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PubMed2000

Detection of human herpesvirus 6 variant A in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients.

Several authors report that human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) variants have different epidemiologies, in vivo tropism and pathogenic potentials. However, it is not well known what pathogenic roles its neurotropism might have in the variant type. As some active plaques of multiple sclerosis (MS) brain tissue harbor HHV-6 DNA divergent from the prototype virus, the possibility that the variant strain may play a role in the pathogenesis of MS has been suggested. Therefore, we tried to investigate the role of HHV-6 variants in the pathogenesis of MS. As HHV-6 is predominantly a T-cell-tropic virus, we examined HHV-6 DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 34 MS patients, 6 with idiopathic transverse myelitis, 2 with optic neuritis and 20 healthy controls. Nested polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the HHV-6 genome. To discern HHV-6 variants A and B, amplification products were digested by restriction enzyme. We found that 7 of 34 MS patients and 2 of 6 patients with idiopathic transverse myelitis had the HHV-6 genome. On the contrary, there was no HHV-6 genome in the control group. All genomic sequences were of HHV-6 variant A (HHV-6A). Our results suggest that the detection of HHV-6A in the PBMC of patients with MS may raise the possibility of a relationship between latent HHV-6A infection and the pathogenesis of MS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Activation, apoptosis, and clearance of neutrophils in Wegener's granulomatosis.

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is strongly associated with the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCAs). Within WG these ANCAs are usually (80-90%) directed against the azurophilic enzyme proteinase 3, the so called PR3-ANCA. A pathophysiological role for these autoantibodies, supported by numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, is specifically based on their capacity to bind and activate neutrophils and potentially may damage vessels. In this review, the pathogenic potential of different developmental stages of the neutrophil in the pathogenesis of WG is discussed. After release from the bone marrow into the circulation, neutrophils can be primed by TNFalpha and become attached to locally activated endothelium. Once attached to the endothelium, ANCAs can fully activate these primed neutrophils. In this activation process, the degree of activation after stimulation with PR3-ANCAs associates with the level of PR3 expression on the membrane of the neutrophil. Following activation, infiltrated neutrophils become apoptotic with further membrane expression of PR3. In WG patients, clearance of apoptotic neutrophils can be disturbed due to the opsonization of PR3-expressing apoptotic neutrophils with PR3-ANCAs, thereby perpetuating inflammation by the release of proinflammatory cytokines during clearance; or it may favor autoimmunity by PR3 presentation in an inflammatory environment. Furthermore, the presence of ANCAs and the release of the vessel-related pentraxin PTX3 may lead to the persistence of late apoptotic neutrophils in tissues, thereby inducing leukocytoclastic lesions that are characteristic in patients with WG. All together, alive neutrophils as well as apoptotic neutrophils play a key role in different inflammatory phenomena seen in patients suffering from WG.

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibiotic resistance from wastewater oxidation ponds.

