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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Partial restoration of meiosis in an apomictic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a model system for investigation of nucleomitochondrial interactions during sporulation.

In an apomictic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 4117-H2) which undergoes a single nuclear division during sporulation and consequently forms asci containing two uninucleate diploid spores, a study was undertaken to investigate the effects of cultivation in three presporulation media (YPA; YNB; SMM) on nuclear division and ascosporogenesis in sporulation medium. Comparison of effects of presporulation culture in these media on the number of spores formed per ascus showed that a marked induction (30 +/- 4.3 per cent) of three- and four-spored asci could occur in sporulation medium following cultivation in a defined YNB medium supplemented with a 1 per cent solution of vitamins and containing decreased ammonium sulphate and increased glucose levels. Experiments in which the concentrations of glucose and of ammonium sulphate were varied simultaneously indicated that the initial presporulation carbon to nitrogen source ratio is an important factor in determining tetrad formation in sporulation medium. Nuclear staining demonstrated two classes of asci: binucleate (one- and two-spored) and tetranucleate (three- and four-spored). Genetic evidence and data concerning effects of inclusion in sporulation medium of a meiotic inhibitor (glucose) indicated spores in tetrads were haploid rather than diploid. This ability to condition a significant number of cells for meiotic rather than apomictic differentiation made possible investigation of effects of mitochondrial inhibitors on both developmental processes simultaneously. It was found possible to selectively inhibit meiotic development by inclusion in sporulation medium of appropriate concentrations of specific inhibitors. Moreover, the data suggest meiotic sporulation is more strictly dependent than apomictic sporulation on mitochondrial function.

Acetates↗
PubMed2000

Interleukin 1alpha activity of peritoneal and bone marrow macrophages infected with Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani in vitro.

In this study, the pattern of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) production by both peritoneal (PM) and bone marrow macrophages (BMM) from resistant (C3H/HeJ) and susceptible (BALB/c) mice was investigated, using a bioassay and an IL-1alpha-specific ELISA kit. PM from normal uninfected mice showed either an initial high (C3H/HeJ) or a neglected (BALB/c) level of IL-1alpha activity, respectively, probably due to thioglycollate stimulation. Infection with Leishmania major induced only a marginal effect on IL-1 production by both cells. Normal, uninfected and unstimulated BMM from both mice did not produce IL-1alpha over a 7-day period of cultivation in vitro. Upon stimulation with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (BALB/c) or concanavalin A (Con A) (C3H/HeJ), both cell types produced IL-1alpha that peaked within the first 12-24 h following stimulation. BMM from C3H/HeJ and BALB/c mice failed to produce IL-1alpha when infected in vitro with L. major or L. donovani promastigotes. However, infection with these two parasites did not interfere with the capability of the host cell to produce IL-1alpha when stimulated with LPS or Con A. The level of IL-1alpha production was independent of the degree of parasitization of the macrophages. Similar results were observed with IL-1beta and IL-6 production by BMM, even though their levels were generally slightly higher than those obtained with IL-1alpha.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The MSS51 gene product is required for the translation of the COX1 mRNA in yeast mitochondria.

The MSS51 gene product has been previously shown to be involved in the splicing of the mitochondrial pre-mRNA of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1). We show here that it is specifically required for the translation of the COX1 mRNA. Furthermore, the paromocyin-resistance mutation (P454R) which affects the 15S mitoribosomal RNA, interferes, directly or indirectly, with the action of the MSS51 gene product. Possible roles of the MSS51 protein on the excision of COX1 introns are discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed1990

Comparative study of aminosidine, etophamide and nimorazole, alone or in combination, in the treatment of intestinal amoebiasis in Kenya.

417 patients suffering from intestinal amoebiasis were randomly allocated to 6 different treatment groups in a controlled study in 3 District Hospitals in Kenya. The patients received either aminosidine (A), etophamide (E), nimorazole (N), or the combinations NA, NE, EA. Treatment in all cases was given twice daily for 5 days. Before and after treatment, rectosigmoidoscopy was done in each patient, and stool examination with characterization of invasive (IF) and non invasive (NIF) forms of amoeba was done daily throughout treatment, and on Days 15, 30 and 60 of follow-up. Clinical cure was good after all the treatments, varying from 90 to 100%; parasitological cure at the end of treatment was 100% in the NA and EA treatments groups, and 98% in A group. The incidence of relapses was nil in the EA group, followed by 3% in NA and 6% in A groups. Anatomical cure (healing of ulcers) was 97.8% in the NA group, 95.5% in the N group and 88.5% in the A group. Drug tolerance was excellent or good after all the treatments, except that the EA combination produced diarrhoea in 76.5% of patients. Overall analysis of the findings, including tolerance of the various treatments, showed that aminosidine either alone or in combination with nimorazole gave the best results. Ulcers seen on rectosigmoidoscopy were more common in patients excreting invasive forms of amoebae in their stools.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1996

Pharmacokinetics and dosing regimen of aminosidine in the dog.

