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PubMed1988

Mental health in the population approaching retirement age in relation to physical health, functional ability and creativity. Findings of the TURVA project.

This is the second paper dealing with a Finnish long-term prospective study, the objective of which is to shed light on adjustment to retirement and old age. At this point, only the results of the initial survey carried out in 1982 are available. The material consisted of a random sample of 200 individuals born in 1920 and living in Turku, and a corresponding sample of 189 persons living in rural areas in the neighborhood of Turku. The method consisted of a structured interview, certain questionnaires and a physical examination. There was a considerable discrepancy between the subjects' subjective working disability and the frequency of evident and handicapping physical illnesses found by the physician. This difference was largely explained in terms of mental problems. Dissatisfaction with life was clearly more common in subjects receiving a disability pension and in those classified as psychiatric cases than in others.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Retirement, aging, psychosocial adaptation and mental health. Findings of the TURVA project.

This article deals with certain preliminary findings obtained in a long-term prospective study begun in 1982 using the interview method; the first follow-up was carried out in 1986, the method consisting of a postal inquiry and the collection of recorded data. The sample consists of 200 randomly selected inhabitants of Turku born in 1920 and 189 individuals of the same age living in rural municipalities in the vicinity of Turku. During the 4-year follow-up period the subjects' biopsychosocial situation remained almost unchanged, showing that, for most people, retirement is not a stressor of crucial importance or a life crisis. Of the variables relating to the initial survey, poor subjective physical health, self-assessed work disability, poor financial situation, change into a taciturn and timid individual in adolescence, the spouse's poor mental equilibrium, an excess of leisure time and general dissatisfaction with life were associated with subsequent mental disturbance as measured by use of the General Health Questionnaire.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Lung function in retired coke oven plant workers.

Lung function was studied in 354 coke oven plant workers in the Lorraine collieries (Houillères du Bassin de Lorraine, France) who retired between 1963 and 1982 and were still alive on 1 January 1988. A spirometric examination was performed on 68.4% of them in the occupational health service. Occupational exposure to respiratory hazards throughout their career was retraced for each subject. No adverse effect of occupational exposure on ventilatory function was found. Ventilatory function was, however negatively linked with smoking and with the presence of a respiratory symptom or discrete abnormalities visible on pulmonary x ray films. The functional values were mostly slightly lower than predicted values and the most reduced index was the mean expiratory flow, FEF25-75%. The decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was often parallel to that in forced vital capacity (FVC), but it was more pronounced for subjects who had worked underground, for smokers of more than 30 pack-years, and for subjects having a respiratory symptom. Pulmonary function indices were probably overestimated because of the exclusion of deceased subjects and the bias of the participants.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comprehension of written health care information in an affluent geriatric retirement community: use of the Test of Functional Health Literacy.

BACKGROUND: The comprehension of written health care information, e.g. prescription bottle labels or an informed consent form, impacts on communication with patients and their ability to understand medical procedures, as well as goals of therapy. OBJECTIVE: To determine if the problem of literacy was present in a population of affluent Albuquerque retirement community dwellers. METHODS: We administered the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHL) to 93 residents (71 women and 22 men), using a one-on-one directed examination conducted by one of the authors (J.G.B.). RESULTS: The group studied had a mean age of >70 years, were not acutely ill, had no known loss of mental function, were better educated and had a high standard of living compared to national standards. However, 30% (95% confidence level) of our group were unable to adequately comprehend written information as measured by the TOFHL. The subgroup with poor comprehension (21 women and 7 men) had a mean age of 85 years (versus 82 years in the group with good comprehension) and a mean of 13 years (versus 15 years in the group with good comprehension) of formal education. Multivariate analysis was consistent with a negative effect of age (p = 0.04), a positive effect of years of formal education (p = 0.0005) and no effect of gender on the TOFHL score. CONCLUSION: Two recent studies, one in an emergency room setting and the other among Medicare enrollees, demonstrated similar results to ours. The high prevalence of poor comprehension in these groups should alert providers to the need to develop additional or different communication skills that can address the problem of poor reading comprehension across at least three diverse groups of people, with particular attention to those over the age of 65.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Assessment of respiratory limitation in activities of daily life among retired workers.

