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PubMed1984

Goniometric measurement reliability in physical medicine.

Though goniometric measurements are commonplace in the field of physical medicine, their reliability has not been adequately established. The present study examined the reliability of placing and reading a universal goniometer under controlled conditions. Two registered physical therapists each obtained repeated angular measurements on 22 separate joint positions. Major joints of the upper and lower extremities were chosen, and for each, multiple positions representing different parts of full range of motion were designated. A healthy young adult man was measured by using a rigidly standardized procedure for positioning his joints. Results indicated extremely high inter- and intraobserver reliability coefficients (r = 0.97, r = 0.98, respectively). When percentage agreement (agreement = +/- 5 degrees) reliability was calculated, the interobserver ratio was 64% and the intraobserver reliability ratios were 73% and 77%. Additionally, 95% confidence intervals were constructed around average differences (interobserver differences = therapist 1-therapist 2; intraobserver differences = observation 1-observation 2) collapsed across all joints and positions. This analysis indicated that, regardless of whether difference scores are derived from within or between observers, repeated measurements under controlled conditions can confidently be expected to fall within approximately four angular degrees of each other. Results were compared to those from other studies, limitations of generalizability were discussed, and recommendations for future research were proferred. The authors suggested that the present findings be construed as global upper limit estimates of applied goniometric reliability.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Is photogrammetry of the face reliable?

The reliability of photogrammetry was assessed in 18 healthy young, white Canadians of each sex. Landmarks were indicated on the face before direct measurement and photography. Of 104 surface measurements taken directly from the head, face, and ears of subjects, 62 could be duplicated on the life-size frontal and left lateral photographs taken from the head in standard position. Of these 62 measurements, 26 were reliable (the same as or differing from the direct measurements by no more than 1 mm or 2 degrees). The greatest number of reliable measurements were of the lips and mouth (7 out of 13), but no ear measurements were reliable. Almost half (9) of the reliable measurements were inclinations. More correct vertical measurements were possible from lateral prints than from frontal views, but many lateral facial measurements from profile prints were distorted. Frontal-view prints gave additional reliable measurements.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Measuring passive cervical motion: a study of reliability.

PURPOSE: To study the inter- and intraexaminer reliability of assessing passive cervical range of motion. DESIGN: Blind, repeated measures of passive cervical range of motion by two different examiners. SETTING: Ambulatory outpatient facility in an independent NHS funded chiropractic research institution. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen asymptomatic volunteers, 7 men and 7 women, aged 23-45 years. INTERVENTION: Measurement of passive cervical range of motion using a strap-on head goniometer by two blinded examiners. Each subject was measured three times with 20-min intervals between each measurement, using a mean-of-five-measurements protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Passive cervical range of motion in 6 separate directions of movement from "neutral zero"--right and left lateral flexion, right and left rotation and flexion and extension. RESULTS: The inter- and intraexaminer reliability was evaluated using a paired t test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (supplemented by a scatterplot). Intraexaminer reliability was found to be acceptable (Pearson's r = 0.61-0.86), whereas interexaminer reliability was less than acceptable (Pearson's r = 0.29-0.66). CONCLUSION: Passive cervical range of motion could be measured reliably on different occasions by the same examiner but not by different examiners. It is unclear whether low interexaminer reliability in the present study was because of inherent methodological problems or because of insufficient training of examiners before the study.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Increasing the reliability of anamnestic data by increasing the length of the interview].

In accordance with the theory of mental tests in this study it was tried to improve the reliability of diagnostic interview data by enhancing the number of items concerning the same biographical topic (= homogeneous items). Reliability was defined as stability of the statements in repeated interviews. The reliabilities of three interview items concerning different topics were calculated. The interviews were carried out under two different conditions: Under the experimental condition (30 subjects) the item, of which the stability was calculated, was the last in a series of ten homogeneous items, under the control conditions (30 subjects) the item was the last in a series of ten heterogeneous items. Under the experimental condition the reliabilities of two items, concerning the diseases of children and concerning the school record, were significantly improved. Not improved was the reliability of the appraisal of parent's educational methods. The reliabilities of the interview data not seemed to depend on the age of the subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS): a contribution to the cross-cultural studies of coping].

