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PubMed1998

The use of quality of life data in clinical practice.

A large amount of quality of life (QoL) information has been and is being collected in the oncology setting but it is unclear how such data influence decisions about the management of individual patients. A questionnaire designed specifically for the study was mailed to 260 senior oncologists to investigate how QoL data are being used outside the context of cancer clinical trials; replies were received from 154 (59%). Approximately 80% believed QoL information should be collected prior to the commencement of treatment, but less than 50% actually did so. Similarly, less than 50% assessed QoL as a method of monitoring the responses to treatment even when the treatment goal was palliation. The barriers to collecting such data were time and resource constraints, perceived lack of an appropriate instrument and a belief that QoL assessments were unnecessary. Other than making a subjective assessment based on examination and history, 73 (47%) used either standardized questionnaires or a system derived in their unit to assess the QoL of their patients. Given an appropriate instrument the majority believed that QoL data could be collected on a routine basis. The main barriers to collecting QoL data are logistic and the challenge remains to develop a method of collecting and analysing QoL information in a manner which enhances decision making.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A new instrument to measure sexual function in women with urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to develop a condition-specific, reliable, validated, and self-administered instrument to evaluate sexual function in women with pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence. STUDY DESIGN: The questionnaire was designed after review of the literature and of nonspecific validated instruments. The study was completed in 2 phases. In phase 1 a total of 83 women completed both our questionnaire and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7, with 20 women undergoing test-retest reliability analyses. Item analysis was based on the internal consistency, the correlations with the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7, the patient's age and self-rating of satisfaction, and the results of reliability testing. For final validation the questionnaire was administered in phase 2 to 99 women. Factor and item analyses were repeated, results were correlated with the Sexual History Form-12, and comparison was made between patients with high depression scores and those with low depression scores on the Symptom Questionnaire. RESULTS: Factor analysis identified 3 domains, labeled Behavioral/Emotive, Physical, and Partner-Related. Sexual function scores were highly correlated with scores on the Sexual History Form-12 for the questionnaire (r = -0.74; P <.001) and for both the Behavioral/Emotive and the Partner-Related domains (r = -0.79 and -0.5, respectively; P <.001). The Physical domain was correlated with scores on the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 (r = -0.63; P <.001). Women with high depression scores on the Symptom Questionnaire had significantly lower scores on the final questionnaire, in comparison with women without depression (P <.001). CONCLUSION: We developed a condition-specific, validated, and reliable instrument, containing 31 items divided into 3 domains, to evaluate sexual functioning in women with urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Screening for migraine in the general population: validation of a simple questionnaire.

We present validation of a simple questionnaire designed to screen the general population for migraine. It comprises four questions: (1) "Have you ever had migraine?" (2) "Have you ever had severe headache accompanied by nausea?" (3) "Have you ever had severe headache accompanied by hypersensitivity to sound and light?" (4) "Have you ever had visual disturbances lasting 5-60 min followed by headache?" A telephone interview carried out by a physician was used as an index of validity. The study population was 5,360 twins from the population-based Danish Twin Registry. All twin pairs where at least one twin had answered "yes" to at least one of our questions were eligible for the telephone interview (n=2,272 twins). The response rate to the questionnaire was 87%; the participation rate in the telephone interview was 90%. The questionnaire ascertained 85% of all migraineurs (sensitivity). A combination of two questions (questions 1 and 4) extracted 93% of the twins with migraine with aura and 74% of the twins with migraine without aura, yet only 26% of the sample needed to be interviewed. We conclude that in the Danish population two simple questions are sufficient to screen for migraine in selecting participants for a diagnostic clinical interview. Our questionnaire clearly merits further study to document its universal applicability.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brief screening questionnaire for determining affected state in fragile X syndrome: a consensus recommendation.

New molecular research has provided strong evidence for different forms of the fragile X mutation. These findings suggest the need to develop a more standardized and sensitive method for determining neurobehavioral effects of the fragile X gene(s), particularly for molecular studies of patients who do not have obvious mental retardation. This report describes a brief screening questionnaire designed to increase the detection of neurobehavioral dysfunction in individuals from fragile X families who are included in new molecular studies. Improved detection of the affected state in fragile X syndrome will allow more valid clinical data to be correlated with the important molecular information currently being collected.

Behavior↗
PubMed1993

The incidence of child sexual abuse in Northern Ireland.

