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PubMed1986

Identification of a bovine enteric syncytial virus as a nongroup A rotavirus.

An atypical or nongroup A rotavirus was identified in feces obtained from gnotobiotic calves in which fecal preparations originally derived during an epizootic of neonatal calf diarrhea had been serially passaged. The epizootic was previously reported to be caused by a noncharacterized viral agent that induced the formation of epithelial syncytia on small intestinal villi of experimentally infected calves. This bovine, nongroup A rotavirus was found to be antigenically related to a described atypical rotavirus of rats by immunofluorescence and by enzyme immunoassay. Complementary DNA derived from the atypical rat rotavirus cross hybridized with RNA obtained from the bovine virus, but not with RNA extracted from group A rotaviruses. Complementary DNA derived from SA-11 group A rotavirus cross hybridized with other group A rotavirus RNA, but not with RNA obtained from either the rat or bovine nongroup A isolates. Additionally, another similar, if not identical, bovine atypical rotavirus was identified in a second epizootic of neonatal calf diarrhea that occurred several hundred kilometers and 8 months apart from the original epizootic.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Nosocomial dyspepsia in newborn and young infants. A 15-month prospective study with continuous Rotavirus surveillance].

A 15 months prospective study of gastroenteritis in hospitalized newborns and infants (N = 201) was combined with a Rotavirus infection surveillance. Stool specimens were investigated weekly (CFT). From patients with gastroenteritis (N = 320) an infectious agent could be detected on average in 41% of each patient group: Rotavirus N = 54, Staph. aureus N = 22, toxin producing E. coli N = 4, other bacteria N = 25, Candida albicans N = 17, Echovirus 11 N = 1. With certain exceptions, the pathogens were distributed equally within the patient groups. However, Candida albicans appeared most frequently in premature children and the highest incidence of Rotavirus infections was observed in premature small for date babies. Rotavirus caused the mildest illness. The severest forms had usually no detectable cause. Bacteria took up an intermediate position. 68% of patients with detectable Rotavirus in the faeces had symptoms. However, treatment was required in only 25% of premature and small for date babies and 40% of normal newborns. In newborns and infants an isolated tachypnoea was observed 3 days prior to onset of a Rotavirus induced gastroenteritis. Breast fed infants showed no evidence of increased protection. Rotavirus antibodies were detectable in 58% of children prior to infection. The study presents evidence for the value of separate of patient care and meticulous hand disinfection, especially in the case of Rotavirus induced gastroenteritis.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of a group D rotavirus.

A rotavirus isolated from the intestinal contents of commercial ring-neck pheasant chicks was determined to be a group D rotavirus based on its RNA electropherotype and its serologic relatedness to known turkey group A and D rotaviruses using immune electron microscopy and agar-gel immunodiffusion assays. Further characterization revealed a buoyant density in cesium chloride of 1.347 g/cm3 for double-shelled particles and 1.365 g/cm3 for single-shelled particles. The average size for the pheasant-origin group D rotavirus was determined to be 80 nm for double-shelled particles and 70 nm for single-shelled particles. In contrast, the average size for a turkey group A rotavirus isolate was determined to be 73 nm for double-shelled particles and 60 nm for single-shelled particles. There was no evidence of viral replication by the pheasant-origin group D rotavirus (either cytopathic effect or increase in numbers of viral particles) after six passages in MA104 cells. The hemagglutinating activity of the pheasant origin group D rotavirus was compared with that of a turkey origin group A rotavirus. Differences and similarities were noted depending upon the species of erythrocytes employed and the temperature of incubation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Study of oxidative-stress in rotavirus infected infant mice.

Rotavirus induced diarrhoea was investigated in neonatal mice. Assessment of oxidative/antioxidative profile was the mechanistic approach to study the nature of injury. Neonatal mice (NMRI strain) were infected orally with the homologous strain of (EB) rotavirus (serotype 3). The peak severity of rotavirus infection was attained on the third day post infection. The whole small intestine of neonatal mice on day 3 post infection was homogenized and analysed for oxidative/antioxidative profile. Glutathione and related thiols were significantly declined in rotavirus infected group. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase (1-chloro 2, 4 dinitrobenzene) activities were also decreased in the rotavirus infected group. The activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase (ethacrynic acid) however were elevated with rotavirus infection in comparison to the control group. Similarly, ADP-FeCI3, NADPH induced lipid peroxidation was elevated with rotavirus infection. Thus the altered oxidative/antioxidative profile indicated the presence of oxidative stress in the rotavirus infected group and can be postulated to have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Local and systemic antibody response to rotavirus WC3 vaccine in adult volunteers.

An evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of WC3 rotavirus vaccine was evaluated in adult volunteers. Pre- and post-vaccination titers of neutralizing antibody to WC3 and to the four human rotavirus serotypes as well as serum and stool rotavirus IgA levels were measured. Vaccination was safe and did not induce elevation of liver enzymes. None of the 12 volunteers receiving WC3 vaccine shed detectable amounts of virus although antibody rises were detected in 11 of 12 vaccines. Nine developed and increase in WC3 neutralizing antibody, one additional subject had a rise in Wa (human serotype 1) neutralizing antibody while another subject only developed a rise in stool rotavirus IgA. All of the vaccine recipients with a rise in WC3 neutralizing antibody also developed a rise in neutralizing antibody against at least one of the four most common human rotavirus serotypes. A stool IgA rotavirus antibody response was detected in 6 of 9 WC3 recipients with measurable stool antibody. None of the control subjects developed significant rises in any of the antibody titers measured. WC3 rotavirus vaccine appears to be safe and induces systemic and local immune responses in adults suggesting that further evaluation of WC3 should be considered in infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Trial of an attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine (RIT 4237) in Gambian infants.

A randomised, controlled trial of bovine rotavirus vaccine was undertaken in Gambian infants. Three doses were administered, from the age of ten weeks, concurrently with oral or killed polio vaccine. Prevaccination rotavirus neutralising antibody levels were high. 84/185 infants (45%) showed an increase in neutralising antibody titre after receiving rotavirus vaccine, compared with 20/91 (22%) unvaccinated infants. Clinical rotavirus infection was detected in 24/78 (31%) children in the rotavirus/oral polio group, 34/83 (41%) children in the placebo/oral polio group, and 23/92 (25%) children in the rotavirus/killed polio group, giving an overall vaccine efficacy of 33% (95% CI 4-53%). RIT 4237 did not appear to reduce the severity of clinical infections. Most cases (92%) were caused by rotaviruses with short RNA electropherotypes. Serological responses to rotavirus vaccination appeared unaffected by the concurrent administration of oral polio vaccine. Lower types 1 and 3 polio antibody levels were found in children who received oral polio and rotavirus vaccines but the differences were not statistically significant.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated quadrivalent human-bovine (UK) reassortant rotavirus vaccine administered with childhood vaccines to infants.

The safety and immunogenicity of an orally administered, live rotavirus vaccine comprised of four strains, each with a titer of 10(5.3) or 10(5.8) pfu, and each having 10 genes from the UK bovine strain and the VP7 gene from human rotavirus serotype 1, 2, 3, or 4, were evaluated in adults, young children and infants in randomized, double-blind phase 1 trials. Three doses of rotavirus vaccine or placebo given with childhood immunizations to infants at 2, 4, and 6 months of age were well tolerated and did not inhibit antibody responses to childhood vaccines which included DTP, Hib, hepatitis B and OPV. Serum rotavirus antibody responses were detected in 12 of 20 infants after 1 dose, and in 19/19 of the vaccinees after three doses. Neutralizing antibody responses were detected more often against the bovine rotavirus UK strain (95%) than to human rotavirus VP7 serotypes 1 (37%), 2 (32%), 3 (32%) or 4 (32%). The efficacy of this quadrivalent rotavirus vaccine needs to be evaluated further.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Rotavirus vaccines: development, current issues and future prospects.

