content of the scalded skin increased obviously in H group on first day after scald and in W group on 7th day after scald. The Ca(2+) contents of scalded skin showed marked increases in all groups, especially in N group, but least in W group. CONCLUSION: There are obvious changes in Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) contents of serum and tissues after scald injury and zinc supplementation. The effects of zinc supplementation on calcium level in the tissue need to be further studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effect of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis on edema formation and albumin leakage during thermal trauma in the rat.

Prostaglandins (PGs) participate in the inflammatory response, but the contribution of endogenously synthesized PGs to edema formation and increased vascular permeability is not known. Using a 10% scald burn in the rat, we measured water content (as percent, wet minus dry/wet weight) and 131I-RISA leakage (counts/g dry tissue) in scalded and normal skin at 30 minutes and 3 hr post injury. Four groups (10 rats/group) in each time period studied: control; scald; scald, 5 mg/kg indomethacin; scald, 10 mg/kg indomethacin. Indomethacin was administered intravenously 30 minutes before the scald; RISA was injected intravenously 30 min before termination of the study. In all indomethacin-treated groups immunoreactive plasma PGA was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than in scalded, untreated groups. All scalded groups showed significantly higher RISA counts and water content than did the control group (p less than 0.01). At 30 min post-injury the indomethacin -treated groups did not differ from the untreated scald group (p greater than 0.20). In the 3 hour study all scalded groups had significantly higher content and RISA counts than control (p less than 0.01). Thus PGs produced during thermal trauma do not greatly contribute to the edema formation and increase in vascular permeability.

Albumins↗
PubMed2006

Influence of harvest processes on pork loin and ham quality.

The purpose of this study was to determine the specific effects of extending the interval between dwell time and the duration of scalding on pork quality attributes. Sixty-four Duroc x Yorkshire pigs were randomly assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Treatments included extending the dwell duration from 5 to 10 min and extending the scald duration from 5 to 8 min. All carcasses entered the cooler 50 min after exsanguination. At exsanguination, blood was collected for three 1-min intervals and then for a final 2-min period. Temperature and pH of the LM and semimembranosus muscle (SM) were measured at 45 min, and at 2, 4, 6, and 24 h postmortem (PM). Hunter L*, a*, and b* values were determined on the LM, SM, and biceps femoris (BF). Purge loss was measured on the SM, BF, and the sirloin end of the loin. Drip loss was measured in duplicate from LM chops after 1 and 5 d of storage. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) measurements were determined on LM chops aged 1, 3, 5, and 7 d PM. Over 99% of the collected blood was obtained during the first 3 min after sticking. Carcasses scalded for 8 min had greater (P < 0.05) semi-membranosus 2 h temperature (28.8 degrees C) than carcasses scalded 5 min (27.3 degrees C). An 8-min scald process resulted in longissimus dorsi chops with lower hue angle and greater WBS values than the 5-min scald process. Increasing dwell time from 5 to 10 min resulted in biceps femoris chops with greater hue angle and loin chops with greater WBS values at 3 d PM. Harvest processes did not significantly affect subjective quality scores, Hunter L* values, purge or drip loss. Lengthening the duration of dwell and scalding may result in a more rapid PM pH decline. Reducing the duration of scalding may lead to increased time for manual removal of hair. Because of differences in facilities, it is recommended that individual facilities monitor dwell and scald durations to determine how to best minimize time of entry into the cooler.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

Changes in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors of liver and kidney cytosols after pathologic stress and its regulation in rats.

