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PubMed1982

Faculty evaluation as a means of faculty development.

Although there is little evidence that evaluation actually helps improve teaching, some conditions increase the likelihood of evaluation leading to improvement, including a combination of student ratings with educational consultation, comparison of student ratings to self-ratings, feedback early enough to provide time for improvement, and linkage of faculty development to the promotion-retention-tenure process. These conditions were built into a family practice faculty development program. The faculty development program was carried out in steps analogous to a medical model with which faculty already were familiar. An educational consultant took an instructor's teaching "history" and conducted a "physical examination" of his teaching. The evaluator collected "laboratory" data regarding the instructor's teaching and made a "diagnosis." He provided "treatment" in terms of educational consultation and "assessed" the changes in the instructor's teaching. A repetition of the data collection and consultative process demonstrated improvement in clinical teaching, particularly with regard to the skill of leading a collaborative group discussion during resident teaching rounds.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Programmed cell death in the ascidian embryo: modulation by FoxA5 and Manx and roles in the evolution of larval development.

Programmed cell death (PCD) has been discounted in the ascidian embryo because the descendants of every embryonic cell appear to be present in the tadpole larva. Here we show that apoptotic PCD is initiated in the epidermis and central nervous system (CNS) but not in the endoderm, mesenchyme, muscle, and notochord cells during embryogenesis in molgulid ascidians. However, the affected cells do not actually die until the beginning of metamorphosis. Although specific patterns of PCD were different in distantly related ascidian species, the results suggest that removal of CNS cells by apoptosis is a urchordate feature predating the origin of the vertebrates. Certain molgulid ascidian species have evolved an anural (tailless) larva in which notochord cells fail to undergo the morphogenetic movements culminating in tail development. These anural species include Molgula occulta, the sister species of the urodele (tailed) species Molgula oculata. We show that PCD in the notochord cell lineage precedes the arrest of tail development in M. occulta and other independently evolved anural species. The notochord cells are rescued from PCD and a tail develops in hybrid embryos produced by fertilizing M. occulta eggs with M. oculata sperm, implying that apoptosis is controlled zygotically. Antisense inhibition experiments show that zygotic expression of the FoxA5 and Manx genes is required to prevent notochord PCD in urodele species and hybrids with restored tails. The results provide the first indication of PCD in the ascidian embryo and suggest that apoptosis modulated by FoxA5 and Manx is involved in notochord and tail regression during anural development. Differences in PCD that occur between ascidian species suggest that diversity in programming apoptosis may explain differences in larval form.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The Illness Management and Recovery program: rationale, development, and preliminary findings.

The Illness Management and Recovery (IMR) program was developed based on a comprehensive review of research on teaching illness self-management strategies to clients with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses and "packaged" in a resource kit to facilitate dissemination. Despite growing dissemination of this program, it has not yet been empirically validated. This article describes the development and theoretical underpinnings of the IMR program and presents pilot data from the United States and Australia (N = 24, 88% schizophrenia or schizoaffective) on the effects of individual-based and group-based treatment over the 9-month program and over a 3-month follow-up. High satisfaction was reported by participants. Strong improvements over treatment and at follow-up were found in clients' self-reported effectiveness in coping with symptoms and clinicians' reports of global functioning and moderate improvements in knowledge about mental illness, distress related to symptoms, hope, and goal orientation. These findings support the feasibility and promise of the IMR program and point to the need for controlled research to rigorously evaluate its effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breaking through the glass ceiling: a survey of promotion rates of graduates of a primary care Faculty Development Fellowship Program.

BACKGROUND: Academic promotion has been difficult for women and faculty of minority race. We investigated whether completion of a faculty development fellowship would equalize promotion rates of female and minority graduates to those of male and white graduates. METHODS: All graduates of the Michigan State University Primary Care Faculty Development Fellowship Program from 1989-1998 were sent a survey in 1999, which included questions about academic status and appointment. We compared application and follow-up survey data by gender and race/ethnicity. Telephone calls were made to nonrespondents. RESULTS: A total of 175 (88%) graduating fellows responded to the follow-up survey. Information on academic rank at entry and follow-up was obtained from 28 of 48 fellows with missing information on promotion. Male and female graduates achieved similar academic promotion at follow-up, but there was a trend toward lower promotion rates for minority faculty graduates compared to white graduates. In the multivariate analysis, however, only age, years in rank, initial rank, and type of appointment (academic versus clinical) were significant factors for promotion. CONCLUSIONS: Academic advancement is multifactorial and appears most related to time in rank, stage of life, and career choice. Faculty development programs may be most useful in providing skill development and career counseling.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Support in suicidal crises: the Swedish National Program to Develop Suicide Prevention. The Swedish National Council for Suicide Prevention.

The Swedish National Program to Develop Suicide Prevention was created through collaboration between the National Board of Health and Welfare, the National Institute of Public Health, and the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention. These institutions aim to provide joint support for the development of suicide prevention in Sweden by, for example, encouraging educational and development project. The program was signed for the National Council for Suicide Prevention by Agneta Dreber, Director-General, National Institute of Public Health; Danula Wasserman, Professor of Psychiatry and Suicidology, Head, National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention; and Claes Ortendahl, Director-General, National Board of Health and Welfare. This article, edited by Jan Beskow, Professor of Psychiatry at the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, is an abridged version submitted to Crisis at the request of the Editors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The chemopreventive agent development research program in the Division of Cancer Prevention of the US National Cancer Institute: an overview.

