Amphetamine abuse.
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Acetylcholinesterase↗
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Results for “Paranoid Behavior”
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Circadian rhythms and psychiatric disorders in the elderly.
This article reviews changes in circadian rhythms that have been reported to occur in the elderly psychiatric population. Data relating to circadian changes in normal aging are included where relevant. Information was obtained from: (1) a computerized MEDLINE search from 1975 to May 1996; (2) a review of bibliographies of papers obtained through the computerized search; and (3) texts on chronobiology. We could not locate any information relating to circadian rhythms and mania, anxiety, or paranoid disorders in old age. Disruption to the sleep/wake cycle, temperature, melatonin, and motor activity rhythms have been reported in dementia and depression, and disruption to some neuroendocrine and cardiovascular rhythms are reported in dementia. Disruption to circadian rhythmicity has implications for the management of dementia patients: for example, the sleep/wake and behavioral disturbances, and for the long-term management of mood disorders. A number of circadian markers have not been studied and several patient groups have received no research attention to date.
Aged↗
Dopaminergic mediation of the interoceptive cue produced by d-amphetamine in rats.
After rats were trained to differentiate between the effects of d-amphetamine and saline in a state-dependent task, pretreatment with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, significantly decreased amphetamine discrimination. Pretreatment with the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, disulfiram, or with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chloro-phenylalanine, was observed to have no effect on the rats' ability to discriminate d-amphetamine. Administration of haloperidol, a selective dopamine receptor blocker, completely abolished the amphetamine discrimination, whereas alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade had no effect. Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor stimulant, produced amphetamine-like responses and this was, likewise, abolished by pretreatment with haloperidol. These data suggest that dopaminergic systems mediate the interoceptive cue produced by d-amphetamine in rats, and these results are discussed in relation to possible dopamine mediation of amphetamine psychosis and paranoid schizophrenia.
Animals↗
Psychophysiological and behavioral effects of phenothiazine administration in acute schizophrenics as a function of premorbid status.
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Acute Disease↗
Violent crime arrests and paranoid schizophrenia: the White House case studies.
We have previously reported on typically paranoid schizophrenic patients who attempted to see the President or other prominent American political figures based on hallucinations or delusional beliefs. By obtaining arrest records on these White House Cases (WHCs), we were able to determine which individuals had murder or assault arrests before and/or after their WHC hospitalizations. During the 9-12 years following discharge, 31 of the 217 male WHCs (for whom adequate clinical records were available) had murder or assault arrests. Demographic characteristics such as prior violent crime arrest and male gender proved to be much better predictors of future violence than clinical symptom, history, or behavior items. Hospital incidents requiring seclusion and a history of weapons possession were both associated with later violence in WHCs with prior violent crime arrests, while certain clinical symptoms (e.g., persecutory delusions and command hallucinations) may be linked to future violence in WHCs without prior violent crime arrests. These data need replication in other patient samples.
Chronic Disease↗
A high-risk screen for psychiatric discharge planning.
This article tests the hypothesis that psychiatric inpatients at high risk for presenting difficulties in aftercare planning can be accurately identified on admission to an inpatient unit. A 16-item high-risk screening list is presented that was developed through an earlier analysis of discharge-delayed cases in a psychiatric hospital. The capacity of the list to accurately predict high-risk status was tested by comparing admission and discharge high-risk scores for 448 patients with a range of psychiatric disorders. Sixty-six percent of the patients rated high risk at admission were identically rated at discharge. Differences among risk groups were also found with respect to key demographic variables. The high-risk screen permits early identification of patients who will require immediate and intensive environmental interventions. Such data are critical to psychiatric social work in preventing overstays and in deploying department resources with maximum effectiveness.
Adolescent↗
Three thousand days of pregnancy. A case of monosymptomatic delusional pseudocyesis responding to pimozide.
An unusual case of pseudocyesis of almost ten-year duration, characterised by a monosymptomatic hypochondriacal delusion and a selective response to pimozide is reported. The nosological status of the diagnosis, delusional (paranoid) disorder, is suggested to be a variety of the Kraepelinian concept of paranoia. The therapeutic pitfalls of relying on a phenomenological distinction between overvalued ideas and delusional beliefs are discussed.
Adult↗
[Diagnostic problems in case of environmental exposure to tetraethyl lead].
UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was the presentation of the chronic tetraethyl lead poisoning of the 4 person family in the place of settlement. CASE REPORT: 15.5-years-old man was admitted to the regional Pediatric Ward because of changes of behavior, hallucinations, agitation. Nausea, vomiting, metallic taste and diarrhea were observed prior to the admission. In the case history, there were no data suggested of the toxic origin of the disorder . The CSF examination and CT of the brain were normal. Increased activity of CPK, ALT, AST, GTP, LDH in the blood were found. Paranoid syndrome was diagnosed by psychiatric evaluation. The patients' mother presented similar signs in almost the same time. The laboratory tests of the blood taken from the patients' father and older brother revealed the increase activity of the same enzymes (CPK, ALT, AST, LDH). All family was admitted to the Department of Clinical Toxicology in Kraków because of suspicion of the heavy metal poisoning. The toxicological laboratory test showed in all described patients the toxic serum lead concentration accordingly: 440 microg/l--older brother, 490 microg/l--father, 508 microg/l--mother and 635 microg/l--primary described patient. Because of the fact, that were no characteristic for lead poisoning changes in blood picture, the toxicological investigations were continued. As a result of these examinations presence of a diethyl lead in urine was confirmed. In the evaluation of the multiorgan damages connected with tetraethyl lead poisoning, we paid special attention on CSN dysfunctions. The USG and scintigraphy examinations revealed the liver damage. The different kinds of arrhythmias indicated on cardiovascular system damage. Based on clinical presentation and laboratory investigations the chronic tetraethyl lead poisoning was diagnosed.
Adolescent↗
[The behavior of schizophrenic patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes in cultures and changes in the physiologic state of their nuclear deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP)].
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Cell Nucleus↗
[Speech behavior of schizophrenics. Assay of an experimental point of departure (author's transl)].
Schizophrenic subjects and a control group of healthy subjects were tested with the following three language tasks: (1) to complete interruptions in a text, (2) to compose sentences from a sample of words written on cards and (3) to associate word cards to certain concepts. Besides the correct words, so-called irrelevant words were given as distracting stimuli. The inferior performance of the acute paranoid hallucinating subjects is interpreted in the sense of disturbance of cognitive selective functions. It is assumed that the central nervous inhibition of irrelevant stimuli fails to work successfully in certain groups of schizophrenics.
Female↗
[Marital dysfunction and personality characteristics of partners].
INTRODUCTION: A number of studies indicate that an early trauma is of extreme importance (most often experienced in the family of origin) in developing personality disorders. Researches on correlations between family dysfunction and individual psychopathology have been rare and controversial. The reason for this stems from an attempt to establish links between traditional medical models and systemic family therapy. The aim of this research was to explore specific personality structures of married couples and the way they relate to the type of dysfunction within the partner relationship. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 25 families in the middle of divorce. The examinees were aged 25-45. Specific interactional behavioral patterns were examined by Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), while personality profile data were obtained using Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In both groups dependency and obsessivness were marked, while males also presented with marked narcissism. Related to structural personality disorders, we have found only a group of men with significantly increased paranoid dimension. Concerning clinical syndromes, the obtained results revealed anxiety and depressive disorder in both genders and a tendency towards alcohol abuse among men. Results indicated to correlation of communication-interactive family patterns on one hand, and certain personality traits on the other.
Adult↗
[Obsessive psychotic disorder in adolescence].
Relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and psychotic pathology is a controversial one. Case reports indicate that OCD with psychotic features is generally more severe and antidepressant-refractory than neurotic OCD. Behaviour therapy is shown to be ineffective in OCD patients with psychotic features. One of the subtypes includes reactive paranoid forms, with fluctuating clinical course, in obsessive patients with delusional thoughts that improve with neuroleptic augmentation of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) treatment for OCD. We present the case of a 17-year-old woman with family history of OCD, starting with panic symptoms after cannabis use, but suddenly developing OCD with avoidant behavior and delusional ideas of self-reference and persecution. Response to behavior therapy and SRI and neuroleptics is analyzed.
Adolescent↗
[Cross-cultural adaptation and mental disorders].
Recently, it has not been rare for psychiatrists to treatment disorders and provide consultation on mental health problems for people from different cultures. The following is a brief outline of mental disorders and mental health problems of the people who immigrated in culturally different societies. In reviewing the literature, most of the reports demonstrate that the admission rate for schizophrenia is higher among immigrants than among people remaining in their original countries or among native-born people of the host countries. Furthermore the prevalence of mood disorders in community surveys is reported to be higher among immigrants than among native-born people of the host countries. In regard to gender difference of vulnerability to cross-cultural immigration, the prevalence rate for mental disorders is reported to be higher in female immigrants than male immigrants. Psychological adaptation of Japanese war orphans returned from Mainland China four decades after WWII revealed that psychological problems became exacerbated three months after resettlement in Japan and took three years to recover. Three major psychological symptoms that manifested in resettlement were obsession, somatization and depression. It is hypothesized that the acculturation process can be divided into four layers: the behavioral level, intellectual level, representative level and emotional level. The study of the acculturation process of Japanese war orphans demonstrated that it gradually proceeded from a surface level to deeper levels, namely from the behavioral level-->intellectual level-->representative level-->emotional level. The relationship of psychological adaptation and acculturation process is reported to be complicated. The acculturation process does not necessarily accompany psychological adaptation and vice versa. Impact of immigration on psychological manifestation revealed the following vicissitude: the asymptomatic phase for two months after resettlement-->hypochondriacal phase-->depressive phase-->paranoid phase. The vicissitude of psychological manifestations of the impact of immigration may be a reflection of the four layers of adaptive mechanisms (G. Vaillant).