This is part of a major epidemiological survey of the reported incidence (new cases) of child sexual abuse in Northern Ireland. Based on multi-source methodology, the study used computer-based record linkage techniques to find the number of incident cases occurring in the Province in 1987. Reporters involved with the incident cases were interviewed by OEV who recorded details of the child, the abuse, and the abuser using a specially designed questionnaire. Age-sex specific incidence rates adjusted for potential misclassification were computed and allowance made for under-ascertainment. Overall, 408 Established cases were reported during 1987. The corresponding incidence rate for Northern Ireland was 0.9 cases per 1000 children. When Suspected and Alleged cases were compared with Established cases, a further 119 cases were allocated by discriminant function analysis to the Established group, and the rate rose to 1.16 per thousand. Selected reporters were interviewed about ascertainment which was estimated to lie between 62% and 74%. If the lowest level of ascertainment applied the corresponding incidence rate for Northern Ireland would increase to 1.87. These figures are higher than those currently reported elsewhere in the UK, but methodological differences in study design hamper interregional comparisons. A number of relevant methodological problems are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Current cervical neoplasia screening practices of obstetrician/gynecologists in the US.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine cervical cancer screening practices of obstetrician/gynecologists in the US after recent revised guidelines. STUDY DESIGN: Questionnaires were mailed to 355 randomly selected US obstetrician/gynecologists. Questions were structured as clinical vignettes. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned by 60% (213/355) of recipients; 185 were eligible. Seventy-four percent would begin screening virginal girls at age 18. Sixty percent would continue annual screening in a 35-year-old woman with 3 or more normal tests. Frequent screening is common in women after total hysterectomy for symptomatic fibroids and no history of dysplasia, and in 70-year-old women with a 30-year history of previous normal tests. Most (82%) use liquid-based cytology; 78% of female respondents would prefer it for themselves. Most (64%) would not adopt triennial Pap/HPV DNA screening, although 58% of women would choose it for themselves. CONCLUSION: Most US obstetrician/gynecologists screen low-risk women often and indefinitely, despite national guidelines designed to minimize screening harms resulting from overtesting.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Use of a questionnaire to obtain an alcohol history from those attending an inner city accident and emergency department.

A screening questionnaire designed to take an alcohol history was used on 996 patients attending the London Hospital Accident and Emergency Department. Questions concerned with 'binge' drinking detected many problem drinkers who were not identified by questions on weekly alcohol intake or 'CAGE' questions. The relative increase in detection was particularly marked in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Development and testing of a computerised 24-h recall questionnaire measuring fruit and snack consumption among 9-11 year olds.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity, reliability and sensitivity of a computerised single day 24-h recall questionnaire designed for the comparison of children's fruit and snack consumption at the group (school) level. DESIGN: Relative validity and reliability were assessed in relation to (i) intake at school and (ii) intake throughout the whole day, using diary-assisted 24-h recall interviews and a 7-day test-retest procedure. Sensitivity was assessed in relation to intake by comparing results from schools with differing food policies, and by sex. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Eight schools took part in the validity and reliability assessments, with 78 children completing the 24-h recall interviews and 195 children completing the test-retest procedure. A total of 43 schools (1890 children) took part in the sensitivity analysis. All children were aged 9-11 y. All schools were in South Wales and South-west England. RESULTS: For fruit intake at school, the questionnaire showed fair levels of validity at the individual level (kappa = 0.29). At the group level, there were little or no differences in fruit intake at school between the two measures and two occasions. The questionnaire was sufficiently sensitive to identify statistically significant differences between girls and boys, and between schools with different food policies. For snack intake at school, validity at the individual level was slightly lower (kappa = 0.220.25), but the data remained of value in analyses at the group level. For fruit and snack intake throughout the whole day there was little agreement at the individual level (kappa = 0.00-0.06), and at the group level there tended to be substantial differences between the two measures and two occasions. CONCLUSIONS: The computerised questionnaire is a quick and cost-effective means of assessing children's consumption of fruit at school. While further development is required to improve validity and reliability, it has the potential to be particularly useful in randomised controlled trials of school-based dietary interventions.

Candy↗
PubMed1999

The child molester empathy measure: description and examination of its reliability and validity.