In an extensive, multiyear study of antibiotic resistance from wastewater oxidation ponds, five mobile home park wastewater oxidation ponds in Clarke and Oconee counties were shown to be discharging high numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria into the waterways of North Georgia. This effluent contributed to higher nitrogen, phosphorus, and fecal coliform levels in creeks downstream from the ponds. A survey of residents revealed that many people did not complete their antibiotic prescriptions, and the majority flushed leftover antibiotic medications down the toilet. In the pond discharges, resistance was found to eighteen antibiotics: amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, apramycin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, kanamycin, naladixic acid, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and tetracycline. The discharged bacteria contained both integrons and plasmids, the latter being transferable to a laboratory strain of Escherichia coil (E. coli). A turtle was found living at a pond discharge site with multiply-antibiotic-resistant bacteria in its feces. Last year, RNA fingerprinting conclusively documented the survival of three multiply-resistant important pathogenic bacteria. Ceftriaxone-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas aerogenosa and a ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli were traced through oxidation pond stages and into the discharge, thus documenting that the pathogens survived the treatment process. In addition, a potential pathogen, a serotype group D Salmonella spp., was found in the discharge. In this study, tetracycline-resistance genes C and G were detected in the first and second stages of the oxidation pond and the discharge went directly into the environment. These genes are generally found in intestinal bacteria, so it can be inferred that they are from a human source. Antimicrobial residue from the beta-lactam family of antibiotics was found in all oxidation pond stages and in the creek above the pond. Tetracycline residue was found in the first and second stages of the pond. In addition to the antibiotics, genes coding for antibiotic resistance and the antibiotics themselves were documented to survive oxidation pond treatment. Tetracycline-resistant genes were identified in the oxidation pond stages and in the discharge going into the environment. A model was also developed to study oxidation pond function in the laboratory. A biofilm was created using a highly antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium 3/97, and pond water was added. The biofilm was processed via a rotating disk bioreactor specifically designed to study biofilms in nature, but with conditions that were more favorable to bacterial inhibition than those in nature. Cultures revealed that, under these optimal conditions, S. typhimurium 3/97 was still present in this in vitro system. Thus, the competitive inhibition process that helps to remove bacteria in oxidation ponds did not effectively remove an important bacterium, S. typhimurium 3/97, in this mock oxidation pond. The bioreactor model developed in this study can be used to further investigate discharges from oxidation ponds. From this data, it is apparent that the problem is two-fold. A cost-effective technique must be developed that inactivates antibiotic-resistant bacteria in oxidation pond discharges and also removes the antibiotics. A public awareness campaign was initiated by the author to encourage proper use and disposal of antibiotics, as flushing them is a common practice in the United States.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occurrence of middle ear pathogens in the nasopharynx of young individuals. A quantitative study in four age groups.

Colonization of middle ear pathogens (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis), potential pathogens (S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci) and non-pathogens was determined quantitatively on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx (NPH) of children (four age groups: under 2 years, 2-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-15 years). None of the 90 individuals examined was suffering at the time of bacterial sampling from acute otitis media (AOM), sinusitis, or tonsillitis. All individuals under 2 years of age harboured middle ear pathogens in the NPH, but only 40% of the individuals of the oldest age group (p less than 0.001). Furthermore, in the youngest group, 57% of the cases had pathogens in the NPH, which completely dominated the bacterial flora, i.e. constituted more than 90% of the total bacterial count when calculated as CFU/cm2. The corresponding count in the oldest age group was only 20% (p less than 0.01). One important reason for the high incidence of AOM among young children in particular seems to be the noticeable accumulation of middle ear pathogens in huge quantities in the NPH in this age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Early response of lymphatic system to experimental infection with Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum.

Weight, cellularity and metabolic activity (nucleolar test) of draining and contralateral popliteal lymph nodes were studied in groups of guinea pigs infected intratarsally in right hind limb with Mycobacterium kansasii (2.4 x 10(6) viable units) and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (3.4 x 10(6) viable units) species and examined 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after inoculation. Time-related differences and inter-group differences in cellularity and per cent of active lymphocytes were statistically analyzed by paired t-test. Experimental animals infected with the two mycobacterial species showed at all time intervals a significant increase in weight, cellularity and per cent of active lymphocytes in draining lymph nodes as compared to contralateral nodes and to control values. Infection with M. kansasii produced a more significant increase in all the parameters studied than inoculation with M. scrofulaceum. These differences are in agreement with the different pathogenic activity of these two species of the potentially pathogenic mycobacteria. Early activation of lymphatic tissues occurring within the first 24 hours after inoculation results from the action of some cellular immunity mediators is released already at the early phases of lymphocyte-antigen interaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Experimental cerebral zygomycosis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits I. Relationship of temperature tolerance of selected zygomycetes to pathogenicity.