OBJECTIVE: There has recently been a dramatic increase in the number of studies on coping behavior as an intervening variable between stress and health. Most of the available measures of coping are, however, psychometrically inadequate. We therefore decided to develop the Japanese version of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) with special regards to its cross-cultural equivalence, reliability and validity. The CISS is a self-report measure of an individual's typical pattern of coping along three orthogonal dimensions of Task-, Emotion-, and Avoidance-oriented coping; its reliability and validity have been well studied in North America, where it was originally developed. METHOD: We obtained the Japanese version of the CISS (J-CISS) by means of back-translation. In Study 1, we administered the J-CISS and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to 33 Japanese university students twice with an interval of four weeks. In Study 2,550 Japanese high school students completed the J-CISS and the Maudsley Personality Inventory. RESULTS: The equivalence of the Japanese version with the original was ascertained by means of back-translation involving multiple, independent mental health professionals and by factor congruence between the two versions. A principal component factor analysis (Varimax rotation) of the Study 2 data allowed us to extract three factors, which were virtually identical to the original ones. The high corrected item-remainder correlations, internal consistency reliabilities and test-retest reliabilities all attested to the reliability of the J-CISS. In order to examine its content validity, we compared the J-CISS with two coping questionnaires that have been in use in Japan, and found that the J-CISS covered most of the coping styles in these two questionnaires. However, such coping styles as "giving up," "to lose is to win (a Japanese proverb)," "it is best to do nothing" were not included in the original CISS and hence in the J-CISS. The criterion validity of the J-CISS was examined both in terms of predictive validity and concurrent validity. In Study 1, those who scored below the cut-off of the GHQ at Time 1 but above the cut-off at Time 2 had significantly higher Emotion-oriented coping scores at Time 1 than those who remained below the cut-off of the GHQ at Times 1 and 2 (predictive validity). In Study 2, the J-CISS scales and the MPI scales showed theoretically predicted correlations (concurrent validity). The results of the factor analysis and the corrected item-remainder correlations were suggestive of high construct validity of the J-CISS. Moreover, the mean inter-item correlation was between .20 and .40 for each scale, indicating its homogeneity. Factor analysis of each scale revealed that each scale indeed contained only one factor. Correlations among the three scales of the J-CISS established that the three scales formed multi-dimensional measures of coping. CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate 1) that the obtained Japanese version of the CISS is to be regarded as final, 2) that coping styles can be measured in a consistent and reliable manner both in Japan and North America, and 3) that this cross-cultural equivalence as well as the other validity studies have further augmented the validity of the CISS itself.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Quantitative evaluation of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements. Is it reliable?

PURPOSE: The authors evaluated the reliability of the coefficients of the (1) amplitude/duration and (2) amplitude/peak velocity relationships of the mean precision values and the mean latency values (saccadic eye movements) and the coefficients of the target velocity/gain relationship (smooth pursuit eye movements). They computed test-retest maximum variability limits for these parameters. METHODS: After a 1-week interval, saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements were recorded twice from 20 healthy subjects; 12 of these subjects underwent a third recording session. The estimate of the intraclass coefficient of reliability, R, was adopted to evaluate the reliability of eye movement quantitative analysis. RESULTS: The data demonstrated that the reliability was fairly good for the amplitude/peak velocity relationship, was good for the precision, and was excellent for the amplitude/duration, the target velocity/gain relationships, and the latency. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative analysis of both saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements is reliable. One statistic used to estimate reliability, ie, the within-subjects mean square value, also enables the determination of test-retest normal variability values for both the variances and the differences of measurements.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Neuropathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer disease: interrater reliability in the assessment of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.