The kinetic behaviour of the aminoglycoside aminosidine, given at 15 mg/kg intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously, was studied in 5 dogs to determine the appropriate dosage schedule. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of aminosidine in dogs was similar to that in other species, except that it was eliminated more slowly (beta = 0.007 +/- 0.0003 min-1). Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration produced peak serum concentrations (Cmax[im] = 32 +/- 6.4 micrograms/ml; Cmax[ac] = 36 +/- 3.4 micrograms/ml) and times to peak concentration (Tmax = 60 min for both) that did not differ significantly; and neither compartmental nor non-compartmental analysis revealed any significant differences between any of the kinetic parameters obtained for these two extravenous routes of administration. Comparison of these results with previously published data suggests that aminosidine given once daily at 15 mg/kg would be as effective all, and safer than, the two or three daily administrations commonly employed in dogs.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Biochemical studies carried out on different groups of Candida parapsilosis and Candida rhagii strains by comparing some cellular and mitochondrial activities.

A comparative biochemical study was performed on some strains of Candida rhagii and on strains belonging to different subgroups of Candida parapsilosis. Measurements of alcohol dehydrogenase activity, resistance to drugs and occurrence of an alternative pathway enabled us to confirm the classification between several subgroups within the C. parapsilosis species.

1-Propanol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outbreak of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections in travellers returning from the tropics.

Of 160 travellers from various regions in Italy who had taken part in a five-day organized trip to Phuket, Thailand, and been accommodated in the same luxury hotel, 17 showed either amebic abscess or colitis. A pretested questionnaire that focused on the consumption of foods and beverages well known to be a source of intestinal infection in endemic areas was available from these 17 patients as well as from 41 out of 74 asymptomatic travellers. Stool samples for parasitological examination were also available. In patients affected with amebic abscess, antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica were also determined. Overall, parasitological examinations were negative in eight (13.8%) patients, and 50 out of 58 (86.2%) were found to be positive. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia and E. histolytica infections was 67.2% and 72.4%, respectively, and 28 subjects (48.3%) were stool-positive for both of these protozoa. No other intestinal parasites were found. No particular food or beverage was consumed by all of the parasitized subjects and by none of the stool-negative individuals. However, the consumption of drinks with ice, ice cream and raw fruit in ice was significantly associated with E. histolytica and/or G. lamblia infections (Fisher's exact test, p ranging from 0.03 to 0.003).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Screening chemical libraries for nucleic-acid-binding drugs by in vitro selection: a test case with lividomycin.

Screening new drugs is a costly and time-consuming process. Identifying new targets for existing therapeutics is often a particularly effective avenue for drug development. We have investigated whether in vitro selection can be used for target acquisition. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are known to bind to and inactivate functional natural nucleic acids, such as ribosomal RNA. As an example of how new targets for aminoglycosides could be identified, a lividomycin aptamer was iteratively isolated from a random sequence pool. The consensus sequence of this and other anti-aminoglycoside aptamers was used as the basis for a comprehensive search of natural sequence databases. Surprisingly, a high degree of similarity was found between aptamers and genomic sequences from a variety of organisms. While many of the similarities found are in regions of unknown or nonessential function, some of the sequences are found in critical genes in pathogenic organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

Growing antimony resistance in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) over last two decades, especially in Indian subcontinent, renders this cheap and easily available drug useless for a vast majority of patients. Use of the second line drug pentamidine isethionate, a toxic drug with declining efficacy, has largely been abandoned. Thus, in these areas amphotericin B remains the only drug; although it cures > 97% patients, infusion-related adverse events are common and occasionally serious toxicity, such as myocarditis, or death can occur. In recent years India has been the center for clinical development of new anti-leishmanial drugs like lipid formulations of amphotericin B, new drugs like parenterally administered aminosidine and oral miltefosine. The alkyl phospholipid compound miltefosine is the first effective oral compound for VL and is likely to be marketed soon. In addition to the monotherapy, efforts in development of combination chemotherapy are needed if the menace of drug resistance is to be contained.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

An in vitro model for screening antileishmanial drugs: the human leukaemia monocyte cell line, THP-1.

Standard anti-leishmanial drugs were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania aethiopica, L. donovani and L. infantum in the human leukemia monocyte THP-1 cell line. Sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate were active against L. donovani with ED50 values of 8.9 micrograms SbV/ml and 2.9 micrograms SbV/ml, respectively. L. aethiopica was less sensitive to sodium stibogluconate with an ED50 value of 25.3 micrograms SbV/ml while pentamidine had an ED50 value of 0.6 microM. Both L. donovani (ED50, 9.3 microM), and L. aethiopica (ED50, 6.4 microM), were sensitive to aminosidine sulphate. An L. infantum isolate, clinically resistant to meglumine antimoniate treatment, had an ED50 of 22.2 micrograms SbV/ml. The toxic level of drugs on host cells was determined by colorimetric Methyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay prior to activity tests. The results obtained with the THP-1 in vitro drug screening model were similar to those obtained in the mouse peritoneal macrophage model.

Animals↗