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PubMed1989

Benin.

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Africa↗
PubMed1989

India.

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Agriculture↗
PubMed1989

The transformation of the agricultural population and the urbanisation process in China.

"Nine causes for the occurrence of surplus agricultural labour with the modernisation of agriculture have been identified. Several solutions to this problem are presented. Urbanisation of the agricultural population in a way suited to China's characteristics is necessary, important and possible." An example of labor saving through mechanization in Heilongjiang province is presented.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1983

The transformation of southern agriculture and the migration of blacks and whites, 1930-1940.

The causes of the migration of both blacks and whites from the U.S. South between 1930 and 1940 are examined. The author challenges the hypothesis that the root cause of this migration was the mechanization of agriculture and suggests that the primary cause was the crisis in cotton farming that occurred during the depression of the 1930s. "Large farm owners secured aid from the federal government in the form of agricultural subsidy payments. In response to this program, they reduced their cotton acreage, bought tractors, and displaced their tenants. This transformation drastically reduced the need for tenant labor and brought about the large-scale migrations. Regression analyses of relevant data confirm this interpretation."

Black or African American↗
PubMed1987

Labor migration in Southern Africa and agricultural development: some lessons from Lesotho.

The authors examine policy issues with regard to attempts by Lesotho to develop agriculture as a viable alternative to out-migration for employment and income. They argue that "an appropriate agricultural development strategy for Lesotho would emphasize relatively labor- and land-intensive agricultural enterprises, such as horticultural operations and closely managed livestock activities. The suggestion is that only agriculture of this kind will generate sufficient returns on a limited land base to dissuade men from going to the mines. Our paper develops a more complete theoretical and empirical foundation for examining this as well as other agricultural strategies."

Africa↗
PubMed2006

Environmental determinants associated with the development of asthma in childhood.

Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease, and many epidemiological studies have documented an increasing trend over the past few decades. Comparative studies have shown that asthma is more prevalent in Westernised societies than in rural or developing regions. Environmental factors are likely to be important in explaining such disparities and increasing trends. Although allergen exposure and atopic sensitisation have been thought to be important in the pathogenesis of asthma, recent cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that allergic sensitisation is likely a marker rather than a causative factor for asthma. There is accumulating evidence confirming the role of early exposure to infections in altering the regulation of cytokine production and reduction of subsequent development of atopic disorders. The consistent finding of a lower prevalence of asthma in subjects brought up in a farming environment and the inverse relationship between microbial exposure and asthma symptoms further support the importance of early environmental exposure affecting the risk of subsequent development of asthma. Confirmation of the pathogenetic role of these environmental determinants may allow us to develop primary preventive strategies against the development of asthma and related atopic diseases.

Asthma↗
PubMed2000

Postgraduate medical education for rural family practice in Canada.

Canada is a large country with a diverse and spread-out rural population. Compared to their urban counterparts, rural Canadians have fewer family doctors and dramatically fewer specialists, and they face other significant geographic barriers to accessing health care. This paper describes the milieu of the rural physician in Canada and reports on efforts to develop a postgraduate medical education model for rural family practice that will produce more physicians with the knowledge, skills and interest to practice in small and mid-sized communities. Key recommendations of the College of Family Physicians of Canada include: providing earlier and more extensive rural medicine experience for all undergraduate medical students, developing rural postgraduate training programs, providing third-year optional special and advanced rural family medicine skills training and making advanced family medicine skills training competency-based and nationally accredited.

Canada↗
PubMed2000

Area health services as learning organisations: the rural experience.

Staff development units (SDUs) across New South Wales Health are in a state of flux. Traditional models of training may no longer be meeting the continuing professional education needs of staff. This paper outlines how one SDU, the Rural Health Education and Research Centre at Tamworth, with few resources, has successfully negotiated the transformation from delivering ad hoc, face-to-face teaching, to a model encompassing competency-based training, recognition of prior learning, workplace assessment and distance education.

Competency-Based Education↗