Acute alloxan diabetic rabbits were used in a survey of the potential ability of Absidia, Cunninghamella, Mucor, Rhizopus, Syncephalastrum, and Thamnidium species to cause cerebral zygomycosis (phycomycosis, mucormycosis). Specifically, the correlation of thermotolerance with potential pathogenicity was studied. The test organisms fell into two groups: those able to grow well at 39 C on Sabouraud dextrose agar and those unable to grow at that temperature. Isolates unable to grow at 39 C were not pathogenic. The nonpathogens were C. elegans, M. jansenni, R. reflexus, R. stolonifer, and T. elegans. Two isolates of S. racemosum and one isolate of A. corymbifera, although able to grow well at 39 C in vitro, did not invade the brain or lungs of acutely diabetic rabbits. Three species of Rhizopus, R. chinensis, R. microsporus, and R. oligosporus, all of which grew at 39 C and which had not been previously known to cause cerebral zygomycosis, were as pathogenic as the only two previously implicated disease agents, R. arrhizus and R. oryzae. Studies were also carried out to determine whether animals inoculated with spores of selected zygomycetes many hours prior to the onset of acute diabetes would develop cerebral zygomycosis. Approximately 50% of the rabbits that became acutely diabetic 72 to 90 hr after receiving R. oryzae spores by nasal instillation succumbed to cerebral zygomycosis. Our study indicates that several members of the genus Rhizopus that grow well at 39 C or higher, other than R. arrhizus and R. oryzae, are potential etiological agents of cerebral zygomycosis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

An ancient enzyme domain hidden in the putative beta-glucan elicitor receptor of soybean may play an active part in the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns during broad host resistance.

A successful defense against potential pathogens requires that a host organism is able to discriminate between self and nonself structures. Soybean (Glycine max L.) exploits a specific molecular pattern, a 1,6-beta-linked and 1,3-beta-branched heptaglucoside (HG), present in cell walls of the oomycetal pathogen Phytophthora sojae, as a signal compound eliciting the onset of defense reactions. The specific and high affinity HG-binding site is contained in the beta-glucan-binding protein (GBP), which in turn is part of a proposed receptor complex. The ability to perceive and respond to Phytophthora cell wall-derived beta-glucan elicitors is exclusive to plants that belong to the Fabaceae. However, we propose that the presence of the GBP is essential, but not sufficient for beta-glucan elicitor-dependent disease resistance because genes encoding GBP-related proteins can be retrieved from many plant species. Furthermore, we show that the GBP is composed of two different carbohydrateactive protein domains, one containing the beta-glucan-binding site, and the other related to glucan endoglucosidases of fungal origin. The glucan hydrolase displays most likely an endo-specific mode of action, cleaving only 1,3-beta-d-glucosidic linkages of oligoglucosides consisting of at least four moieties. Thus, the intrinsic endo-1,3-beta-glucanase activity of the GBP is perfectly suited during initial contact with Phytophthora to release oligoglucoside fragments enriched in motifs that constitute ligands for the high affinity binding site present in the same protein. The concept of innate immunity in plants receives substantial support by this highly sophisticated system using ancient enzyme modules as an active part of the recognition mechanism.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1992

Genetic characterization of pathogenic Leptospira species by DNA hybridization.

A total of 66 serovars of potentially pathogenic Leptospira species were examined by slot blot hybridization, and 57 of these serovars were classified in six DNA homology groups. In cases in which common serovars were studied, the results were in general agreement with the results of previous workers, who used different DNA homology methods. However, we propose a new species, Leptospira kirschneri, comprising the following serovars: bulgarica, butembo, cynopteri, dania, grippotyphosa, kabura, kambale, ramisi, and tsaratsovo. Seven of these serovars have not had their DNAs studied by other workers.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1999

Role of nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in the evaluation of recurrent middle ear infections in children.

