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Evaluation of the disintegration properties of commercial famotidine 20 mg orally disintegrating tablets using a simple new test and human sensory test.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness and broad-applicability of a simple disintegration test method for orally disintegrating tablets (ODT). Eight types of commercial famotidine 20 mg orally disintegrating tablets with different physical properties (formulation, manufacturing method, tablet weight, shape, diameter, thickness, etc.), were used. Disintegration times of these tablets were evaluated employing human sensory test, conventional disintegration test, and the new proposed disintegration test. The human sensory test was performed in 5 healthy volunteers. In the conventional disintegration test, the disintegration apparatus described in the Japanese Pharmacopeia (JP 1(st)) was used. Our proposed new test which is characterized by a rotating shaft with a low weight (10, 15 g) and rotation speed (10, 25, 50 rpm) was evaluated using tablets with and without storage under severe conditions (60 degrees C/75%RH for 1 week). The disintegration times of famotidine 20 mg orally disintegrating tablets in human sensory test varied from 9 to 32 s. In contrast, disintegration times in the conventional test were prolonged to over 300 s. Disintegration times in the new proposed test were close to those in human sensory test. Especially, when the new test was conducted with 15 or 10 g weight and 25 rpm, the slope (human sensory test vs. new proposed test) was almost 1. We were able to demonstrate that the new proposed test was useful to estimate the actual human disintegration time.

Administration, Oral↗

[Studies on residue on ignition test in JP].

The Residue on Ignition Test specified in General Tests, Japanese Pharmacopeia is a method to measure the weight of the residual substance not volatilized when the sample is ignited under a constant condition. Generally, this test is intended to determine the content of inorganic substances contained as impurities in an organic substance, and, occasionally, to determine the amount of inorganic substances contained as components in an organic substance. Our laboratories have adopted this test method for the above two purposes in the case of the quality control for drug substances, synthetic intermediates, starting materials in the course of drug development. Some validation studies have been conducted for this test in order to clarify the quantitation limit in the case of an application for the former purpose, and trueness and precision in the case of the latter purpose. Consequently, the quantitation limit was determined as around 0.50 mg. The amount of sample should be determined based on this quantitation limit (mg) and the level of quantitation limit (%) or that of specification limit (%) should be considered from the view point of each testing purpose. The test method was also confirmed to have a good trueness and precision as the determination method for an alkaline salt, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salt, of organic compounds, as long as the test is operated with great care not to scatter the content out of crucible during ignition to incineration.

Calcium↗

[The application of the endotoxin test for globulin and other blood products].

The application of the endotoxin test for globulin and other blood products were investigated by two different limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test methods, colorimetric and kinetic turbidimetric methods, using two endotoxin-specific reagents. By the dilution of the blood products in 40 times or more, spiked endotoxin in the products was recovered accurately showing neither inhibition nor enhancement. The definite difference was not shown between the results obtained by the two LAL test methods. According to the method of the endotoxin test described under General Tests of The Japanese Pharmacopeia (thirteenth edition), JPXIII, the maximum valid dilution (MVD) for these products will be calculated to be 40 or more, so it is capable to measure the endotoxin limit for each product. This study indicates that the endotoxin test is applicable to measure the endotoxin content in globulin and other blood products as an alternative method for the rabbit pyrogen test.

Colorimetry↗

Extemporaneously compounded sterile medications: relevance of new United States pharmacopeial standards to pain clinicians.

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is the United States' congressionally authorized book of standards for pharmaceutical manufacturing in the United States. The most current edition of the USP includes a new chapter entitled Pharmaceutical Compounding-Sterile Preparations that sets standards for all health care professionals who prepare, store or dispense sterile preparations. Extemporaneously compounded sterile formulations are sometimes needed for symptom control in pain and palliative practice. The implications and relevance of this new USP chapter to pain and palliative care clinicians-and the importance of all clinicians understanding the implications of how their patient's compounded sterile products are prepared-are discussed.

Drug Compounding↗

Lack of medication dose uniformity in commonly split tablets.

