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PubMed2006

Immunologic effects of mistletoe lectins: a placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects.

The subcutaneous application of lectin-rich mistletoe preparations such as Iscador Quercus (IQ; Weleda Company, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany) results in a peripheral eosinophilia. Our goal was to investigate whether this effect is related to mistletoe lectin (ML) and whether it is caused by a response of the specific immune system. In a double-blinded study, 43 volunteers were randomized to one of four treatment groups: (1) IQ, (2) ML that was derived from IQ, (3) IQ that was depleted of ML, and (4) placebo. The respective preparations were applied subcutaneously twice per week for 8 weeks, in increasing doses. Weekly the differential blood count was analyzed. Every 4 weeks interferon-gamma, interleukin-5 (IL-5), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were determined in cultures from peripheral mononuclear cells after stimulation with IQ. IQ and ML resulted in significant eosinophilia compared with placebo and ML-depleted IQ. Furthermore, the leukocyte and granulocyte counts were increased in the IQ and ML groups compared with placebo. GM-CSF, interferon-gamma, and IL-5 increased after ex vivo in vitro stimulation with IQ in the IQ and ML groups, and were significantly different from placebo in the IQ group but not in the ML group. Eosinophilia during therapy with mistletoe preparations is due to its content of ML. This effect might be related to a stimulation of IL-5 and/or GM-CSF, which was demonstrated ex vivo in vitro. ML resulted in a temporary increase of the granulocyte count, which is probably related to an acute-phase reaction.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of different removal disturbance intensity on plant diversity of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus-invaded Masson pine community].

The study on the plant diversity of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus-invaded Masson pine community under effects of different removal disturbance intensity showed that the species diversity indices (richness, Shannon-Wiener index and evenness) of arbor layer decreased in the sequence of broad-leaved stand after the removal of all infected pine trees in the pure pine stand in Fuyang > lightly infected Masson pine - Schima superba mixed stand in Fuyang > uninfected stand mixture of Masson pine and Castanopsis fargessi as the control > lightly infected pure Masson pine stand in Fuyang > Quercus variables stand formed after selective removal of infected pine trees from a mixed Masson pine and Q. variables stand in Zhoushan Islands > pure young Masson pine stand formed after the removal of all infected pine trees from a pure Masson pine stand > pure Liquidambar formosana stand after the removal of infected pine trees from a pure pine stand in Zhoushan Islands > mixed stand consisted of Pinus thunbergii and the Masson pine in Zhoushan Islands > moderately infected Masson pine stand in Zhoushan Islands. All the three indices of shrub layer did not show any significant differences among different communities, except for the pure pine stand in Zhoushan Island, which were the lowest. The three indices of herb layer were higher in pure young Masson pine, Q. variables stand, and L. formosana stand than in other stands. The Masson pine forest at different geographical situation and with different harm extent had distinct disparity, as well as that in different disturbance degree and restoring manner. The "Index of Disturbing Intensity of Stump and Fallen Woods" or IDISF was created to represent the disturbance degree of tree removal on plant diversity. It was found that for both less and more removal disturbing degree, the relationship between species diversity indices and IDISF followed the "Mid-altitude bulge" theory. Specifically, both excessive and insufficient removal of infected trees would cause the decline of plant species diversity in certain degree. Covariance analysis of IDISF indicated that different IDISF had no significant effects on the species diversity of arbor layer, but had different effects on that of shrub and herb layers, which could be used to assess the changes in species diversity of different Masson pine communities after the invasion of pine wood nematode.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paediatric medulloblastoma cells are susceptible to Viscum album (Mistletoe) preparations.

BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma constitute more than 20% of all paediatric brain tumours and are the most common malignant brain tumours in children. Adjuvant chemotherapy has seen a strong increase in the use of complementary medicine for cancer treatment. Evidence for cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Viscum album (Mistletoe) in vitro is available, however, no data concerning paediatric tumours, especially paediatric brain tumours, has been provided so far. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to compare the receptiveness of medulloblastoma cells to different Viscum album preparations, in vitro cytotoxic effects of eight Viscum album extracts on four different paediatric medulloblastoma cell lines were analysed by MTT-Tests. Lectin contents of the extracts were determined to correlate them with the mitochondrial activity of mistletoe-treated cells. Flowcytometric analyses with Annexin V-FITC staining were carried out to quantify the amount of apoptotic cells compared to necrotic and viable cells. RESULTS: Data obtained with the medulloblastoma cell lines, Daoy, D342, D425 and UW-288-2, treated with Viscum album preparations from eight dissimilar host trees (Iscucin Abietis, Pini, Populi, Mali, Salicis, Crataegi, Quercus and Tiliae), indicated a significant growth-inhibition of all cell lines, yet the cell susceptibility was dissimilar against the different extracts. The decrease in mitochondrial activity and increase in apoptosis correlated with the lectin content of the used preparation in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: These in vitro results show that paediatric medulloblastoma cells respond to Viscum album preparations, by undergoing cell death through apoptosis and that this growth-inhibition correlates with the lectin content of the used preparation.