A diagnosis of definite Alzheimer disease (AD) is made when there is a history of progressive dementia combined with the pathologic findings of numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in neocortex. Recent studies have shown, however, that there may be significant interrater variability in the quantitation of these histopathologic lesions. In the present two-center study, interrater reliability and test-retest reliability for plaque and tangle counts were examined when histologic staining and sampling were controlled. We report similar levels of reliability for plaque and tangle counts in 35 cases of AD, nine normal elderly controls and six non-AD dementias: Pearson correlations for interrater reliability ranged from 0.68 to 0.88, and from 0.97 to 0.99 for test-retest reliability. Using quantitative cut-points, concordance between laboratories for experimental diagnoses of AD versus non-AD made on the basis of these lesion counts ranged from 84 to 92% (kappa scores: 0.69-0.84). The agreement between these experimental diagnoses and the clinicopathologic diagnoses of record ranged from 74 to 86% (kappa scores: 0.50-0.71). Thus, under optimal conditions, a moderate to substantial degree of interrater reliability can be attained in the pathologic diagnosis of AD.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Reliability of infra-red tympanic thermometry (ITT).

BACKGROUND: The ability to take a patient's temperature quickly, easily, and accurately is desirable in a variety of situations. However, in order to have confidence in the values obtained, it is important to quantify the reliability of the measurement. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the reliability of temperature measurements obtained by infra-red tympanic membrane thermometers. METHOD: This study examined intra-tester, inter-tester and inter-instrument reliability using two commercially available tympanic membrane thermometers. Forty-four college students (mean age 20.2 +/- 3.6 yr) had their tympanic membrane temperature taken by two investigators, each using two different instruments (ThermoScan Pro-1 and FirstTemp Genius). RESULTS: The results indicated a statistically significant difference between testers for each instrument. Similarly, there was a significant statistical difference between instruments within each tester. Correlations were moderately high (r = 0.66-0.88) between testers for each instrument, whereas correlations within instruments varied considerably between testers (r = 0.35-0.78). The intra-tester reliability was good for both testers using both instruments with all coefficients of variation (CV) less than 2%. Statistically significant differences were found between testers for each instrument and between instruments for each tester. A 2 x 2 ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for Tester and a significant Tester x Instrument interaction. CONCLUSION: We conclude that individual investigators are able to obtain reliable temperature measures when using either the FirstTemp Genius or ThermoScan Pro-1 instruments under resting laboratory conditions. However, inter-tester and inter-instrument reliability should be considered when collecting or comparing data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The interexaminer reliability of measuring passive cervical range of motion, revisited.

PURPOSE: To study the interexaminer reliability of measuring passive cervical range of motion (ROM). DESIGN: Repeated blind measures of passive cervical ROM by two different examiners. SETTING: Ambulatory outpatient facility in an independent National Health Service of Denmark funded chiropractic research institution. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-five asymptomatic volunteers (17 men and 18 women) aged 20-28 yr. INTERVENTION: Measurement of passive cervical ROM with the use of a strap-on head goniometer by two blind examiners. Each subject was measured twice with 15-min intervals, using a mean-of-five-measurements protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The reliability of measuring passive cervical ROM in six separate directions of movement from "neutral zero" and from one extreme to the other in three planes. RESULTS: The inter- and intra-examiner reliability was evaluated using a paired t test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (supplemented by a scatterplot). Intraclass Correlation Coefficients were also calculated. Interexaminer reliability was found to be acceptable (Pearson's r = .61 - .88) for measuring in three planes. Interexaminer reliability was less than acceptable (Pearson's r = .39 - .70) for measuring passive ROM in 6 directions from neutral zero. CONCLUSION: Passive cervical ROM could be measured reliably by different examiners for measurements in three planes. Measurements from neutral zero in six directions were unreliable when measured by different examiners.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Test-retest reliability of the Chattecx Balance System in the patient with hemiplegia.