The potential benefit of safe and effective rotavirus vaccination in reducing morbidity and especially mortality from rotavirus gastroenteritis among children in developing countries has long been recognised. More recently, the focus of attention shifted to developed countries, where cost-effectiveness analyses justified the routine introduction of rotavirus vaccines into childhood immunisation schedules. The recent withdrawal in the U.S.A. of the first licensed rotavirus vaccine (the tetravalent rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccine), following investigation into reports of intussusception among a number of vaccinees, has directed attention once more towards rotavirus vaccine use in developing countries. However, issues relating to vaccine safety, efficacy, and cost, remain to be overcome before widespread introduction of rotavirus vaccines can be anticipated.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2003

Horizontal transmission of rhesus monkey rotavirus-based quadrivalent vaccine during a phase 3 clinical trial in Caracas, Venezuela.

During a phase 3 clinical trial of rhesus monkey rotavirus-based quadrivalent vaccine in Venezuela, 2207 infants received 3 oral doses of vaccine (4 x 105 plaque-forming units/dose) or placebo at ages approximately 2, 3, and 4 months; 219 (14%) of 1537 stools obtained during 1550 diarrheal episodes in postvaccination surveillance were rotavirus-positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. With the use of various VP7 and VP4 primers for genotyping purposes, 213 of 219 rotavirus-positive stools were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Twenty-nine (14%) of 213 rotavirus-positive stools contained at least 2 distinct rotavirus strains: a low-titered vaccine strain(s) and a second strain that, when possible, was studied further and found to be a wild-type rotavirus strain. The titer of vaccine viruses in 19 stools that plaqued directly in cell cultures ranged from 10(1) to 10(3) plaque-forming units/0.5 mL of a 10% stool suspension. Reassortants of vaccine virus and wild-type human rotavirus were not detected.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Development of candidate rotavirus vaccines derived from neonatal strains in India.

The need for a rotavirus vaccine in India is based on the enormous burden associated with the >100,000 deaths due to rotavirus diarrhea that occur annually among Indian children. Two rotavirus strains identified during nosocomial outbreaks of rotavirus infection in New Delhi and Bangalore, India, more than a decade ago are being developed as live oral vaccines. Infected newborns had no symptoms, shed virus for up to 2 weeks after infection, mounted a robust immune response, and demonstrated protection against severe rotavirus diarrhea after reinfection. The 2 strains are naturally occurring bovine-human reassortants. The New Delhi strain, 116E, is characterized as having a P[11],G9 genotype, and the Bangalore strain, I321, is characterized as having a P[11],G10 genotype. The strains have been prepared as pilot lots for clinical trials to be conducted in New Delhi. This unique project, which is developing a new rotavirus vaccine in India with the use of Indian strains, an Indian manufacturer, and an Indian clinical development program, aims to expedite introduction of rotavirus vaccines in India.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Protection from rotavirus reinfection: 2-year prospective study.

To measure protection induced by natural rotavirus infection, 163 infants enrolled in a rotavirus vaccine trial were prospectively followed for 2 years. Serotype 1 rotaviruses were the predominant circulating strains during the study. Over the 2 years of observation, significantly fewer infants infected before enrollment developed a symptomatic reinfection (0 of 21) or any reinfection (4 of 21) compared with previously uninfected infants (P = .0003). Of the 60 infants who developed a primary rotavirus infection in the first year (40 symptomatic, 20 asymptomatic) only 4 were reinfected in the second year compared with 29 of 82 subjects not previously infected (P = .00003). Asymptomatic primary infection appeared to be as protective as symptomatic primary infection. The only symptomatic reinfections occurred in 2 subjects who did not develop rotavirus antibody after the initial detection of rotavirus. An age-related reduction in the ratio of symptomatic to asymptomatic primary rotavirus infection was also detected. In this study, protection against homotypic serotype 1 reinfection appeared to last greater than or equal to 2 years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Vaccination of Thai infants with rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent oral rotavirus vaccine.