OBJECTIVE: To divide 11 commonly split tablets and evaluate the resulting half-tablets for content uniformity. DESIGN: Pre-post comparison. SETTING: Laboratory. INTERVENTIONS: A trained individual split tablets of 11 products using a single-edged razor blade and 3 products by hand alone. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Uniformity of Dosage Units test published in the United States Pharmacopeia 24 (USP), which applies to whole tablets, was adapted liberally to assess the dose uniformity of the resulting split tablets. RESULTS: Of the 11 razor-split products, 8 failed the liberal adaptation of the USP uniformity test. No visible tablet features (e.g., scoring) predisposed a product's split tablets to pass or fail the uniformity test. All three hand-split tablets failed the uniformity test and yielded worse results than did razor-split tablets. CONCLUSION: The majority of the 11 drug products we tested, when assessed for their ability to be split into half-tablets of equal dose, failed a liberally interpreted USP uniformity test. The practice of dividing tablets to save costs or to improve a dosage regimen may not cause problems for patients using drugs with low toxicity and relatively flat dose-response relationships, but it is not recommended for patients using drugs with more substantial toxicity and steep dose-response efficacy curves.

Drug Compounding↗

Weight variability of pharmacist-dispensed split tablets.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of weight uniformity of fragments from tablets split into halves and dispensed by pharmacists. DESIGN: Pre-post comparison. SETTING: Laboratory analysis of split tablets returned unused from four long-term care facilities. INTERVENTIONS: Twenty-two dispensed prescriptions containing 560 split tablet halves were collected, and fragment weights (FWs) were determined. Theoretical weights (TWs) of split tablets of the same medications were determined mathematically. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of the mean FW with the mean TW of each dispensed prescription and determination of whether fragments met United States Pharmacopeia 24 (USP) criteria for weight variation of whole tablets. RESULTS: A significant difference (P < .05) between mean TW and mean FW was found in 2 (9.1%) of the 22 dispensed prescriptions. Overall, 30 (5.4%) of 560 fragments, contained in 10 (45.5%) of the 22 dispensed prescriptions, had weights that deviated by more than 15% from the mean FW. Of the 560 fragments, 32 (5.7%), contained in 10 (45.5%) of 22 dispensed prescriptions, had weights that deviated by more than 15% from mean TW. A total of 15 (68.2%) of the 22 dispensed prescriptions had standard deviations (SDs) that were more than 6% of the mean FW. None of the TWs displayed an SD greater than the USP limit of 6%. Only 7 (31.8%) of the 22 dispensed prescriptions met USP standards, with FWs not exceeding 15% of mean FW and SDs of no greater than 6%. CONCLUSION: Tablet splitting resulted in an unacceptably high incidence of weight variation. Standards should be developed to ensure uniformity of split tablets.

Drug Compounding↗

Explanations and unresolved issues pertaining to the development of the Nuclear Pharmacy Compounding Guidelines.

OBJECTIVES: To provide background information related to the development of the Nuclear Pharmacy Compounding Guidelines, to discuss regulatory complexities related to radiopharmaceutical compounding practice, and to summarize the gaps in the current compounding regulations for radiopharmaceuticals. DATA SOURCES: The Guidelines closely follow the provisions of section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), the monographs and chapters related to pharmacy compounding in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), and the recommended guidelines published by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 established parameters under which the compounding of drug products is appropriate and lawful, but these criteria expressly do not apply to radiopharmaceuticals. The Nuclear Pharmacy Compounding Practice Committee, a group of nuclear pharmacists convened by the American Pharmaceutical Association, developed the Nuclear Pharmacy Compounding Guidelines to establish a set of principles and guidelines for good radiopharmaceutical compounding practice. The intent of the new document is to provide guidance on radiopharmaceutical compounding practices that have evolved over the last 2 decades and to place them in an appropriate regulatory framework in accordance with previous enforcement policies and guidelines issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding the exemption of certain pharmacy practices from enforcement of adulteration, misbranding, and new drug requirements. CONCLUSION: The Nuclear Pharmacy Compounding Guidelines, recently released by APhA, is the first official document that provides realistic and practical compounding guidance for nuclear pharmacists. Even though the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit recently ruled section 503A of the FD&C Act to be invalid in its entirety, and the Supreme Court upheld that ruling, the compliance policy guides issued by FDA in March 1992 and revised in May 2002 maintain guiding principles on pharmacy compounding similar to those stated in section 503A of the FD&C Act. The Nuclear Pharmacy Compounding Practice Committee is optimistic that the practical information contained in the Guidelines will assist state boards of pharmacy, FDA, and the United States Pharmacopeial Convention in setting appropriate standards for nuclear pharmacy compounding practice that will ensure the continued availability of high-quality compounded radiopharmaceuticals at reasonable cost.