The aim of the two studies presented here was to produce and refine a measure of victim empathy for the assessment of child molesters. In the first study, 61 nonfamilial child molesters completed the Child Molester Empathy Measure (CMEM), a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. The measure assessed empathy in three contexts: (a) toward a child who was in a motor vehicle accident and was disfigured, (b) toward a child who had been sexually molested by an unknown assailant over a period of time, and (c) toward the offender's own victim(s). Results indicated that the measure was both internally reliable and produced stable responses over time. The results also revealed a relative deficit in empathy toward the offender's own victim(s). The goal of the second study was to replicate the data obtained in the first study and compare child molesters' responses with the responses of a group of nonoffenders. Twenty-nine child molesters and 36 community males (nonoffenders) completed the questionnaire. This study also confirmed the internal reliability and test-retest reliability of the CMEM. The discriminant validity of the measure was supported by the child molesters' demonstrated relative deficiency in empathy toward an unknown offender's victim of sexual abuse. However, the child molesters displayed equal empathy toward the accident victim relative to nonoffenders. Additionally, the child molesters displayed significantly less empathy toward their own victims than toward the general sexual abuse victim. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1995

[Impact on the quality of life of respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction in an agricultural population].

Respiratory diseases are known to have consequences on health status. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of life of subjects with obstructive respiratory disorders coming for preventive medicine examinations. We conducted a study on a sample of adults living in agricultural areas (n = 1,235). We used two questionnaires: a respiratory questionnaire and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), which is a questionnaire designed to capture self-reported morbidity. It has been recently validated in french. Each subject performed a pulmonary function test on a portable spirometer to separate lung function obstructive abnormalities. Statistical analysis was realized by non parametric test. The number of positive responses (which shows bad health status) and the scores of the six dimensions are higher in females than males. According to sex and smoking habits, cough and chronic bronchitis are responsible for bad scores of health profile (for the total number of positive responses and the scores of each dimension). In case of airway obstruction, there is no major consequences on health profile. Subjective health measurements are interesting tools in subjects with non-chronic diseases. They can be associated with medical questionnaires because they give complementary inquiries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Psychological distress in childhood trauma survivors who abuse drugs.

The relationships between the level of childhood maltreatment and current psychological distress were examined in a community sample of 676 substance abusing men and women using a validated self-report instrument (the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) designed to measure physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and physical and emotional neglect. Current levels of self-reported psychological distress/symptoms were measured using a 53-item Brief Symptom Inventory. Prevalence of early trauma ranged from 44% for emotional neglect to 65% for sexual abuse. The severity of all forms of childhood maltreatment were directly associated with current psychological distress.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of two methods of collecting economic data in primary care.

BACKGROUND: There have been few attempts to assess alternative methods of collecting resource use data for economic evaluations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare two methods of collecting resource use data in primary care: GPs' case records and a self-complete postal questionnaire. METHODS: 303 primary care attenders were sent a postal survey, incorporating a questionnaire designed to collect service utilisation information for the previous six months. Data were also collected from GP case records. The reporting of GP visits between the two methods, and estimates of costs associated with those visits, were compared. RESULTS: There was good agreement between the number of GP visits recorded on GP case records (mean 3.03) and on the CSRI (mean 2.99) (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.756). In contrast, estimates of average costs of visits from CSRI data were higher and had greater variance compared to case record-based costs (54.63 pound sterling versus 42.37 pound sterling; P = 0.003). This may be explained by differences in average visit length (11.66 versus 9.36 minutes). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows good agreement between GP case records and a self-complete questionnaire for the reporting of GP visits. However, differences in costs associated with those visits arose due to differences in the method used for calculating length of visit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Registered nurses' descriptions of their health assessment practices.

The delivery of health-care services in Australia is undergoing many changes. The move towards home-based acute care has precipitated a review of many nursing care practices. An important consequence of these changes is the need for registered nurses to be adequately equipped to conduct systematic health assessments. This descriptive study used a questionnaire designed to elicit short-answer responses in order to investigate how registered nurses described their health assessment practices and what type of data they collected. The findings indicate that respondents possess divergent conceptualizations of health assessment, and that they predominately use health assessment data to support medical therapies. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for nursing practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Parental presence in the dental operatory-parent's point of view.