The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability of the Chattecx Balance System in the patient with hemiplegia. Twenty patients (14 male, 6 female; 14 right hemiplegia, 6 left; mean age 69.5, range 32-86 years) undergoing physical therapy, were tested on the Chattecx Balance System at the same time on 3 consecutive days. Subjects were tested on a static platform, and also using linear translation (anterior-posterior movements), and rotational angular motion about a mediolateral axis. Day 1 was used to allow the patient to become familiar with the testing equipment and the protocol. Data collected from days 2 and 3 were compared statistically using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) formula 3,1. Comparison of the center of pressure in the mediolateral direction (COBX), the center of pressure in the anteroposterior direction (COBY), and dispersion index were analyzed for each of the three protocols. ICCs ranged from 0.58 to 0.92 for the static platform, 0.46 to 0.83 for the linear translations, and 0.62 to 0.89 for the angular rotations. Results using this testing protocol showed COBX to be highly reliable for the static and moderately reliable for linear and angular testing protocols. COBY was not reliable for any test condition. Dispersion was moderately reliable only for the static and angular testing protocols. From a clinical standpoint, measures that were found to be highly or moderately reliable may be useful for demonstrating the progress of patients with hemiplegia in their rehabilitation programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[The reliability of a self-administered questionnaire for investigation of the level of exercise, smoking habit and alcohol intake in school children].

BACKGROUND: The validity of self-administered questionnaires used to study habits during adolescence is often put into doubt. The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability and the aspects of validity of the presentation of a self-administered questionnaire concerning smoking habits, alcohol intake and degree of exercise. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive transversal study was undertaken in 1990 in 846 primary school children in Lleida (Spain) (444 of 6th course and 402 from 8th course). The children were randomly selected by conglomerates (unit = class) and stratified according to the type of school. The degree of exercise, smoking habits and alcohol intake of each student and the consumption perceived within the environment as well as the attitudes and beliefs related to the three habits were studied. Another test was performed in a subsample at two months to study the reliability and aspects related to validity were analyzed by concordance of interrelated questions. RESULTS: The reliability of the second test regarding the degree of exercise was found to have a correlation higher than 0.69. For the main variables related to alcohol consumption, the percentage of agreement was greater than 70% being 78% for the smoking habit. The results did not allow conclusions concerning the reliability of the variables for quantifying consumption and the age of initiation of the same to be obtained. The reliability concerning the attitudes regarding smoking (0.79-0.82) was higher that for alcohol (0.66-0.72) and exercise (0.36-0.54). CONCLUSIONS: The reliability of the variables of the questionnaires on habits of alcohol intake, smoking and degree of exercise within the environment and the attitudes is acceptable. The questionnaire studied was considered useful for studying these habits in school children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Reliability of expert assessment in disability evaluation within the scope of disability insurance].