OBJECTIVE: As effectors, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors play an important role in pathologic stress. This study was designed to observe the changes in glucocorticoid receptor of liver cytosols and mineralocorticoid receptor of kidney cytosols after pathologic stress in rats. DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. SETTING: Medical university. SUBJECTS: Male Wistar rats (weight range, 180-200 g). INTERVENTIONS: Rats received a low-degree or heavy-degree immersion scald that covered 10% or 35% total body surface area and were randomly divided to receive either tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta polyclonal neutralizing antibody, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, KPV peptide (Ac-D-Lys-L-Pro-D-Val), or saline (control). The binding capacity and the apparent dissociation constant of the steroid-binding sites of normal, low-degree, and heavy-degree scalded rats were measured by radioligand-binding assay, with [3H]dexamethasone and aldosterone as the ligand, respectively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The binding capacity of glucocorticoid receptor in hepatic cytosols in rats 12 hrs after heavy-degree scald (208.45 +/- 30.78 fmol/mg of protein) was lower than that of the control group (306.71 +/- 27.96 fmol/mg of protein; p < .01). The binding capacity of glucocorticoid receptor in hepatic cytosols in rats 12 hrs after low-degree scald (296.64 +/- 16.06 fmol/mg of protein) was not significantly different compared with the control group (p > .05). There were two types of mineralocorticoid receptor in kidney cytosols in rats, and their binding capacity and apparent dissociation constant were not identical. The binding capacity of mineralocorticoid receptor in rats 12 hrs after heavy-degree scald (binding capacity 1, 22.40 +/- 5.40 fmol/mg of protein; binding capacity 2, 196.30 +/- 32.50 fmol/mg of protein) was lower than that of the control group (binding capacity 1, 41.60 +/- 7.20 fmol/mg of protein; binding capacity 2, 317.60 +/- 70.00 fmol/mg of protein; p < .01). The binding capacity of mineralocorticoid receptor in kidney cytosols in rats 12 hrs after low-degree scald (binding capacity 1, 41.40 +/- 5.00 fmol/mg of protein; binding capacity 2, 314.80 +/- 45.70 fmol/mg of protein) was not significantly different compared with the control group (p > .05). The injections of anti-rat tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta polyclonal neutralizing antibody, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and KPV peptide (Ac-D-Lys-L-Pro-D-Val) might prevent a reduction in the binding capacity of glucocorticoid receptor in hepatic cytosols and mineralocorticoid receptor in kidney cytosols in rats with heavy-degree scald in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest that the glucocorticoid receptor of hepatic cytosols and the mineralocorticoid receptor of renal cytosols decreased in rats with heavy-degree immersion scald and that the injections of anti-rat tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta polyclonal neutralizing antibody, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and KPV peptide might increase the level of glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of ethyl pyruvate on cell-mediated immune function in rats with delayed resuscitation after burn injury].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on cell-mediated immune function in rats with delayed resuscitation after burn injury, and its potential regulatory mechanism. METHODS: Wistar rats were subjected to 30% full-thickness scald injury with delayed resuscitation. One hundred and three male rats were randomly divided into normal controls (n=7), sham scald group (n=32), scald group (n=32) in which 40 ml/kg normal saline was infused peritoneally 6 hours after scald, and EP treatment group (n=32) in which 40 mg/kg EP was injected peritoneally 6 hours after scald. Animals were sacrificed on postburn day 1, 3, 5, and 7, and spleen was collected to determine splenocyte proliferation, IL-2 production and cell-surface IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression. RESULTS: Splenic lymphocyte proliferation responses to T cell mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A), were depressed from 1 to 7 days after scald injury (all P<0.05). Meanwhile, in comparison with sham scald group, burn injury resulted in a significant decrease in splenic production of IL-2 on postburn day 1, 3, as well as 5, and a marked suppression of IL-2R expression on days 1 and 3 postburn (all P<0.05). Treatment with EP after burn injury showed a dramatic restoration of lymphocyte proliferation rate and increased production of IL-2 at various time points (all P<0.05). However, treatment with EP did not affect IL-2R expression compared with scalded rats (all P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Treatment with EP could markedly elevate splenic T lymphocyte proliferation response and increase production of IL-2 following burn injury, thereby improving cell-mediated immunity in thermally injured rats with delayed resuscitation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of Chinese traditional medicine mixture on inflammatory response in rats with severe burn].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulatory effect of Chinese traditional medicine mixture (CTMM) on inflammatory response in rats with severe burn. METHODS: One hundred and ten rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:scalded rats inflicted by 30% III degree scald were treated with CTMM and SD-Ag (CTMM group), scalded rats inflicted by 30% III degree scald were treated with SD-Ag alone (scalded group), and healthy rats were treated with SD-Ag (normal group). The serum contents of TNF-alpha, IL-beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, and IL-10 in rats in the 3 groups were dynamically monitored. RESULTS: The serum contents of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL4, and IL-10 evidently increased in both the CTMM and scalded groups. But the contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8) in the CTMM group were much lower than those in the scalded group. However, the contents of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the CTMM group were much higher than those in the scalded group. CONCLUSION: CTMM has double-way regulatory effect on the inflammatory response in rats with severe burn.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Influence of delayed rapid fluid resuscitation on oxygen metabolism in dogs with burn shock].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of delayed rapid fluid resuscitation on oxygen metabolism in dogs with burn shock. METHODS: Twenty-four mongrel dogs inflicted with 40% TBSA full thickness scald were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into burn control (C), delayed even fluid replacement (E), and delayed rapid fluid replacement (R) groups, with 8 dogs in each group. The changes in oxygen delivery (DO(2)), oxygen consumption (VO(2)), oxygen extraction (O(2)ext) and blood base deficit (BD), and lactate (LA) were determined before scalding and at 2, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 post scalding hours (PSHs). RESULTS: The DO(2) in each group was decreased obviously after scalding and was evidently lower than that before injury (P < 0.01), while the O(2)ext value markedly increased compared with that before scalding (P < 0.01). After fluid resuscitation, DO(2) and VO(2) in E and R groups increased, but O(2)ext decreased. The values of DO(2), VO(2) and O(2)ext showed significant differences between R and E groups at 8 PSH (R group vs E group, DO(2): 7.35 +/- 0.21 L.min(-1).m(2) vs 5.32 +/- 0.96 L.min(-1).m(2), P < 0.01; VO(2): 2.02 +/- 0.58 L.min(-1).m(2) vs 1.71 +/- 0.38 L.min(-1).m(2), P < 0.01); The blood BD levels in each group were remarkably lower after scald than that before scald (P < 0.01), and they gradually increased after fluid replacement. The blood BD level in R group at 8 PSH (-6.5 +/- 0.7 mmol/L) was obviously higher than that in E group (-9.3 +/- 1.4 mmol/L, P < 0.01). The blood LA level in each group were evidently higher than that before scald (P < 0.01), and they decreased after fluid replacement. The blood LA level in R group at 8 PSH (2.30 +/- 0.20 mmol/L) was obviously lower than that in E group (2.67 +/- 0.30 mmol/L, P < 0.01) CONCLUSION: Rapid fluid replacement could improve tissue oxygen metabolism, which was beneficial to the correction of tissue oxygen supply when fluid resuscitation was delayed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Into hot water head first: distribution of intentional and unintentional immersion burns.