Chemoprevention is an innovative area of cancer research that focuses on the development of pharmacological, biological, and nutritional interventions to prevent, reverse, or delay carcinogenesis. Over the past two decades the Division of Cancer Prevention of the US National Cancer Institute has organized a research and development program to provide resources and infrastructure to the research community for the clinical evaluation of potential cancer preventive agents. This program now encompasses preclinical agent and molecular target identification, in vitro and in vivo screening, efficacy and intermediate endpoint testing, pharmacology and toxicology assessments, and finally chemical synthesis and manufacturing leading to Investigational New Drug applications and clinical studies. In this review, examples of agents currently in development, preclinical testing models, and phase 1 and 2 clinical studies are described. Continued commitment to cancer prevention will significantly reduce the economic and medical burden of cancer.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1975

Assessment of national family planning programs in developing countries.

Today, 34 developing countries have policies and programs to lower fertility, and an additional 32 countries provide family planning services for health and humanitarian reasons. Specific causal relationships and linkages between social and economic development, family planning programs, and fertility levels and changes remain mostly unclear at this point. Based on percent acceptors, percent users, and changes in fertility rates (the most commonly used measures to evaluate family planning program accomplishments), however, the performance of programs on the whole has been moderately encouraging.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1995

Role of the CNS in developing a competency-based orientation program.

One of the roles of the CNS is consultant. As a consultant, the CNS assists organizations in program development and organizational change. A systematic framework for the development of a competency-based orientation program is provided in this article. Nursing consultants can apply this framework in developing a competency-based orientation program tailored to the health care institution's unique needs and resources.

Competency-Based Education↗
PubMed2006

Fifteen years of aligning faculty development with primary care clinician-educator roles and academic advancement at the Medical College of Wisconsin.

Starting in 1991, the Medical College of Wisconsin's (MCW) primary care-focused faculty development programs have continuously evolved in order to sustain tight alignment among faculty members' needs, institutional priorities, and academic reward structures. Informed by literature on the essential competencies associated with academic success and using educational methods demonstrated to achieve targeted objectives, MCW's initial 1.5-day per month comprehensive faculty development programs prepared faculty as clinician-researchers, leaders, and educators. As institutional priorities and faculty roles shifted, a half-day per month advanced education program was added, and the comprehensive faculty development program transitioned to its current half-day per month program. Using a modular approach, this program focuses exclusively on clinician-educator competencies in curriculum, teaching, leadership, evaluation, and learner assessment. Instructional methods combine interactive, face-to-face sessions modeling a range of instructional strategies with between-session assignments now supported through an e-learning platform. All participants complete a required project, which addresses a divisional or departmental need, meets standards associated with scholarship, and is submitted to a peer-reviewed forum. To date, over 115 faculty members have enrolled in MCW's faculty development programs. Program evaluation over the 15-year span has served to guide program revision and to provide clear evidence of program impact. A longitudinal evaluation of comprehensive program graduates from 1993 to 1999 showed that 88% of graduates' educational projects were implemented and sustained more than one year after program completion. Since 2001, each participant, on average, attributes more than two peer-reviewed presentations and one peer-reviewed publication to program participation. Based on 15 years of evaluation data, five tenets associated with program success are outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Randomized field experiments for program planning, development, and evaluation: an illustrative bibliography.

This bibliography lists references to over 300 field experiments undertaken in schools, hospitals, prisons, and other social settings, mainly in the U.S. The list is divided into 10 major categories corresponding to the type of program under examination. They include: criminal and civil justice programs, mental health, training and education, mass media, information collection, utilization, commerce and industry, welfare, health, and family planning. The main purpose of the bibliography is to provide evidence on feasibility and scope of randomized field tests, since despite their advantages, it is not always clear from managerial, political, and other constraints on research that they can be mounted. Dates of publications range from 1944 to 1978.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1990

Implementation of standards of practice: a spinal cord injury program.

Developing and implementing standards of spinal cord injury nursing practice is an essential component of a program for evaluating and ensuring quality patient care. A comprehensive program for monitoring SCI nursing care as developed at the James A. Haley Veterans Hospital is described. Over a 12-month period, nursing staff utilized standards of practice to assure attainment of expected patient outcomes and increased staff involvement in the SCI quality assurance program. Evaluation of the task force project provides implications for use in other nursing practice settings.

Florida↗
PubMed1999

Community learning: the Reach for Health Nursing Program-Middle School Collaboration.