With the introduction of the law on the statutory nursing care insurance in Germany ("Pflegeversicherung") in 1995, new benefits are provided for the most severely disabled people. Provision of benefits is contingent on a standardised examination performed by the medical service of the German statutory health insurance system (MDK). Results of the first study on the inter-rater reliability of this standardised examination are presented in this paper. The study population consisted of 218 elderly people (age range 60-99) living in 4 nursing homes in Munich. They were assessed by 2 senior medical students and 2 nurses using the standardised questionnaire of the MDK. Inter-rater reliability was assessed by means of kappa coefficients. Reliability was assessed with regard to the summary judgement of disability and the rating of single items (with regard to limitations in activities of daily living, mental status or the prognosis). Inter rater reliability was higher for the overall assessment of disability (kappa = 0.71 between medical students, kappa = 0.66 between nurses) than for most of the single items of the questionnaire such as "need of assistance with dressing" (kappa = 0.57 between medical students, kappa = 0.66 between nurses) or "ability to move" (kappa = 0.58 between medical students, kappa = 0.67 between nurses). Kappa-coefficients were particularly low for variables concerning prognosis of participants and for the mental status item "self-disorientation" (kappa = 0.19 between medical students, kappa = 0.23 between nurses). These patterns were consistently observed for the 2 rater groups (student-student, nurse-nurse). Between the 2 rater groups there was no substantial difference in reliability. However, there was a trend for higher agreement within the group of nurses. Although the overall reliability of the assessment of disability is relatively high in comparison to many other diagnostic procedures (such as x-ray readings), efforts should be made towards further improvement of this standardised examination.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Reliability of early radiographic evaluations for canine hip dysplasia obtained from the standard ventrodorsal radiographic projection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine reliability of preliminary evaluations for canine hip dysplasia (CHD) performed by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals on dogs between 3 and 18 months of age. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of data from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals database. ANIMALS: 2,332 Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherd Dogs, and Rottweilers for which preliminary evaluation had been performed between 3 and 18 months of age and for which results of a definitive evaluation performed after 24 months of age were available. PROCEDURE: Each radiograph was evaluated, and hip joint status was graded as excellent, good, fair, or borderline phenotype or mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia. Preliminary evaluations were performed by 1 radiologist; definitive evaluations were the consensus of 3 radiologists. Reliability of preliminary evaluations was calculated as the percentage of definitive evaluations (normal vs dysplastic) that were unchanged from preliminary evaluations. RESULTS: Reliability of a preliminary evaluation of normal hip joint phenotype decreased significantly as the preliminary evaluation changed from excellent (100%) to good (97.9%) to fair (76.9%) phenotype. Reliability of a preliminary evaluation of CHD increased significantly as the preliminary evaluation changed from mild (84.4%) to moderate (97.4%) CHD. Reliability of preliminary evaluations increased significantly as age at the time of preliminary evaluation increased, regardless of whether dogs received a preliminary evaluation of normal phenotype or CHD. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that preliminary evaluations of hip joint status in dogs are generally reliable. However, dogs that receive a preliminary evaluation of fair phenotype of mild CHD should be reevaluated after 24 months of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

A first assessment of the reliability of an improved scent identification line-up.

To properly evaluate different forensic techniques, it is important to know how reliable these different techniques are. The reliability of scent identification line-ups is unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe, and employ, a reliability testing method for scent identifications using trained police dogs and a novel scent identification procedure. Two kinds of experiments were prepared: suspect = perpetrator experiments, and suspect not equal to perpetrator experiments. Six dog/handler teams participated in 10 experiments, five of each kind. The reliability of an identification, or the diagnostic ratio, is the percentage correct identification in suspect = perpetrator experiments divided by the percentage false identification of the suspect in suspect not equal to perpetrator experiments. Factors that influence the reliability of scent identifications are discussed, and the results of the scent identifications are compared with recent reliability estimates of other forensic techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Reliability of parameters of cognitive evoked P3 potentials].

Reliability of event-related P3 parameters. Various parameters of the P3 wave were tested for reliability and test-retest stability. To this end, event-related P3 waves were evoked in 21 subjects during visual and auditory oddball tasks. The protocol was repeated one to two weeks later. Amplitude, latency and area between P3 and baseline were estimated by different procedures. The stability within and between sessions was assessed with the split-half method and a measure of test-retest reliability, respectively. A literature review revealed that latency estimation is most commonly done by computer-aided peak measurement, but determining peak parameters visually after interpellating superimposed artifacts turned out to be significantly more reliable. Interrater reliability for this visual inspection was very high if preestablished rules were employed. Amplitude and area were measured reliably by both computer-aided procedures and visual inspection. The area was quite stable both within and between sessions. Area can serve as a measure of cerebral activation and should therefore be determined. Based on the results recommendations are made about analyzing components of event-related potentials. The need to control for error variance is emphasized. This is the only way to improve methods enough that they will be suitable for use in single case diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Reliability of spinal displacement analysis of plain X-rays: a review of commonly accepted facts and fallacies with implications for chiropractic education and technique.