OBJECTIVE: To study the nasopharyngeal colonization in otitis-prone children before and after adenoidectomy. METHODS: The study population consisted of 35 children between 11 months and 4 years of age, undergoing adenoidectomy and tube placement for recurrent acute otitis media. All these children were otitis prone (OP). During general anesthesia, bacteriologic samples were obtained from the nasopharynx and the middle ear fluid, if present. During the follow-up visit, a new nasopharyngeal culture was taken. The control population consisted of 35 children undergoing surgery for non-ear-nose-throat pathology. These children had no history of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. RESULTS: Colonization of the nasopharynx with potential pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae) occurred significantly more in the OP children than in the non-OP children. Adenoidectomy resulted in a substantial decrease of potential middle ear pathogens in the nasopharynx and an increase of normal commensal flora. In about half of the patients, middle ear fluid was still present at the time of tube placement; in most instances, H. influenzae was cultured. Typing with arbitrarily primed PCR indicated substantial genetic diversity among the H. influenzae isolates studied. CONCLUSIONS: Both cross-colonization (between sampling sites within the same patient and between siblings) and turnover appeared to be high.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenic analysis of Aeromonas hydrophila septicemia.

Aeromonas hydrophila has emerged as a potential pathogen in the immunocompromised host. Various aeromonal infections, including septicemia, have also been reported in apparently healthy individuals. For years, researchers have disagreed over the epidemiologic roles of aeromonads in gastroenteritis. Isolation rates of aeromonads by stool culture among patients with gastroenteritis are not consistently high. Carriers of this bacterium also exist. The septicemic course is, however, often fulminant and fatal, and may lack an obvious focus. Pathogenic mechanisms are complex and largely unresolved. The objective of this study is to report the necropsy findings from a uremic patient who presented with typical aeromonal septicemia of obscure origin asking if such investigation could give insight into some of the questions mentioned previously. Western blot immunostaining for aerolysin (beta-hemolysin of aeromonads) was used to evaluate whether or not such a virulence factor is involved in the process of septic dissemination. The autopsy showed that the skin and liver contained microabscesses. The upper gastrointestinal mucosae and spleen contain patchy putrefactive lesions with adjacent focal hemorrhage. Perimortem blood cultures grew Aeromonas hydrophila. A conventional Western blot analysis of the culture supernatant failed to show aerolysin. A control Aeromonas sobia American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strain produces readily detectable aerolysin. It is concluded that this isolate may be aerolysin-deficient or one secreting low levels of aerolysin; these would require more sensitive methods of detection. The primary focus of infection might be the upper gastrointestinal tract. Other virulence factors including the bacterial proteases and/or phospholipases might be responsible for the pathogenesis of septic dissemination.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed2002

Occurrence of pathogenic vibrios in coastal areas of France.