Nursing faculty and students have a vital role to play in promoting adolescent health at the community level. However, few nursing education programs have developed programs which provide nursing students with the skills and hands-on experiences they need to work with adolescents in community settings. A successful model for integrating community-based adolescent health promotion into nursing education is described in this article. Developed by nursing faculty from Medgar Evers College Department of Nursing, teachers and staff from a large middle school in Brooklyn, New York serving economically disadvantaged Black and Hispanic youth, and Education Development Center, Inc., the Reach for Health (RFH) Nursing Program-Middle School Collaboration has two mutually reinforcing components: (a) classroom-based health instruction taught by teachers with assistance from nursing students and faculty, and (b) community youth service in which middle school students spend approximately 3 hours per week providing assistance in health-related facilities under the guidance of nursing faculty and student nurse mentors. As part of an evaluation study, the authors conducted focus groups with nursing students involved in this program and administered an identical survey before and after intervention to assess potential benefits of participation. Compared to a control group of nursing students, those who participated in the RFH program reported increased skills and comfort working in school and community settings and with young adolescents, their teachers, and their parents. An example of other benefits was a greater understanding of the health and developmental needs of adolescents. At the same time they provided a service to the community, nursing students gained the skills and experience needed to be effective in community health promotion efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Fellowship training in family medicine: results of a national survey.

BACKGROUND: Family medicine fellowship training has increased in extent and diversity over the past 15 years. We conducted a national survey to study the present status of fellowship training in our discipline. METHODS: We surveyed all departments and divisions of family medicine in the United States as well as sources of other known training programs. Information was requested regarding type of fellowship, source of funding, location, benefits, curricula, degree programs, and positions offered and filled. RESULTS: Data was obtained for 190 programs. Faculty development programs comprised the greatest proportion of fellowship programs (n = 45 or 24%) and positions (n = 129 or 33%), followed by geriatrics, sports medicine, and obstetrics. Programs with the highest fill rates were adolescent medicine (80%), substance abuse (75%), and obstetrics (74%). Faculty development, geriatrics, and sports medicine, with the largest number of fellowship positions, filled 35%, 54%, and 50% of available slots respectively. Duration, structure, and benefits of fellowship programs varied considerably. CONCLUSIONS: Fellowship training in family medicine offers a wide variety of opportunities for career development, but this data suggests that there are areas in which special attention should be placed to facilitate the most appropriate advancement of fellowship training in our discipline.

Capital Financing↗
PubMed2000

Criteria of the "educators' pyramid" fulfilled by medical school faculty promoted on a teaching pathway.

PURPOSE: To compare the results of academic promotion to associate professor and professor via the teaching pathway at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine (WFUSM) with the criteria of the "educators' pyramid" of Sachdeva et al. METHOD: Data on all candidates promoted to associate professor and professor in the academic years 1995-2000 at WFUSM were collected from candidates' portfolios and compared with the criteria for educator (level three) and master educator (level four) from a modified version of the educators' pyramid. RESULTS: Of 186 faculty promoted, 38 were on the teaching pathway. Everyone promoted on the pathway fulfilled all teacher and master teacher criteria. All educator criteria were found among the associate professors, and all but one of the master educator criteria were found among professors. More than 75% of associate professors demonstrated "sustained participation in significant amounts of effective teaching in more than one modality" and "service as a medical student clerkship, course, or residency director." Less than 30% demonstrated "service as assistant dean of education or student affairs" or "service as the chair of departmental education committees." Most associate professors had not regularly participated in national education meetings. For professors, more than 50% demonstrated "achievement of leadership positions in national organizations, committees, and medical school education"; "recognition as a national leader in specialty education"; and "mentorship of other faculty members locally and nationally." Less than 30% demonstrated "pursuit of further training in education through workshops, faculty development programs, or educational fellowship programs" or "development and implementation of nationally-recognized (in education) innovative curricula or teaching programs." No one promoted to professor on the teaching pathway had made what was considered to be a landmark contribution to educational research and development. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the educators' pyramid is generalizable to medical faculty being promoted on a teaching pathway at WFUSM. Documentation of achievement in teaching criteria is essential and faculty should be encouraged to maintain records of accomplishment before becoming candidates for promotion.

Career Mobility↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A model for public health workforce development using the National Public Health Performance Standards Program.

Workforce development programs in public health should link improvements in workers' performance with improvements in their agencies' performance. The "ten essential services" of public health provide criteria for measuring both individual worker training (as in workforce competency standards) and agency performance (as in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Public Health Performance Standards Program). This shared foundation was the basis for a model strategic training program developed for use in a 500-employee urban county health department. Full implementation of this model as a foundation for assessment, curriculum development, and evaluation requires careful attention to management issues, confidentiality of employee records, and evaluation methodologies.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The development of a comprehensive, institution-based patient risk evaluation program: I. Development, content, and data management.

There is a need for standardization of risk factor questionnaires for epidemiological research. This paper describes the development and implementation of a comprehensive cancer risk evaluation program at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. A detailed self-administered questionnaire is given to all newly registered adult patients. The format of the instrument, coding systems, quality control measures, and data entry mechanisms are discussed. The criteria for the choice of a data base management system are outlined. The identification of high-risk patient subgroups is possible, and it is feasible to link this data base with clinical and biochemical data. There is considerable potential for collaborative research using this risk evaluation program, bringing together basic scientists, clinicians, and epidemiologists.

Cancer Care Facilities↗