Annexin A5↗
PubMed2006

A three-year aeropalynological study in Estepona (southern Spain).

An aeropalynological study was carried out in the atmosphere of Estepona, a very popular tourist resort situated in the "Costa del Sol", (southern Spain) based on the data obtained during a three year air-monitoring programme (March 1995 to March 1998) using a volumetric pollen trap. The 34 taxa that reached a 10-day mean air pollen concentration equal to or greater than 1 grain of pollen/m(3) of air are reflected in the calendar. The first 10 taxa, in order of abundance, were: Cupressaceae, Olea europaea, Quercus, Poaceae, Urticaceae, Plantago, Pinus, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Ericaceae and Castanea, the first 3 of which accounted for approximately 56 % of the annual total pollen count. The greatest diversity of pollen type occurred during spring, while the highest pollen concentrations were reached from February-June, when approximately more than 80 % of the annual total pollen was registered. The lowest concentrations were obtaining during January, August and September. The annual quantity of pollen collected, the intensity and the dates on which the maximum peaks were recorded differed for the 3 years studied, which can be explained by reference to various meteorological parameters, especially rainfall and temperature. The pollen calendar spectrum is typically Mediterranean and similar to those of nearby localities, in which many pollen types are represented and the long tails indicating long flowering periods.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1991

A simple technique for removing plant polysaccharide contaminants from DNA.

A survey of the inhibitory effects of various plant polysaccharides on DNA restrictions (HindIII and EcoRI) revealed that neutral polysaccharides (arabino-galactan, dextran, gum guar, gum locust bean, beta-glucan, inulin, laminaran, mannan and starch) were not very inhibitory. In contrast, acidic polysaccharides (carrageenan, dextran sulfate, gum ghatti, gum karaya, pectin and xylan) were very inhibitory, even at low concentrations. The Elutip-d (RPC-5 type resin) was evaluated for removal of the inhibitory polysaccharides. Used alone or in combination with a phenol/chloroform wash, it proved effective in removing the polysaccharide so that HindIII digestion was possible, except in the cases of carrageenan and dextran sulfate. In addition, the genomic DNA extracts from live oak (Quercus virginiana) and magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) were sufficiently purified so that the DNAs could be restricted with both EcoRI and HindIII.

DNA↗
PubMed1990

Effect of an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra) on isolated equine digital vessels.

An aqueous extract was made from black walnut (Juglans nigra) heartwood obtained in the fall of the year. Ten hours after nasogastric administration of 5 L of the extract, a 550-kg, 13-yr-old Quarter Horse gelding experienced Obel grade-3 laminitis. The effect of aqueous extract of black walnut on vascular contractility was then tested, using isolated equine digital arteries and veins. The vessels were maintained in Krebs bicarbonate buffer with 95% oxygen at 37 C. The extract did not induce a direct contractile effect. It did, however, reversibly enhance the vasoconstriction induced in the isolated vessels by administration of epinephrine potentiated with hydrocortisone. In contrast, aqueous extracts made, using the same techniques, from the shavings of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and pin oak (Quercus palustrus) had no effect on epinephrine-induced digital vessel contractions.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of certain atmospheric pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO) on the soluble amino acids, molecular weight and antigenicity of some airborne pollen grains.

The pure pollen grains of Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Meadow Fescue (Festuca elatior) and Chinese Elm (Ulmas pumila) were exposed to carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). After exposure, the soluble free amino acids were determined from the extracts using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography, and the molecular weight of the extracts were determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results indicated that after contamination, both the amino acids and molecular weight profiles were changed. In addition, the double immunodiffusion method was used against rabbit-antisera to determine the antigenicity of contaminated and non-contaminated pollen grain extracts. The results also showed that there were antigenic changes after contamination.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A fatal case of oak poisoning in a double-wattled cassowary (Casuarius casuarius).

