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PubMed1978

Secular trends in height and weight of Japanese pupils.

In the city of Sendai, the height and weight of pupils at the ages of 11.5 to 12.0 years and 14.5 to 15.0 years have been measured in every spring and autumn since 1936. The analyses of the data summarized for 40 years revealed reduction in physique of the pupils in early 1940's and a marked growth acceleration in late 1940's till 1960's, followed by reduction in secular growth rates in late 1970's. The reduction is more prominent in the core part of the city. The results are compared with those from two extremes in Japan, i.e., megalopolitan areas and remote areas, and also those from European and North American countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Psychology of computer use: XXX. Effects of presentation speed on pupil size using negative and positive CRTS.

The effects of presentation speed and both positive and negative CRT (cathode ray tube) displays on pupil size were studied. The pupillary areas of 12 female student volunteers were measured by infrared videopupillography. The three presentation speeds were no change for 12 sec., a change every 2 sec. for 12 sec., and a change every 1/2 sec. for 12 sec. Two-way analysis of variance showed that the pupil size in the negative displays was significantly larger than that in the positive displays. A difference in pupillary area results from different display speeds, irrespective of a difference in polarity.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relationships between physical education classes and the enhancement of fifth grade pupils' self-concept.

Physical education classes given to a group of 46 pupils (27 boys and 19 girls) over a 6-mo. term differed from the usual program (control group of 29 pupils) in identifying individual goals, promoting participative and noncompetitive games, and praising students every chance possible during the classes. The enhancement of self-concept, particularly the physical self-concept, was significant for the experimental group as measured by the Self-description Questionnaire and the Child and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile.

Body Image↗
PubMed2003

Comparing performance of pupils with high spatial-low numerical and high numerical-low spatial scores on a standardized mathematics test in the United Kingdom.

Questions from a national mathematics test taken by over a 1,000 12- and 13-yr.-olds in the United Kingdom were perused for heavily loaded spatial and numerical items. Pupils' answers to the two types of item were examined, and those who answered well in one of the categories but poorly in the other were selected to form two groups, those high in spatial thinking but low in numerical thinking and those high in numerical thinking but low in spatial thinking to assess whether the approaches to solve the item used by each group were different. The two groups did indeed utilize different thinking strategies to solve the questions. For example, questions involving angle and volume, items thought to require a high spatial facility, were answered correctly by the predominantly numerical thinkers as often as by the predominantly spatial thinkers. This would indicate that one of the samples, i.e., numerical thinkers, used a different strategy than the other, i.e., spatial thinkers. This was verified by examination of students' work in the test booklets and personal interviews of them. Also, the same proportion of boys in each group was recorded, but a higher percentage of girls was recorded in the spatial group than in the numerical. This reflected the large number of boys who scored high on the spatial measures also doing moderately well on the numerical items and so, being moved out of the solely spatial group. Since the tests used by mathematics educators to assess learning are so heavily laden with linguistic/analytical rather than holistic/spatial types of questions, pupils high in spatial but low in numerical thinking face a severe handicap in schools.

Cognition↗
PubMed1993

Perspective reports of corporal punishment by pupils in Lesotho schools.

This study surveyed reports of practices of corporal punishment at secondary schools in Lesotho by 60 randomly selected pupils. There were 34 males and 26 females, whose mean age was 21 years, with a range between 14 and 29 years. Responses to a questionnaire confirmed that punishment was associated with pupils' reports of academic impairment, psychological damage, and physical injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

AIDS awareness of secondary school pupils in the northern province of South Africa.

This study investigated AIDS awareness in secondary school pupils (mainly Northern Sotho and Xitsonga) in the Northern Province of South Africa. The randomly chosen sample included 622 Standard 9 pupils (254 boys and 368 girls) in the age range of 17 to 24 years (M of 19.3), who were administered a questionnaire on awareness of AIDS and socioeconomic status. Over 72% of the questions about AIDS were correctly answered, which suggests a fair amount of accurate information about AIDS; however, 18% were of the opinion that "AIDS does not exist" and 19% that "there is a cure for AIDS." Analysis of variance indicated no relationships for sex, age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status with correct answers.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Attitudes toward suicide among South African secondary school pupils.

This study investigated attitudes towards suicide among 622 Standard 9 (U.S. Grade 11) secondary school pupils chosen at random from schools throughout the Northern Province in South Africa. The pupils were 254 (41%) boys and 368 (59%) girls in the age range of 17 to 24 years, with a mean age of 19.3 yr. A questionnaire was administered to obtain data on attitudes and other measures. There were 31 (17%) parasuicidal boys and 34 (13%) girls. Major intentions or reasons to commit suicide mentioned were "failing to solve problems" and "mental illness." Most frequent possible suicide methods were firearms, pills, or poison. Significant associations were found with having a friend or relative who committed suicide, parasuicide (oneself), depression, stress events, ethnicity, and attitudes towards suicide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Opinion on AIDS prevention and education among rural secondary school pupils in the northern province of South Africa.