INTRODUCTION: Experience with several, previously unreported, intentional face-first immersion burns led us to evaluate the distribution of inflicted and unintentional immersion scald burns in a hospital series. SETTING: (1) Authors' clinical and legal practices; (2) Burn center at regional Level 1 trauma hospital. SUBJECTS: : (1) Case series of face-first, inflicted immersion burn victims; (2) Consecutive hospitalized scald burn victims younger than 5 years old, 1/3/1996 to 3/25/2000. METHODS: (1) Individual case reports; (2) Retrospective records review. Simple descriptive statistics, Fisher Exact test and t test. RESULTS: (1) Six cases of inflicted head and neck immersion injury are described. Four were tap water and 2 food/drink scalds. (2) 22/195 hospitalized victims had sustained immersion burns, 13 from tap water and 9 from other fluids. Six (46%) tap water immersions and no (0%) other immersions had inflicted injuries (P = 0.05). Two of the tap water immersions and one other source immersion included burning of the head and neck. Of these, one tap water immersion, but no other immersion, was inflicted. In no patients were head and neck injuries the sole or predominant site of scalding. In all, 9 children sustained inflicted scalds. Bilateral lower extremity tap water immersion scalds occurred in 100% (6/6) of abusive and 29% (2/7) of unintentional injuries (P = 0.02). Buttock and perineal injuries occurred in 67% (4/6) inflicted versus 29% (2/7) unintentional tap water immersion scalds (P = 0.28). Other fluids caused bilateral lower extremity immersion burns in 3/9 (33 %) unintentionally injured patients, but no abused children (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Craniofacial immersion injury, although seen by the authors in legal cases, is infrequent. It was present incidentally in one inflicted tap water burn in the consecutive hospital series. This series affirms the predominance of bilateral lower extremity burns in inflicted tap water immersions. Buttock/perineal immersions were more common with abuse than with unintentional injury.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1975

Effects of burn injury on insulin secretion and on sensitivity to insulin in the rat in vivo.