AIMS: This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in French marine and estuarine environments. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples of coastal waters and mussels collected between July and September 1999 were analysed by culture, using selective media including thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose and modified cellobiose-polymixin B-colistin agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were isolated and identified using selected biochemical tests. Specific primers based on flanking sequences of the cytolysin, vvhA gene, pR72H DNA fragment and 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the identification of Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae, respectively. In this study, V. alginolyticus (99 of 189) was the predominant species, followed by V. parahaemolyticus (41 of 189), V. vulnificus (20 of 189) and non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae (three of 189). All 20 V. vulnificus isolates showed PCR amplification of the vvhA gene, 16 of which had been isolated from estuarine water. The PCR amplification of the pR72H DNA fragment in 41 V. parahaemolyticus isolates generated two unique amplicons of 387 and 320 bp. The latter, present in 24.4% of these isolates, had not previously been found in V. parahaemolyticus strains examined to date. Amplification of the trh gene in two of the isolates suggested these to be virulent strains. Three strains identified as V. cholerae by amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA ISR were confirmed to be non-cholera (non-O1/non-O139) strains. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species in French coastal waters. Furthermore, the PCR approach proved useful for the rapid and reliable confirmation of species identification. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These findings indicate the potential sanitary risk associated with the presence of pathogenic Vibrio spp. in cultivated mussels and in the aquatic environment. The PCR can be used to detect pathogenic vibrios directly in environmental samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Metagenomic profiling of gut microbiome in post-cholecystectomy patients with diarrhea: a nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Cholecystectomy can cause diarrhea, with an incidence as high as 57.2%, seriously impacting patient prognosis. To investigate the gut dysbiosis following cholecystectomy and identify microbial biomarkers and functional genomics associated with post-cholecystectomy diarrhea (PCD), we conducted a nested case-control study within a prospective cohort. METHODS: We enrolled a cohort of 160 patients. At follow-up completion, 30 patients who developed PCD were matched with 30 non-PCD (NPCD) controls. 16 S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze gut microbiota structure and diversity (mainly at genus level). Representative fecal samples underwent metagenomic sequencing for species level and genetic differential analysis. RESULTS: The potentially pathogenic bacterial species Coprococcus comes and Blautia sp. were significantly enriched in the gut microbiota of PCD patients, with their abundance positively correlated with the degree of intestinal inflammation. In contrast, the potentially beneficial bacterial species Bacteroides intestinalis and Prevotella copri, known to contribute to lipid metabolism and play a role in modulating gut immunity and suppressing inflammatory responses, were found to be significantly depleted in PCD patients. Further metagenomic functional analysis revealed significant enrichment of pathways related to cell motility, membrane transport, and sulfur metabolism in PCD patients. CONCLUSIONS: This work identified potential beneficial and pathogenic bacterial species associated with the onset of PCD, as well as significantly enriched functional pathways within the intestinal microbiota. These findings provide a scientific basis for elucidating the relationship between PCD and gut microbiota, and provide candidate microbial signatures and functional pathways that may inform future microbiota-targeted strategies, pending external and mechanistic validation.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Role of human microflora in health and disease.

The human host and its microbial flora constitute a complex ecosystem whose equilibrium serves as a remarkable example of reciprocal adaptation. Intestinal bacteria play an important role in the development of the immune system. The normal intestinal flora is responsible for resistance to colonization by exogenous pathogenic microorganisms. Nevertheless, it also constitutes a reservoir of potentially pathogenic bacteria in close contact with the host. These bacteria are responsible for opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts. The equilibrium of the flora can be upset by antibiotics, leading to infections as a result of proliferation of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of infertility and bovine leukemia virus infection in beef bulls on southwestern Louisiana coastal range.

One hundred and twenty-six beef bulls on southwestern Louisiana coastal range were evaluated for breeding soundness. Samples were taken to determine the incidence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, and the prepuce was cultured for potential pathogens. A high incidence (47.6%) of questionable and unsatisfactory potential breeders resulted mainly from 37.0% of the bulls exhibiting high numbers of abnormal sperm cells in the semen. Only bulls in the 4-to 5-yr age group exhibited the expected incidence of normal spermiograms. Genital campylobacteriosis was not diagnosed but there was genital trichomoniasis in three of the seven herds. Hemophilus somnus , mycoplasma and ureaplasma were isolated from the prepuce of 13.3, 48.8 and 36.7% of the bulls, respectively. Isolation of these organisms from the prepuce did not appear to be associated with abnormal spermiograms. Of the bulls studied, 34.4% had positive AGID reactions for BLV. Bulls seropositive to BLV had an increased incidence of leukocyte counts that were above the normal range. There was no apparent relationship between BLV infection and abnormal spermiograms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Biochemical and toxigenic characteristics of Aeromonas spp. isolated from diseased mammals, moribund and healthy fish.