A double-wattled cassowary died following a clinical course of severe diarrhea, anorexia, and polydypsia. At necropsy, prolapse of the penis, severe enteritis, and swelling of the kidneys with subcapsular heavy deposits of urates were noted. Histologic lesions comprised nephrosis, interstitial edemia of the muscle, and sloughing of the intestinal villi. Leaves collected from the gizzard were identified as coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). Diagnosis of oak poisoning was made based on the renal lesions and the finding of a high content of tannins in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Oak poisoning has not been reported previously in avian species.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Determination of total phenolics in acorns from different species of oak trees in conjunction with acorn poisoning in cattle.

Although acorn poisoning is more commonly seen in cattle as a susceptible animal species, several other factors such as species of acorns also have a distinct bearing on the degree of acorn toxicity. In this study, 3 species of acorns (Quercus alba, Q velutina and Q rubera) were analyzed for their total phenolic contents. Q velutina was found to have the highest level of total phenolics and Q alba the lowest among the 3 species. The total phenolic content in Q rubera was slightly lower than that of Q velutina but markedly higher than that of Q alba. The data suggest that when evaluating a pasture on the likelihood of acorn toxicity, one containing mainly Q alba may be safer than Q velutina and Q rubera.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Pollinosis. IV. Which pollens should be tested in allergology practice? Results of determinations of allergy-causing pollens in the Zurich air 1981-1984, with reference to threshold concentrations].

The most important pollens causing pollinosis in Zurich include hazel (Corylus), alder (Alnus) and birch (Betula) in spring, grasses--including rye--in summer, and mugwort (Artemisia) in autumn. Investigations on airborne pollen of Zurich were conducted from 1981 to 1984, and assessed with special reference to threshold concentrations. The results show that sorrel (Rumex) and plantain (Plantago) also belong to the most important pollens and should therefore be included in the test spectrum for allergological examinations. The pollen of ash (Fraxinus), oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus) and plane tree (Platanus) was regularly found in high percentages during these years. Hence the clinical relevance of these tree pollens should not be underestimated, because successful diagnosis and therapy depends mainly on the use of the relevant strain of pollen.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigation on atmospheric pollen in a plain zone of Romania.

In May-August 1982 and April-August 1983 quantitative and qualitative studies on the atmospheric pollen were carried out in the town of C. using Durham's method. The number of total atmospheric pollen granules was found to exceed 1,200/sq. cm in May and 1,100/sq. cm in June. The pollen of trees (Corylus, Quercus, etc.) and the pollen of poaceous plants, the main allergogenic pollen, were found to predominate in the first part of the period and the pollen of poaceous plants (Gramineae) in the rest of the pollination season. The authors consider that the pollen of Compositae can have a certain allergogenic importance in August.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The pollen calendar of Siena (Central Italy).

The atmospheric pollen count at Siena was carried out for 4 years (1978-1981) to determine the average quantity of airborn pollen and the families, genera or species which contribute to such pollen dispersal. The pollination period stretches from February to mid October. The highest pollination period is from May to July when the most important pollen producers are Poaceae, Urticaceae, Pinus, Quercus, Oleaceae and Castanea sativa. Also in March there are high pollen production values due to Cupressaceae, Corylaceae, Alnus and Ulmus.

Italy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation and some properties of protein inhibitor of trypsin from acorns of the oak tree].

Four protein fractions with trypsin-inhibiting activity have been isolated from acorns of oak tree (Quercus robur L.) by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Further their purification on trypsin-agarose column have demonstrated 12 peaks of activity. Every fraction corresponded to these peaks, left the column with Sephadex G-50 with the same volume of elution that corresponded to molecular weight of 16000 +/- 10% dalton. It was concluded that they have the same protein inhibitor. All the fractions proved to be steady to high-temperature denaturation, 8 M carbamide and 0.1% SDS, but preserved not more than 20% of activity under dithiothreitol effect. All they had specificity to trypsin only and were significantly less active to chymotrypsin, peptine and pronase.

Molecular Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Latitudinal study of allergenic pollen in two Spanish cities.

A comparative study was performed on the pollen spectra in 1990 in two Spanish cities with different vegetation and climate, one situated on the south coast (Huelva) and the other in the north and inland (Palencia). The flowering of Alnus and Fraxinus occurred earlier in the north, while that of grasses (Plantago, Poaceae and Urticaceae) occurred earlier and lasted longer in the south, with milder temperature conditions resulting in no fall in pollen content between winter and spring. The absence of olive pollen in Palencia reaffirms that the pollen spectrum of a locality is a consequence of the surrounding vegetation. The geographical situation of Palencia, in the interior of Spain, results in higher percentages of Poaceae and Quercus. The enormous pollution of Huelva favors the greater development of the Urticaceae family and the greater presence of its pollen in the air.