In a randomized double blind placebo-controlled study, the rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent oral rotavirus vaccine (dose 4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units) was evaluated in Thai infants immunized at ages 2, 4 and 6 months. To investigate dose responses and to compare vaccine-induced and naturally acquired rotavirus immunity in the study population blood specimens were collected before and 1 month after each vaccination and at 12 months of age. No adverse reactions attributable to the vaccine were detected in the vaccinees. Sixty-three of 94 (67%) vaccine recipients showed a seroconversion in rotavirus IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies after one or more doses, whereas only 15 of 93 (16%) placebo-vaccinated control children showed an IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody response, suggestive of natural rotavirus infection, between 2 and 7 months of age. By measuring rhesus rotavirus-neutralizing antibodies a seroconversion was detected in 49% of the vaccinees and 14% of the controls between 2 and 7 months of age. The geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibodies to human rotavirus serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 after the completion of vaccinations and at 12 months of age were higher in the vaccinees than in the controls. It is concluded that, even though maternally acquired rotavirus antibodies are commonly present, the rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent vaccine is immunogenic in many Thai infants ages 2 to 6 months. The immunogenicity of this vaccine is enhanced by multiple doses.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Infant immune response to human rotavirus serotype G1 vaccine candidate reassortant WI79-9: different dose response patterns to virus surface proteins VP7 and VP4.

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus is the leading cause of morbidity from gastroenteritis in the developed world and the leading cause of mortality from viral gastroenteritis (estimated 600000 deaths) worldwide. G1 is the most prevalent human serotype. Reassortant rotavirus between simian rotavirus RRV or bovine rotavirus WC3 and human strain rotaviruses have been extensively tested as candidate vaccines. Rotavirus (RV) reassortant strain WI79-9 consists of a human (strain WI79) G1 serotype VP7 surface protein on a bovine (strain WC3) background. It is a key component of a pentavalent (G1, G2, G3, G4 and P1) WC3 reassortant vaccine candidate, RotaTeq, now being tested in Phase III clinical trials. METHODS: We studied 84 infants between the ages of 2 and 8 months who received 3 oral doses of WI79-9. Serum neutralizing antibody was measured to the human (WI79 serotype P1 G1) and bovine (WC3 serotype P7 G6) parent RV after each dose. A significant response was defined as a > or =3-fold rise in antibody titer between the predose and postdose sera. RESULTS: In two separate cohorts of vaccinees given three doses of WI79-9 reassortant rotavirus, 68 to 75% of infants demonstrated a significant response to WC3 (VP4, P7) after Dose 1, fewer (24 to 39%) responses were detected after Dose 2 and rare (0 to 4%) additional responses occurred after Dose 3. The cumulative response rate to WC3 after three doses was 95% in both trials. In contrast 23 to 37% had a significant response to WI79 (VP7, G1) after Dose 1, and 57 to 61% had a significant response after Dose 2. Additional significant responses after Dose 3 led to a cumulative response of 70 to 84%. CONCLUSION: Two doses of G1 reassortant WI79 were necessary to induce significant antibody responses to human G1 (VP7) antigen in >50% of infants. Three doses were required to achieve significant antibody responses to VP7 in >70% of infants.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Rotavirus vaccines and intussusception risk.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis, responsible for an estimated 440,000 deaths per year in children less than 5 years of age worldwide. There was great optimism when the first rotavirus vaccine was licensed in the United States in July 1998 (rhesus rotavirus tetravalent, RRV-TV, Rotashield, Wyeth Laboratories, Marietta, PA). However, 9 months after the vaccine become available, the rotavirus immunization program was suspended due to reports of an association between the vaccine and intussusception. The estimation of risk of intussusception with Rotashield immunization has been the subject of debate and is discussed in this review. RECENT FINDINGS: The risk of intussusception following Rotashield immunization is estimated to be between 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 32,000 vaccinees. The risk is highest during the 3 to 14 days following receipt of the first dose of vaccine. Infants older than 3 months at the time of the first dose of vaccine are at increased risk of intussusception. SUMMARY: The association between Rotashield and the development of intussusception has presented a major challenge to the development of rotavirus vaccines. Intussusception risk is greatest in the first 3 to 14 days following the receipt of the first dose of Rotashield in infants older than 3 months of age. Although there continues to be debate surrounding the exact quantitation of risk of intussusception, it is accepted as a rare adverse event. The development of alternate rotavirus vaccines and emerging manufacturers in developing countries has renewed optimism for the reduction of the global burden of rotavirus disease.