Parental presence in the dental operatory is considered a controversial issue and majority of dentists prefer mothers not to be present in the operatory while the child receives dental care. Very few studies have focussed on the parental' point of view. The present study was carried out to find out the attitudes of parents towards being present determine in the operatory during dental procedure and also to determine if willingness to be present was influenced by variables like age, sex, order of the child among siblings and previous dental behavior. Data was collected from 1350 parents using a questionnaire designed by the authors. In the present study, 78.3% of parents expressed their willingness to be present with the child during dental procedures. The study also showed that parents of younger children were more likely to be willing to be present in the operatory and as age advanced, the percentage of parents willing to be present in the operatory decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Urinary incontinence in rural older women: prevalence, incidence and remission.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence, incidence, and remission rates of urinary incontinence in a large group of older women over a 6-year time span and to assess factors associated with incontinence incidence and remission. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Two rural counties in Iowa. PARTICIPANTS: 2025 women aged 65 years or older residing in rural Iowa, enrolled in the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study of EPESE (Establishment of Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly) were interviewed in person annually for 6 years; specific responses to queries about urinary incontinence were given at baseline, 3-, and 6-year intervals. MEASUREMENTS: Conditional multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to assess the relationship between incontinence symptoms and various factors previously found to be related to incontinence. RESULTS: The baseline prevalence of urge incontinence was 36.3%, and of stress incontinence it was 40.3%. For urge incontinence, the 3-year incidence and remission rates between the third and sixth years were 28.5% and 22.1%, respectively. For stress incontinence, the 3-year incidence and remission rates between years 3 and 6 were 28.6% and 25.1%, respectively. Seventy-six percent and 84% of women who reported no urge or stress incontinence, respectively, at the baseline interview were continent at both follow-up interviews. The only significant factors related to changes in incontinence status were age, which was associated with an increased incidence of urge incontinence (OR 1.11, P = .017, 95% CI 1.019-1.203), and improvement in activities of daily living, which was associated with a increased remission of urge incontinence (OR 0.50, P = .015, 95% CI 0.28-0.9) CONCLUSION: In some older women, urinary incontinence is a dynamic state, with women moving back and forth along a continuum between continence and incontinence. These results are tempered by limitations of the study, which include its questionnaire design and lack of ability to detect potential treatment effect.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Deaf adolescents' knowledge of AIDS. Grade and gender effects.

Adolescents attending 5 state schools for the deaf responded to a 35-item questionnaire designed to probe their knowledge of AIDS. The 129 students in grades 9-12 had extremely limited core knowledge of AIDS, with the correct answers to only 8 of the 35 questions known by most students in all 4 grades. A minority of males and females knew the answers to most questions, indicating that AIDS education programs for deaf adolescents are urgently needed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

The heritability of perceived stress.

BACKGROUND: Exploration of the degree to which perceived chronic stress is heritable is important as these self-reports have been linked to stress-related health outcomes. The aims of this study were to estimate whether perceived stress is a heritable condition and to assess whether heritability estimates vary between subjective stress reactivity and stress related to external demands. METHOD: A sample of 103 monozygotic and 77 dizygotic twin pairs completed three questionnaires designed to measure perceived stress: the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Measure for the Assessment of Stress Susceptibility (MESA) and the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress (TICS). The TICS assesses the frequency of stressful experiences on six scales, the MESA assesses subjective stress reactivity, and the PSS takes both factors into account. RESULTS: A multivariate model-fitting procedure revealed that a model with common additive genetic and shared environmental factors best fit the eight scales (PSS, MESA, six TICS scales). Heritabilities for the best-fitting model varied between 5% and 45%, depending on the scale. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that perceived stress is in part heritable, that nearly half of the covariance between stress scales is due to genetic factors, and that heritability estimates vary considerably, depending on the questionnaire. Beyond methodological considerations that pertain to the validity of the questionnaires, these data suggest that studies assessing the heritability of perceived chronic stress should take the specific questionnaire focus into account.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

What do medical students know about childhood asthma?

A questionnaire designed to measure knowledge about childhood asthma was completed by 216 of the 311 (69%) undergraduate medical students at the University of Newcastle. First year students had a mean score of 16.2 (maximum possible score was 31) which was similar to the background community score of 13.0 obtained in a group of parents with no close contact with asthma. Knowledge about asthma increased over each of the 5 years of the medical course. Final-year students had a mean score of 28.7 (range: 25-31) which was similar to a group of parents thought by their paediatricians to have a high level of knowledge about asthma (mean: 25.3, range: 18-31). The progression of knowledge over the 5 years of the course provided interesting information about the learning process. Although second year students completed the questionnaire after a term devoted to coursework in respiratory medicine, only 26% were able to name two preventive agents and 21% named three agents useful during acute attacks of asthma. Third year students gave correct responses in 39 and 45% of cases, respectively, and the correct response rates rose to 78 and 97% in the fifth year. This was probably because the theoretical knowledge needed to be acquired and tested against a clinical scenario before it could be used. The study demonstrated an increase in knowledge about asthma throughout the problem-based medical course. In addition to providing information about the educational process, it provided information about the questionnaire which was able to measure a range of knowledge and not just extremes of asthma knowledge.

Asthma↗