BACKGROUND: Current medical, biomechanical, and chiropractic literature indicates that X-ray line drawing analysis for spinal displacement is reliable, with high Interclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) found in most studies. Normal sagittal spinal curvatures are being accepted as important clinical outcomes of care; however, just the opposite is taught in many chiropractic college radiology courses. OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature on X-ray line drawing reliability and abnormal static lateral positions. DATA SOURCES: Searches were performed on Medline, Chiro-LARS, MANTIS, and CINAHL on X-ray reliability, normal spinal position, and sagittal spinal curvatures as clinical outcomes. RESULTS: X-ray line drawing analysis for spinal displacement was found to have high reliability with a majority of ICCs in the .8-.9 range. The reliability for determining X-ray pathology was found to be only fair to good by both medical doctors and chiropractors and by both chiropractic and medical radiologists, with a majority of ICCs in the range .40-.75. Muscle spasms, facet hyperplasia, short pedicles and patient positioning errors have not been shown to alter sagittal plane alignment. The sagittal spinal curves are desirable clinical outcomes of care in surgery, physical therapy, rehabilitation and chiropractic. These results contradict common claims found in the indexed literature. CONCLUSION: X-ray line drawing is reliable. Normal values for the sagittal spinal curvatures exist in the literature. The normal sagittal spinal curvatures are important clinical outcomes of care. Patient positioning and postural radiographs are highly reproducible. When these standardized procedures are used, the pre-to-post alignment changes are a result of treatment procedures applied. Chiropractic radiology education and publications should reflect the recent literature, provide more support for X-ray line drawing analyses and applications of line drawing analyses for measuring spinal displacement on plain radiographs.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1998

The development and reliability of the Royal College of General Practitioners' questionnaire for measuring senior house officers' satisfaction with their hospital training.

BACKGROUND: The training provided for senior house officers (SHOs) has been the subject of debate, and variable satisfaction with training has been reported. The reliability of the instruments used for measuring satisfaction has not been adequately addressed. AIM: To develop a reliable questionnaire to measure SHO satisfaction with hospital training. METHOD: A 42-item questionnaire with eight scales was developed using criteria from the joint hospital visiting guidelines of the Royal College of General Practitioners. The questionnaire was sent to SHOs in Anglia before monitoring visits from the royal colleges, the postgraduate dean and the Joint Committee on Postgraduate Training for General Practice. RESULTS: Response rates varied from 37.0% to 100%, with an overall response rate of 58.8%. The internal reliability of the whole questionnaire was 0.82. Levels of internal reliability for the individual scales were satisfactory, Cronbach's alpha coefficient being 0.75 or more in all but two of the scales. Test-retest reliability using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient was greater than 0.82 for six of the scales. There were significant differences in total satisfaction between SHOs reporting on posts accredited by the different royal colleges and also between SHOs training for general practice and those training to be specialists. CONCLUSION: A reliable questionnaire has been developed to measure SHO satisfaction with hospital training that is acceptable to doctors and feasible to administer. National acceptance of a single questionnaire for monitoring SHO posts would enable standards to be monitored regularly at a time of considerable change in hospital training.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1998

The child suicide potential scale: inter-rater reliability and validity in Israeli in-patient adolescents.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Hebrew version of the Child Suicide Potential Scale for use with psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. The criterion validity, the parallel validity, the internal consistency, the inter-rater reliability and the test-retest reliability were assessed. One hundred eighty-five adolescent in-patients, consecutive admissions to a locked adolescent unit, were interviewed by a single interviewer. The subjects filled out a series of self report questionnaires and were also rated on an observational measure by the ward staff. In addition, 30 adolescents were interviewed by two raters simultaneously, in order to check the inter-rater reliability of this semi-structured interview. Twenty-three of the interviewees were re-interviewed after 6-12 months in order to assess the test-retest reliability. The majority of the Pearson correlation coefficients between the Child Suicide Potential Scale and parallel self report measures were also statistically significant. The internal consistencies of sections in the scale were high. The scale was found to have good parallel validity, by differentiating between suicidal and non-suicidal patients. The Pearson Correlation Coefficients between the two raters were markedly significant. The test-retest reliability was low. These results indicate that the Child Suicide Potential Scale is a reliable and fairly valid tool for the assessment of suicidal behavior in adolescent in-patients in Israel.

Adolescent↗