Diarrhea, Infantile↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiology of typical and atypical rotavirus infections in New Zealand pigs.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were employed to investigate the epidemiology of typical and atypical rotavirus infections in five piggeries. Of 152 faecal samples examined, 46 (30 per cent) were positive by ELISA for group A rotavirus. Rotaviruses with electrophoretic patterns resembling groups A, B and C were detected. At least two and up to five different rotavirus electrophoretypes (typical and/or atypical) were detected in each of the five piggeries. Out of 152 faecal samples examined, 28 (18 per cent) contained rotaviruses with group A electrophoretypes, 9 (6 per cent) with group C but only 1 with Group B. Six samples contained both group A and group C rotaviruses. No common electrophoretypes of group A or C rotaviruses were detected in these five piggeries. The PAGE technique was also used to analyze group A rotavirus isolated sequentially from another piggery over a three year period. A single electrophoretype was found during the first two years, but in the third year a different electrophoretype was detected.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rotavirus detection in feces of children with acute diarrhea]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of rotavirus in the etiology of acute diarrhea in children from Natal city, RN, Brazil and investigate the existence or not of a seasonal distribution of this pathogen in our environment.METHODS: Fecal samples from 1,903 children (boys and girls) with ages ranging from 1 month to 10 years, living in Natal-RN, who presented acute diarrhea episodes in a period from January 1996 to December 1998, were analyzed. We searched viral particles directly in the feces by a passive agglutination reaction using anti-rotavirus specific-group monoclonal antibodies coated latex particles.RESULTS: 151 children (7.9%) of the studied population presented a positive reaction, revealing the presence of rotavirus particles in feces. Considering, however, only the children (ages from 1 to 24 months) who are more susceptible to rotavirus infection, we verified that from 1,065 examined children, 136 of them (12.8%) presented positive reaction for rotavirus, and the great majority of all children with positive reaction (96.3%) had ages ranging from 6 to 24 months. Analysis of the distribution of the cases of rotavirus infection in the three year revealed that the incidence of infection was higher in July, August, and September.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated rotavirus infections have an important role in the etiology of acute diarrhea cases. The majority of the acute diarrhea cases positive for rotavirus occurred during the first two years of life, reaching mainly children from 6 to 24 months, with the highest incidence of infection during the months of July, August, and September.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Rotavirus infections in calves. II. Experimental infections with a Dutch isolate.

Rotaviruses were observed electron microscopically in clarified faecal samples from calves with diarrhoea. Several herds with a history of scouring among neonatal calves were shown to be infected with rotaviruses. A bacteria-free faecal filtrate from a rotavirus positive sample administered orally induced diarrhoea in one out of two colostrum-deprived calves. Both calves excreted rotaviruses in their faeces and serum antibody responses were demonstrated by complement-fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests and by immune electron microscopy. Purified rotavirus from faeces of the first calf induced profuse diarrhoea in three other colostrum-deprived calves, with subsequent shedding of the virus in the faeces. These calves also showed a serum antibody response. All calves recovered in one to seven days without treatment. Two colostrum-fed calves were removed from a rotavirus-affected dairy farm within 36 hours after birth and studied at the Institute. Both animals excreted rotaviruses and developed severe diarrhoea, although they had circulating maternal antibodies. Attempts to grow this rotavirus in cell cultures were not successful.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Seroepidemiology of human group C rotavirus in the UK.

The gene coding for the major inner capsid protein VP6 of human group C rotavirus was cloned into baculovirus using the pBlueBac2 vector and expressed in insect cells. When cultured in High Five cells, VP6 was expressed at a high level and exported to the cell culture medium. Purified VP6 was used to immunise rabbits. Hyperimmune rabbit serum, which reacted with native human group C rotavirus in infected cells, was used to develop and optimise an EIA for the detection of antibodies to group C rotavirus using the recombinant VP6 as a source of antigen. In a local epidemiological survey of 1000 sera grouped by age, an average of 43% of samples were found to have antibodies to human group C rotavirus with the highest proportion (66%) in the 71-75 year age group. In comparison, 97% of adults and 85% of children had antibodies to recombinant VP6 from the bovine RF strain of group A rotavirus. These results suggest that infection with human group C rotavirus is a common occurrence despite the apparent rarity of reports of human group C rotavirus in clinical samples from patients with gastroenteritis.

Adolescent↗