Allergens↗
PubMed1994

Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed) poisoning in cattle.

Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed)-induced nephrotoxicity was diagnosed in 6 herds of cattle from 3 counties in southwest Missouri. Forty-eight cows and calves died and another 35 were clinically affected. Serum urea nitrogen concentration, determined in 4 affected calves, was between 55 and 284 mg/dl, and serum creatinine concentration was between 6.7 and 29.9 mg/dl. Postmortem examination of affected cows and calves revealed amber-colored fluid in peritoneal cavities and retroperitoneal perirenal edema. Histologic examination of kidney sections revealed widespread degeneration and necrosis of proximal and distal tubules. Compared with archived kidney sections from cattle with Quercus (oak) poisoning, distal renal tubules were more severely affected. Oak poisoning also was associated with a higher prevalence of interstitial fibrosis and renal tubular oxalosis. We concluded that ingestion of the aerial and leafy portions of pigweed by cattle in drought situations does not necessarily lead to nitrate-induced sudden death associated with consumption of the nitrate-containing stems.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Biological effect of wood dust].

The biological effect of exposure to wood dust depends on its composition and the content of microorganisms which are an inherent element of the dust. The irritant and allergic effects of wood dust have been recognised for a long time. The allergic effect is caused by the wood dust of subtropical trees, e.g. western red cedar (Thuja plicata), redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon), cocabolla (Dalbergia retusa) and others. Trees growing in the European climate such as: larch (Larix), walnut (Juglans regia), oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus), pine (Pinus) cause a little less pronounced allergic effect. Occupational exposure to irritative or allergic wood dust may lead to bronchial asthma, rhinitis, alveolitis allergica, DDTS (Organic dust toxic syndrome), bronchitis, allergic dermatitis, conjunctivitis. An increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the sinonasal cavity is an important and serious problem associated with occupational exposure to wood dust. Adenocarcinoma constitutes about half of the total number of cancers induced by wood dust. An increased incidence of the squamous cell cancers can also be observed. The highest risk of cancer applies to workers of the furniture industry, particularly those dealing with machine wood processing, cabinet making and carpentry. The cancer of the upper respiratory tract develops after exposure to many kinds of wood dust. However, the wood dust of oak and beech seems to be most carcinogenic. It is assumed that exposure to wood dust can cause an increased incidence of other cancers, especially lung cancer and Hodgkin's disease. The adverse effects of microorganisms, mainly mould fungi and their metabolic products are manifested by alveolitis allergica and ODTS. These microorganisms can induce aspergillomycosis, bronchial asthma, rhinitis and allergic dermatitis.

Dermatitis, Allergic Contact↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spring pollen and related allergies in southern Spain.

Over the last 10 years, there has been an increase in pollen allergies throughout Europe; this trend is clearly reflected in this study carried out in Córdoba (southern Spain) over 7 consecutive years, which recorded important increases in the concentrations of certain pollen types of particular interest in this city, together with an increase in the number of patients with pollinosis visiting the Allergy Unit at Córdoba's Reina Sofía University Hospital. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether these two trends were related. Sampling was carried out from 1984 to 1990, using a Burkard spore trap placed at a height of approximately 15 m on a building situated in the city center. The trend towards an annual increase in the concentration of pollen grains was positive in all cases, although very slight for Quercus and very marked for Olea europaea. However, a different pattern of behavior was recorded with respect to the correlation between pollen concentration and cases of pollinosis, a correlation which varied according to taxa.

Air Pollution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aeroallergens, skin tests and allergic diseases in 1091 patients].

To know the frequency of positively of several skin tests, data cards from patients, of the Allergy and Clinic Immunology Service of the Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI (Mexico City), between January, 1989 and March, 1995, were reviewed. Aqueous extracts manufactures by our laboratory were applied, in a dilution of 1:1000 weight-volume. 1091 from 5,651 skin tests patients were positive. Asthma and rhinitis were diagnosed in 492, allergic rhinitis in 289, allergic asthma in 111, and other diagnosis in 199 cases. The most frequent inhalable aeroallergens were house dust and perennial Dermatophagoides p and f1 with predominance in the rainy season, followed by pollens from Fraxinus a. Quercus a and Capriola, with predominance in the rainy season. The most frequent fungi were Candida and Fusarium, with predominance in the dry season.

Air↗