The study investigated perceptions of AIDS prevention and education among 308 Grade 11 pupils (132 boys and 176 girls), secondary school pupils (mainly Northern Sotho and Tsonga) in the Northern Province of South Africa. They were chosen randomly from three rural schools in Mankweng district and were ages 17 to 25 years (M age = 19.1 yr., SD = 2.8). Analysis of ratings given on items of a questionnaire on AIDS prevention and education indicated that 'Isolating people who are HIV positive' and 'How to protect yourself from getting HIV/AIDS' received the highest ratings. Factor analysis extracted three factors on AIDS education explaining 48% of the variance. The items loading strongly on the first factor were use of condoms (.54), giving information (.53), finding a cure (.52), and no sex outside marriage (.42). On AIDS education two factors were extracted accounting for 52% of the variance. The first factor had significant item loadings for 'sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS' (.75), 'knowledge of self-protection' (.68), 'how AIDS/HIV affects the body' (.66), and 'alcohol and sexual behaviour'. These findings should contribute to the development of health promotion initiatives directed at AIDS/HIV.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Factors affecting behaviors that address HIV risk among senior secondary school pupils in South Africa.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting HIV risk reduction among senior secondary school pupils in South Africa. The sample included 460 Grade 12, Secondary School pupils whose ages ranged from 16 to 30 years (M = 19.7 yr., SD = 2.5) and who were chosen at random from the total Grade 12 population throughout one region in the Northern Province of South Africa. Measures were of sexual behavior and condom use, knowledge about correct condom use, intention of condom use, behavioral norms, attitudes, normative beliefs, and subjective norms about condoms, HIV/AIDS vulnerability (likelihood to get it) and severity of the illness in the country, and condom use self-efficacy. Bivariate analysis gave positive significant relations among normative beliefs, subjective norms, and attitudes towards condom use as well as HIV/AIDS vulnerability and HIV risk behavior. Regression analysis indicated that for boys, younger age at first vaginal intercourse, less intention for condom use, and HIV/AIDS vulnerability were predictive for HIV/AIDS risk behavior and explained 39% of the variance. It is suggested that these predictors should be included in intervention programs for HIV prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Remedial surgery for the adolescent with cerebral palsy: a 10-year survey of the numbers, types and results of operations on pupils at the Thomas De La Rue School, Tonbridge, Kent.

The Thomas De La Rue School caters for adolescents with cerebral palsy, many being severely disabled. Over the 10-year period (1967-77) out of a total of 355 pupils, 97 underwent surgery, a total of 147 operations, 145 orthopaedic, being performed, the majority on the lower limbs. The pupils involved, their parents, teachers and house-parents were invited to complete a questionnaire concerning the effectiveness of the operations, the anxieties and psychological problems resulting from surgery, and the effect on schooling. The results are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Teacher-pupil talk: integrated vs segregated environments for children with severe learning difficulties.

The present study aimed to investigate the linguistic environment of children with severe learning difficulties attending nursery school. Teacher-pupil talk with three normal language learners and five children- with severe learning difficulties was examined in segregated and integrated settings. A cognitively based dialogue system analysis was used to ascertain the style and level of teacher and pupil interactions. Results revealed that teachers are able to adjust their speech when interacting with children of differing abilities but they do so by assuming a dominating role in dialogue through initiation and the use of obliges.

Child↗
PubMed2001

[Risk factors for low back pain among 1.389 pupils in the 8th and 9th grade. An epidemiologic study].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and severity of low back pain (LBP) in 13-16-year-old pupils in relation to selected factors, such as anthropometry, physical activity, smoking, hypermobility, and tightness of hamstring muscles. METHODS: The study was designed as a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey and all the pupils were examined by the school doctor for height, weight, mobility of joints, and general health status. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of non-specific LBP was 58.9% and the one-year prevalence was 50.8% with no differences between the sexes. Recurrent/continuous LBP in a moderate to severe degree was recorded in 19.4% of the school children (182 F, 88 M). This was positively correlated to a female gender, a BMI of more than 25 kg/square meter, competitive sports for boys, poor physical fitness, daily smoking, heavy jobs in leisure time, increased use of the health system, and reduced life quality. DISCUSSION: Stepwise logistic regression analysis indicates that a female gender, daily smoking, and heavy jobs are important associated factors for severe LBP in adolescents, with an observed probability of 46% if all factors are present. We do not know yet whether these factors have any causal importance for the development of severe LBP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The long-term stability of sociometric status classification: a longitudinal study of included pupils who have moderate learning difficulties and their mainstream peers.