Both insulin resistance and impairment of insulin secretion are know to occur in man after injury. The relative importance of these effects was studied in rats 2 h after a non-lethal 20 percent dorsal scald. No impairment of insulin secretion was found after this injury. Concentrations of both blood glucose and plasma insulin were elevated in scalded rats. Scalded rats responded to intravenous glucose injection (1-0 g/kg) with a further rise in plasma insulin concentration, which remained normal for the prevailing blood glucose concentration. However, marked impairment of glucose tolerance was observed, indicating the presence of insulin resistance. After intravenous insulin injection (1-0 U/kg) the initial rate coefficient for fall of blood glucose concentration was significantly lower (p less than 0-02) in scalded (mean 3-9 percent min.(-1) than in control rats (mean 6-3 percent min.(-1). The minimum in blood glucose concentration after insulin injection was reached at 10 min. in control rats, but not until 60 min. after injection in scalded rats. This difference was due to a delay in compensation for the hypoglycaemia in the scalded rats, since the rate of disappearance of insulin measured by injection of a tracer of 125I-labelled bovine insulin was not decreased after this injury. It was concluded that the impairment of glucose utilization in scalded rats (Heath and Corney, 1973) is due to decreased sensitivity to insulin rather than to suppression of insulin release.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Renal vasoconstriction induced by arachidonic acid during burn shock in rats.

Metabolites of arachidonic acid are possible mediators of local renal vasoconstriction in burn shock. The prostanoid precursor arachidonic acid (AA) therefore was infused in the control period and at 1 and 2 h after scalding in anaesthetized rats. To avoid systemic effects. AA was infused at low doses directly into the renal artery through a thin cannula introduced through the aortic wall. After control observations 40% of the body surface was scalded in 80 degrees C water. Renal arterial blood flow (RBF), measured by an electromagnetic probe, fell to 70% and 58% of the control level at 1 h and 2 h after scalding respectively. Arterial blood pressure was almost maintained. Infusion of AA (5, 15 and 25 nmol) in the renal artery over 15 s caused no effects in the control period, whereas a dose-dependent decrease in RBF was observed after scalding, and was most pronounced 2 h post-burn. The highest dose of AA reduced RBF by 37% at 1 h and by 80% of preinfusion flow at 2 h after scalding. The AA-induced decrease in RBF was abolished by blocking the thromboxane A2 receptors with AH23848. In contrast, inhibition of prostacyclin synthesis or blocking of serotonin S2 receptors did not significantly influence the response to AA during shock. Thus, infusion of AA into the renal artery caused a marked reduction of RBF after scalding, at doses that did not induce a change during the control period. The augmented effect of AA infusion may be due to an increased capacity for synthesis of thromboxane A2 (TxA2), and possibly PGH2 and PGF2 alpha, after scalding.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on the matrix metalloproteinase-2,7 and its tissue inhibitor on deep partial thickness burn wounds in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in matrix metalloproteinase-2,7 (MMP-2,7) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in deep partial thickness burn during the process of wound healing, and the effects of bFGF on wound healing. METHODS: The rats inflicted by 30% TBSA deep partial thickness burn were randomly divided into simple scald and bFGF treatment groups. Biopsies from wound skin were harvested at 3 and 6PBHs and 1, 3, 7, 14 PBDs for the detection of the epithelialization rate and collagen content. The above indices were also detected in the skin of another 6 normal rats as normal control. RESULTS: (1) The epithelialization rate in bFGF treatment group was higher than that in simple scald group during 3PBH to 14 PBD. (2) The collagen contents in both bFGF treatment group and simple scald group were continually decreased during 3 PBH to 3 PBD, and increased from 7 to 14 PBD, but still lower than that in normal control (P < 0.05). (3) The expression of MMP-2,7 and TIMP-2 in simple scald group enhanced from 1 to 14 PBD, and peaked on 7 PBD. (4) The expression of MMP-2,7 in bFGF treatment group was similar to that in simple scald group from 3 to 6 PBH, while the expressions of MMP-2,7 and TIMP-2 was higher than those in simple scald group from 1 to 14 PBD. CONCLUSION: The collagen deposition would be affected by the activities of extracellular matrix in scald wound in rats. Changes in MMP-2,7 and TIMP-2 expressions were an important process of wound repair, which was closely related to the acceleration of wound healing by the application of bFGF.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Thermal injury-induced expression of acute-phase proteins in rat liver.