Epidemiologic studies of occupational lung diseases generally compare symptoms and pulmonary function between groups with differing exposure risks. However, the functional consequences (e.g., on activities of daily life) of statistically significant group differences in either symptoms or pulmonary function are rarely addressed. An understanding of this is important for both the scientific investigators and users of these public health investigations. To address this issue, we developed a 15-item questionnaire to assess breathing-related limitations in activities of daily life, and applied this in a study of 112 retired workers. For each subject, we calculated a limitation score as the number of items associated with breathing difficulty divided by the total number of applicable items. Results from this questionnaire were compared to respiratory symptoms, the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), lung function test results, 6-min walking distance, and participants' assessment of breathing effort after the walk. The limitation score was significantly higher in subjects reporting dyspnea (22% versus 4%, p < 0.01) or occasional wheeze (27% versus 6%, p < 0.01), and correlated negatively with FEV1, MMEF, and FEV1/FVC (R2 = -0.47, -0.36, and -0.45, respectively, p < 0.0001) and breathing effort after the 6-min walk (R2 = 0.31, p < 0.01). Breathing related limitation in daily activities was also associated with a general health related limitation in household maintenance and ambulation in the SIP (p < 0.01). For each questionnaire item, we compared the responses among subjects with a normal FEV1 to those of subjects with an abnormal FEV1 (below the lower 95% confidence limit).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Does caregiving increase poverty among women in later life? Evidence from the Health and Retirement survey.

Given the rapid aging of the U.S. population and reductions in federal funding, elder care has become a major issue for many families. This paper focuses on a long-term consequence of elder care by asking how caring for elderly parents affects women's subsequent risks of living in poverty. Using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examine whether and how caregiving for parents in 1991 increases women's risks of living in households with incomes less than the poverty threshold, receiving public assistance, and receiving Medicaid in 1999. Our findings illustrate that caregiving in earlier life raises women's poverty risks in later life by intensifying the negative effects of stopping work and declining health on women's economic well-being.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Striving for purity: shared understandings in retired Swedish care providers' narratives on nursing care around 1950.

Caring for the sick has been important throughout all times. Nursing care has been illuminated from various perspectives. The aim of this study was to illuminate nursing care as narrated by 27 retired care providers in northern Sweden. The themes of cleanliness, order, and clear conscience stood out as important in the text. The results are interpreted as pointing to purity. Purity is a complex phenomenon within the cultural context. Some literature states that in the past, physical cleanliness, moral purity, and order were closely interrelated. Nurses were expected to be religious, morally pure persons in clean and perfect uniforms, always prepared to serve and do their duty. Purity is not always readily apparent. It is often revealed through its absence or opposite. Purity and conscience are seldom addressed in contemporary nursing research. More research is needed to further reflect on purity and its significance for nursing care today.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Predictors of transitions in disease and disability in pre- and early-retirement populations.

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed rates of prevalence and incidence of, and transitions in, disease and disability statuses of those aged 51 to 61 years and the predictors of the transition outcomes-remaining free of disease or disability, getting better, or getting worse-over a 2-year period. METHODS: Data from the 1992 and 1994 interview waves of the Health and Retirement Study were used for gender-separate binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Despite high prevalence and incidence rates of chronic disease and functional limitations, the improvement rates in disabilities were also high. For both genders, age, years of education, health-related behaviors, and comorbidity factors were significant predictors of the transition outcomes. DISCUSSION: The significance of health-related behaviors as predictors of transitions suggests that lifestyle factors may have a bigger influence on this age group than on older groups.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

A place in the sun: international retirement migration from northern to southern Europe.

"This article considers four aspects of IRM [international retirement migration]. The first considers the limited literature on this... topic and identifies the distinctiveness of both its international and European features. The second reviews the existing statistical data for north-south IRM in Europe, particularly from the UK to Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain; it establishes both the scale and the geography of these migrations. In the third section we investigate some of the major influences on both the volume and the spatial pattern of IRM. Finally, in the fourth section, a brief review is presented of the economic, social and cultural implications of IRM for both the emigrants and their host communities."

Data Collection↗
PubMed1995

Social network, social support and the prevalence of neck and low back pain after retirement. A population study of men born in 1914 in Malmö, Sweden.

In this study we investigated the importance of social network and social support systems outside the workplace and workload and psychological job strain in former work for the prevalence of daily neck and low back pain. The study population (n = 621) comprised a random half of all male residents in Malmö, Sweden, born in 1914, of whom 500 (80.5%) participated. Two of the social network and social support indices (social anchorage and availability of material and informational support) were independent of life-style factors (leisure time physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption) related to daily neck and back pain after retirement (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.4 and OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.7, respectively), while the psycho-social and physical factors in former work were not. As no conclusion about the direction of the association can be drawn, prospective studies are needed to further explore these findings.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

A computer services program for residents of a continuing care retirement community: needs assessment and program design.

Preparatory to establishing a computer services program for residents, Presbyterian Homes, a multi-campus continuing care retirement community, conducted an assessment of residents' computer needs, ownership, and usage. Based on the results of the needs assessment, computer resource rooms were established at each facility, with computer hardware and software adapted for the use of seniors. We also deliver adapted computer education for residents, including small-group training in basic software skills; classes on software for computer accessibility; and workshops on themes motivating computer use. Ongoing evaluation shows that half of residents make use of computer resources, and that their computer skills have opened the door to other educational opportunities.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Age discrimination and early retirement policies: a comparison of labor market regulation in Canada and the United States.