This study investigated the longitudinal stability of sociometric classification in two groups of children aged 8 to 10 years over a 2-year period. Two simple, but sensitive and valid forced-choice sociometric measures were completed by 41 children with moderate learning difficulties (MLD) and 375 mainstream children. On both occasions and on both measures (one using a "work with" and one a "play with" sociometric criterion) MLD pupils were significantly less likely to be classified as popular and more likely to be classified as rejected. Over the 2-year period just over half of the children, whether MLD or mainstream, were classified in the same sociometric category. However, the stability coefficients for the rejected and popular sociometric status groups were found to be higher in the included sample than in the mainstream sample. The results of this study are compared with previous longitudinal studies in the area that have focused on mainstream pupils, and implications for the use of sociometric measures in evaluating the outcomes of inclusion are discussed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Factors associated with smoking and the intention to smoke in secondary school pupils: results of the ESFA project in Barcelona, Spain].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the factors asssociated with smoking and intention to smoke among a representative sample of first-grade pupils of secondary education (12-13 years old) in Barcelona. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 37 secondary schools were randomly selected to evaluate the impact of a European-wide smoking prevention program (European Smoking prevention Frame Approach, ESFA project). In these schools, 1041 pupils of first grade of secondary education responded to a questionnaire designed at the University of Maastricht to study life-style attitudes and behaviours, mainly smoking. RESULTS: 9.8% of boys and 12.6% of girls declared to smoke either regulary or ocasionally. Among the no-smokers, 61.4% of the boys and 73.3% of the girls reported to have the intention to smoke in the future. Among the boys, factors associated with smoking included social norms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-5.2), smoking by siblings (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.2), attitudes against smoking (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6), practicing some sports in the leisure time (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7) and having more available pocket money (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5-6.8). Intention to smoke was only related to attitudes (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.5). Among girls, smoking was associated to perceived pressure to smoke (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.0), consumption by friends (OR = 6.0; 95% CI, 2.4-15.4) and attitudes against smoking (OR = 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.4), while intention was only associated to attitudes (OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.6) and hanging out in the street in the leisure time (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 0.3-3.5). CONCLUSIONS: The results stress the need to deal simultaneoulsy with the different factors associated to smoking initiation and attitude shaping, including cognitive factors, environmental factors, and patterns of leisure time utilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oral health practices and dental caries among Libyan pupils, Benghazi (1993-94).

We investigated the oral health practices and prevalence of dental caries among Libyan pupils (6-12 years), by studying 389 boys and 373 girls selected randomly from 11 public primary schools in three different residential areas indicating different socioeconomic levels. In all, 321 (42.1%) pupils did not brush their teeth, with significant differences in the different areas. The prevalence of dental caries was 61.9%, with no significant sex difference. At 12 years, the decayed, missing and filled teeth index was 1.63, the average decay per child was 1.26 and the prevalence of dental caries was 50%, but the filling needs met was 0.01. Health education programmes to improve oral hygiene practices should be considered.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the physical fitness of general educational school pupils].

The paper deals with teenagers' physical fitness for military service. The results of 6-year (from 6th to 11th forms) monitoring of the physical development and physical fitness of 850 teenagers, the pupils of Ufa general educational schools are presented. Over half the pupils are harmoniously physically developed; however, with age there is a rise in young people with disharmonious physical development due to their body weight deficiency. The lowest indices of physical fitness were recorded when the teenagers performed tests for training special qualities and for developing overall physical endurance. This fact shows it necessary to resume defense-sports pre-conscription preparation of teenagers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Treatment results of treatment for congenital, unilateral microcoria and pupil displacement--case report].

The purpose of this report was to present rarely occurring developmental anomaly of congenital unilateral microcoria and pupil displacement. We present a case of a boy, who underwent a plastic surgery of pupil at age of 3 year. Despite of relatively tardy onset of treatment and existing profound amblyopia (light perception with projection), a full vision recovery was achieved after 4 years of occlusion therapy.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of school environmental factors and learning on pupils' health].

This study is a part of a comprehensive research conducted at 10 schools of different education types (general educational school, specialized gymnasiums, language schools, colleges, lyceums) that are situated in Sofia. A relationship between the factors that characterize school and the training environment, and the health status of pupils was established by using currently available statistical methods. The findings show that the discrepancy between the school and training environment and the sanitary requirements and standards affect both the general and school age-specific morbidity rates in pupils. Knowing the factors, which characterize school in accordance with the claimed educational goals, and schooling factors enables one to arrange all schools.

Adolescent↗