Relative changes in acute-phase protein and albumin mRNAs from the liver of rats exposed to sublethal and lethal scaldings were examined by hybridization and cell-free translation. Infliction of a sublethal scalding comprising 20 per cent of the total skin area resulted in a seven-fold increase of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), alpha 1-cysteine protease inhibitor (CPI) and the alpha- and gamma-fibrinogens' (Fb) mRNAs, whereas the level of haptoglobin (Hp) mRNA increased three times. The simultaneous infliction of two such sublethal scaldings were lethal and accompanied by a significant decrease in the concentration of AGP while the levels of CPI. Hp and Fb mRNAs remained similar to those observed after a single 20 per cent injury. A 4 h time delay between the two scaldings was also fatal and followed by an additional increase in Hp mRNA concentration whereas the levels of the other mRNAs were close to those observed after a single 20 per cent scalding. These results demonstrated that the fatal effect of the second scalding was not related to any inhibition of acute-phase reactants mRNA synthesis in the liver.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Studies to determine the critical control points in pork slaughter hazard analysis and critical control point systems.

Aerobic mesophilic counts (AMC), coliform (CC) and coliform resuscitation counts (CRCs) were obtained by swabbing 50 cm(2) areas at three sites (ham, belly and neck) on pig carcasses, after each of seven stages of the slaughter/dressing process (bleeding, scalding, dehairing, singeing, polishing, evisceration and chilling). In most cases, there were no statistical differences (P>0.05) among the counts derived by these three methods. Reductions in counts at individual sites were observed after scalding (3.5 log(10) cfu cm(-2)), and singeing (2.5 log(10) cfu cm(-2)). Increases in counts at individual sites were observed after dehairing (2.0 log(10) cfu cm(-2)) and polishing (1.5 log(10) cfu cm(-2)). The incidence of Salmonella on pig carcasses was also obtained by swabbing the outside surfaces of 100 half carcasses. Information on the incidence of Salmonella in scald tank water (108 samples) was also investigated. Carcass swabs and scald tank water were examined for the presence of Salmonella using standard enrichment methods. Salmonella were detected on 31% of carcasses immediately after bleeding, 7% of carcasses immediately after dehairing and evisceration, and 1% of carcasses immediately after scalding. Serovars included Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Derby. No Salmonella were recovered from samples of scald tank water. The impact of pig slaughter/dressing processes on carcass microbiology and their potential use as critical control points (CCPs) during pork production are discussed.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dose effects of morphine and butorphanol alone and in combination after burn injury in the rat.

To test the effectiveness of analgesics after thermal trauma, butorphanol, a predominately opioid kappa-receptor agonist, and morphine, a mu-agonist, were administered alone and in combination 2 days after rats were subjected to scald burn or sham burn. After graded doses of morphine were administered, analgesia, assessed by tail flick latency and tail pinch latency, was similar in the sham-burn and scald-burn rats. With butorphanol alone analgesic effects were greater in the scald-burn than the sham-burn rats. When graded doses of butorphanol were given with a fixed dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg), the tail pinch latency response was less in scald-burn rats and markedly less in sham-burn rats. The tail flick latency responses, however, moved in opposite directions in sham-burn and scald-burn rats receiving the drug combination: in sham-burn rats, tail flick latency effects were the same as with butorphanol alone; whereas in scald-burn rats, tail flick latency increases were suppressed except at the lowest dose.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Car radiator burns: a prevention issue.