As public policy issues, mandatory retirement and age discrimination are approached differently in Canada and the United States. The legal frameworks, enforcement procedures, and judicial decisions are distinct in the two jurisdictions. The United States, unlike Canada, has specific legislation to protect the rights of older workers, and has a centralized enforcement system. The differences between the two countries are accounted for by the greater emphasis on individual rights in the United States and on communitarianism in Canada. The different policy choices of each society highlight the tensions inherent in North American labor markets. The United States seems to be in a better position to shift toward a labor-management policy which encourages older workers to remain in the workforce.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Policies for a smoother transition from work to retirement.

Japan has maintained a relatively high labor-force participation rate among older people. Although the rate had declined steadily until the mid-1980s, the trend has since reversed and the participation rate is expected to rise in the future. In contrast, the labor-force participation of older people has sharply declined in the United States and European countries, especially since the 1970s. This article explores why Japan's experience differs markedly from other advanced countries. Improved pensions have a strong influence toward early retirement, even in Japan. However, other factors such as a low replacement ratio, improved health, and several loopholes in the income test of the pension systems push up the participation rate of older people. The government also encourages active labor-force participation of senior citizens by introducing reformed partial working pensions and wage subsidies for workers in their second and third careers.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Retirement financial preparation:implications for policy.

Financial preparation for retirement is key to positive outcomes for future cohorts. Studies suggest that insufficient preparation is occurring among Baby Boomers. Data from community-dwelling adults (N = 1508, ages 40-70) show that most respondents (22-75%) had taken four specific preparation steps, and few reported negative attitudes toward planning. Five correlates (gathering information, locus of control, self-definition as household planner, financial worries, and negative attitudes) and demographic variables tested in bivariate analyses showed most having associations with preparation. In multivariate analyses, however, only two correlates (gathering information and negative planning attitudes) and demographics (race/ethnicity, education, income, health, age, and education) explained planning behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Convergence of long-term care planning and retirement planning at the work place.

There is an increasing expectation that the private-sector should provide needed solutions to pressing problems in long-term care. Long-term care insurance has figured prominently in recent discussions. Within the long-term care insurance market, the potential of the employer in making such insurance available to employees has been discussed extensively. This paper traces the increasing convergence of retirement planning and long-term care planning at the work place. The long-term care insurance market has come a long way, and the employer-sponsored segment of the market has recorded the highest rate of growth in recent times. Furthermore, the employer-sponsored market is beginning to diversify. Low take-up rates still remain a problem. Recent rapid growth of the market coupled with the federal government's involvement as an employer offering long-term care insurance is bound to expand the market further.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Dietary intake and health habits of healthy, retired, elderly men.

Retired, non-sedentary, elderly men (66 to 80 years) participated in this study. Three-day food records, one-week records of daily physical activity and information on health habits and medical and physical activity status were obtained. Analysis of the food records showed a mean total energy intake of 2040 +/- 461 (SD), with carbohydrates contributing 46.7 +/- 10.8% of total energy, fat 34.3 +/- 8.9%, protein 16.9 +/- 3.1%, and alcohol 1.9 +/- 2.7%. Mean consumption of the selected nutrients studied were above the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The mean activity level in a typical week was 14.6 +/- 6.8 Cooper points. Results of this study suggest that maintaining physical activity and consuming a nutritionally adequate diet may contribute significantly to the maintenance of health and well-being among the elderly and may delay the deterioration of functional capacity which accompanies the normal process of aging.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Herbal and vitamin/mineral supplement use by retirement community residents: preliminary findings.

A survey questionnaire assessed supplement use by free-living residents of a retirement community. Of the 318 respondents (mean age 82.2 years), 20% of women and 20% of men reported using herbal supplements, with 62% of these using them at least once per week. Most herbal supplements users (97%) also used vitamin/mineral supplements. Sixty-eight percent of herbal supplement users felt very much/somewhat informed about taking the supplements. Forty-four percent, however, were not sure whether there was testing before marketing; 33% were not sure about side effects. Half (52%) relied "very much/somewhat" on doctors/nurses as information sources; 40% relied on dietitians.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Women's financial planning for retirement: the impact of disruptive life events.

Providing care for an aged parent has immediate financial, emotional, psychological, and physical consequences for the primary caregiver. This pilot study of 138 middle aged and older females analyzes the long term financial consequences of providing care to aged relatives for female caregivers. The impact of this disruptive life event (e.g., caring for an aged relative) on retirement planning among middle aged and older adult women was analyzed using quantitative data collected from women residing in the Midwest region of the United States.

Adult↗