In this study we describe biochemical, toxigenic and surface characteristics of 33 motile Aeromonas isolated from diseased mammals, 3 from moribund marine mammals, 24 from healthy fish and 4 from moribund fish. Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae and A. sobria were isolated from both mammals and fish but at a different incidence. Aeromonas hydrophila was the predominant species isolated from clinical specimens; it was isolated from pneumonia, wound infections, septicemia and abortion in horses, cattle and pigs. Aeromonas sobria was isolated from one mammal and 11 healthy fish. Aeromonas caviae was isolated in 2 cases from healthy fish and in 9 cases from diseased mammals. Variations in some biochemical tests including sorbitol, amylase and citrate, were observed between isolates from different sources. However, these differences did not allow the differentiation of isolates from diseased mammals and healthy fish. The majority of A. hydrophila isolates produced different extracellular products; A. sobria isolates produced less exotoxin. With A. caviae isolates no hemolysin, protease, enterotoxin or elastase were detected. There was no quantitative difference in hemolysin, protease, enterotoxin or elastase production between isolates from mammals and fish. It is suggested that A. hydrophila could be a potential pathogen for domestic animals, and fish may represent a potential reservoir of infection.

Aeromonas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: interstate spread of nosocomial infections with emergence of gentamicin-methicillin resistant strains.

A methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, phage type 84/85) was introduced into City of Memphis Hospital by a burn patient who had recently been treated for MRSA bacteremia in another institution 500 miles distant. Despite prompt recognition of the problem and institution of isolation procedures, six other patients developed secondary colonization during the ensuing six months, and five of these experienced clinically significant infections with MRSA. Three of the patients originally infected with MRSA, as well as two additional patients, subsequently developed colonization with staphylococcal strains of phage type 84/85 that were resistant to both methicillin and gentamicin (MRGRSA). Spread of the staphylococcal strains was most likely accomplished primarily via passive transfer from person to person. The hydrotherapy unit, which became contaminated with both MRSA and MRGRSA, may have played a secondary role. As illustrated by this outbreak, patients carrying potentially dangerous bacterial strains should be identified and informed of the problems posed by such carriage. It may be imprudent to admit such patients to hospitals that are free of the potential pathogen. The outbreak described here exemplifies a number of potential problems associated with control of nosocomial staphylococcal infections: (a) interhospital spread of methicillin-resistant strains; (b) secondary patient-to-patient intrahospital spread; and (c) emergence of even more resistant strains, possibly associated with selective pressures exerted by widespread use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1999

Opportunistic infections after blood and marrow transplantation.

Opportunistic infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality following bone marrow transplantation. Technological advances in stem cell procurement, the introduction of hematologic growth factors to speed engraftment, the development of new immunosuppressive regimens to control graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the development of technology to perform graft engineering with removal of T lymphocytes in toto or subpopulations of T lymphocytes, the use of molecular techniques to optimize donor and recipient matching, advances in blood banking, and development of international donor registries, are among the various factors that have led to tremendous changes in transplant practices. Because of such changes in transplant practices, along with the advent of new antimicrobial agents, and development of infection control measures affecting pathogen exposure, alterations in the interplay between host and potential pathogens have occurred. Shifts in the incidence and types of opportunistic pathogens are taking place. Several historically important infectious syndromes are today well controlled; others have diminished in importance early after transplant but are more problematic at a later time; new emerging pathogens are being recognized due to selection pressures from antimicrobial usage and new hosts, such as recipients of alternate donor allogeneic transplant procedures, with even more profound and prolonged immune suppression. Such shifts and new syndromes pose continuing new challenges to the transplant clinician.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed2000

Intestinal cell adhesion and maximum growth temperature of psychrotrophic aeromonads from surface water.

Investigation of 650 Aeromonas strains taken from surface water--used as a source of drinking water--and from the associated drinking water treatment plants has demonstrated that only a small proportion of the strains are endowed with intestinal cell adhesion and growth at 39 degrees C; these characteristics are concurrently encountered in Aeromonas strains from clinical material. The investigations permit the conclusion that even the Aeromonas species, of which certain strains are pathogenic to human, cannot generally be viewed as being potentially pathogenic.

Aeromonas↗