Scald burns continue to be the major cause of injury to patients admitted to the burn center. Scald burns occurring from car radiator fluid comprise a significant subgroup. Although manufacturer warning labels have been placed on car radiators, these burns continue to occur. This retrospective review looks at all patients admitted to our burn center who suffered scald burns from car radiator fluid to assess the extent of this problem. During the study period, 86 patients were identified as having suffered scald burns as a result of contact with car radiator fluid. Seventy-one percent of the burn injuries occurred in the summer months. The areas most commonly burned were the head and upper extremities. Burn prevention efforts have improved greatly over the years; however, this study demonstrates that scald burns from car radiator fluid continue to cause physical, emotional, and financial devastation. The current radiator warning labels alone are not effective. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has proposed a new federal motor vehicle safety standard to aid in decreasing the number of scald burns from car radiators. The results of this study were submitted to the United States Department of Transportation for inclusion in a docket for federal legislation supporting these safety measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Insulin but not growth hormone stimulates protein anabolism in skin wound and muscle.

We have measured protein kinetics in the scalded skin and normal muscle in anesthetized rabbits. On the 7th day after ear scald, L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine was infused as a tracer, and the ear and hindlimb were used as arteriovenous units to reflect skin and muscle protein kinetics. Insulin was infused at 0.6 or 2.3-3.4 mU. kg-1. min-1 in the low-dose and high-dose insulin groups. In the growth hormone group, recombinant human growth hormone was administered at 2 mg. kg-1. day-1 after the ear was scalded. The results were compared with a control group in which the ear was scalded but otherwise was not treated. In the control group, net protein loss in the scalded skin and muscle was 23.1 +/- 21.4 and 3.9 +/- 1.5 micromol. 100 g-1. h-1, respectively. Insulin infusion at either high or low dose reduced net protein loss to near zero by inhibiting proteolysis. In contrast, growth hormone treatment had no anabolic effect on either tissue. In conclusion, insulin but not growth hormone has an anabolic effect on scalded skin and normal muscle; low-dose insulin is as effective in achieving an anabolic effect on both tissues, with less hypoglycemic response than high-dose insulin.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in the broiler chicken processing plant as determined by recovery in iron milk medium.

Over 30 years ago, Clostridium perfringens was reported as a contaminant of the processing plant and processed carcasses of broiler chickens. Poultry processing procedures and methods for detecting C. perfringens have changed since that time. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the incidence and numbers of C. perfringens in the water of the scald tank, the water of the chill tank, and the rinse water of the processed carcasses from modern broiler chicken processing plants. In trial 1, collected samples were inoculated into iron milk medium (IMM) and incubated at 46 degrees C for 18 h (the traditional method) or at 37 degrees C for 3 h followed by incubation at 46 degrees C for 15 h (an injury recovery method). Each of three preselected broiler chicken flocks from two integrators were the first processed for that processing shift. The overall incidence of confirmed C. perfringens in samples associated with the three flocks was 40% of postprocessing scald water samples, 13% of preprocessing chill water samples, 13% of postprocessing chill water samples, and 19% of carcass rinses. The incidence of C. perfringens in samples incubated in IMM using the injury recovery procedure was significantly higher than in samples incubated in IMM by the traditional method, but only when all samples associated with the three flocks were pooled. In trial 2, water samples from each tank of a three-tank counterflow scalder, water samples from the prechill and chill tank, and samples of carcass rinses were collected in the middle of a processing shift during multiple visits to a processing plant. Samples were inoculated into IMM with neomycin and polymyxin B sulfate (IMMA) and incubated using the traditional and injury recovery procedures. The incidence of C. perfringens in water samples was 100% from scald tank 1, 100% from scald tank 2, 100% from scald tank 3, 88% from the prechill tank, and 63% from the chill tank. The incidence in carcass rinse samples was 67%. The mean most probably number (MPN) of C. perfringens for contaminated samples decreased from log10 5.07/100 ml of water in scald tank 1 to log10 1.26/100 ml of water in the chill tank. The mean MPN in carcass rinse samples was log10 1.20 C. perfringens per 100 ml. The incidence and mean MPN of C. perfringens in these samples after heat shock at 75 degrees C for 20 min was somewhat less, but high enough to indicate that much of the contamination arises from heat-resistant spores of this organism. In trial 2, there were no differences in incidence and MPN of C. perfringens in samples incubated in IMMA with the traditional method or the injury recovery method.

Animals↗