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Tayside-Fife clinical trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for medication-resistant psychotic symptoms. Results to 3-month follow-up.
BACKGROUND: Evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy for schizophrenia is promising but evidence for clinical effectiveness is limited. AIMS: To test the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy delivered by clinical nurse specialists in routine practice. METHOD: Of 274 referrals, 66 were allocated randomly to 9 months of treatment as usual (TAU), cognitive-behavioural therapy plus TAU (CBT) or supportive psychotherapy plus TAU (SPT) and followed up for 3 months. RESULTS: Treatment effects were modest but the CBT condition gave significantly greater improvement in overall symptom severity than the SPT or TAU conditions combined (F (1,53)=4.14; P=0.05). Both the CBT and SPT conditions combined gave significantly greater improvement in severity of delusions than did the TAU condition (F (1,53)=4.83; P=0.03). Clinically significant improvements were achieved by 7/21 in the CBT condition (33%), 3/19 in the SPT condition (16%) and 2/17 in the TAU condition (12%). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive-behavioural therapy delivered by clinical nurse specialists is a helpful adjunct to routine care for some people with chronic psychosis.
Adolescent↗
Differences in platelet monoamine oxidase activity in subgroups of schizophrenic and depressive disorders.
Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was measured in patients with nonaffective schizophrenic disorders (i.e., without prominent symptoms of depressions or manias), and in patients with schizophrenia-related depressions. MAO activity was significantly lower than control values in a subgroup of 16 patients with nonaffective schizophrenic disorders (most of whom were paranoid) characterized by the presence of auditory hallucinations and delusions. Platelet MAO activity was not reduced in 16 other nonaffective schizophrenic patients without auditory hallucinations. Platelet MAO activity was significantly higher than control values in a group of 8 depressed patients with schizophrenia-related depressions characterized by the presence of chronic asocial, eccentric, or bizarre behavior. These findings of differences in platelet MAO activity in clinically defined subgroups of nonaffective schizophrenic disorders and the schizophrenia-related depressive disorders may help to account for some of the discrepancies in findings among the various studies of platelet MAO activity in schizophrenic and affective disorders.
Adult↗
Cues they use: clinicians' endorsement of risk cues in predictions of dangerousness.
Clinical predictions of violence are a necessary part of clinical practice despite extensive literature validating the use of actuarial rather than clinical prediction. The current study examined clinicians' use of risk cues in predictions of violence. Clinicians identified several risk cues as significant in clinical assessments of risk, including a history of assaults, hostility, medication noncompliance, paranoid delusions, presence of psychosis, and family problems. However, further results indicated that clinician-endorsed risk cues lack predictive power in the present sample.
Criminal Psychology↗
[Treating mother and baby in conjoint hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital].
Since 1990 we have been admitting mothers with postpartum psychiatric morbidity together with their babies to our open psychiatric ward. The aim of conjoint hospitalization is to maintain and develop the bond between mother and baby while treating the mother's psychiatric disorder. The presence of the infant in the hospital allows both a thorough evaluation of the mothers' maternal ability and to use the infant as a facilitator of the mothers' recovery by engaging maternal functions. It prevents the infants from being placed in a foster home for the duration of the mothers' hospitalization. Readily available in Britain and Australia, such conjoint hospitalization is controversial and rarely available elsewhere. In the past 5 years we hospitalized 10 women with 11 babies (1 woman was hospitalized twice, after different births). All women had received psychiatric treatment prior to childbirth, but this was the first psychiatric hospitalization for 2 of them. Diagnoses (DSM-IIIR) were chronic paranoid schizophrenia (4), affective disorder (4), schizo-affective schizophrenia (1) and borderline personality disorder (1). 8 were suffering from active psychotic symptoms on admission. They were treated pharmacologically, received individual and group psychotherapy, and participated in all ward activities. Families were engaged in marital, family and/or individual therapy according to need. All participated in cognitive-behavior treatment tailored to individual need to build and enrich the mother-infant bond. All improved significantly and were able to function independently on discharge, but in 1 case adoption was recommended.
Adult↗