Drug Compounding↗

Variations in alkaloid content of herbal products containing goldenseal.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of hydrastine and berberine, the primary alkaloids in herbal products containing goldenseal. DESIGN: Descriptive comparison of 20 products purchased at local pharmacies or health food stores; 17 products were labeled as containing goldenseal root and 3 products contained goldenseal herb as the sole active herbal ingredient. SETTING: Laboratory assessment of alkaloid content using high-performance liquid chromatography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparisons of hydrastine and berberine concentration, alkaloid ratio, and total alkaloid content among products. RESULTS: Hydrastine concentration in products labeled as containing goldenseal root ranged from 0 to 2.93%, whereas berberine concentration varied from 0.82% to 5.86%. Median total alkaloid concentration was 5.30%. Only 10 of 17 products met proposed United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards for the hydrastine and berberine content of goldenseal root. Five products contained little or no hydrastine, unusual berberine:hydrastine ratios, and additional peaks not observed with other products. Alkaloid content in goldenseal root products was about fourfold higher than in products labeled as containing goldenseal herb. CONCLUSION: Alkaloid content of goldenseal products varies widely, with many products failing to meet proposed USP standards. In addition, the chromatographic pattern and alkaloid ratio for several products were atypical for goldenseal. Given the current absence of regulation of the quality of herbal products, pharmacists should take extra care to ensure that substandard goldenseal products are not sold in their pharmacies.

Alkaloids↗

Medication error reporting by community pharmacists in Vermont.

OBJECTIVE: To document community pharmacists' awareness and use of the United States Pharmacopeia Medication Errors Reporting (USP MER) program. DESIGN: Telephone survey. SETTING: Community pharmacies in Vermont. PARTICIPANTS: One self-identified community pharmacist from each community pharmacy. INTERVENTION: Each operating community pharmacy in Vermont was contacted by telephone between June 2002 and February 2003. The first individual to self-identify himself or herself as a pharmacist was asked to participate. The telephone surveys were conducted using a standard script. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Survey responses to questions about awareness and use of USP MER. RESULTS: A pharmacist was contacted in 98% (122/124) of all operating community pharmacies in Vermont. Nine (7%) pharmacists refused to participate, leaving 113 pharmacists who responded to the survey. Although more than one half of all respondents (70/113; 62%) had heard of USP MER, less than one quarter (24/113; 21%) had ever submitted a report. Significantly more pharmacists employed by independent pharmacies had submitted a report, compared with pharmacists from other pharmacy types (chain, supermarket, mass merchandiser; P = .03). Submitting reports through a corporate hierarchy or to a corporate program was the reason most frequently cited by pharmacists for not submitting reports directly to USP MER (37%). Whether corporate reports were forwarded to USP MER is unknown. CONCLUSION: The majority of Vermont community pharmacists were aware of USP MER. However, use was low. Barriers to reporting to a common system such as USP MER may differ depending on pharmacy type. Further research to document the barriers to submitting reports is warranted.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗

In-process 20-minute endotoxin "limit test" for positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals.

OBJECTIVES: To discuss various issues related to the in-process 20-minute endotoxin "limit test" (20-minute bacterial endotoxin test [BET]) per the United Stated Pharmacopeia (USP) general chapter <823>, "Radiopharmaceuticals for Positron Emission Tomography--Compounding". DATA SOURCES: The online version of 2005 USP, and other relevant articles from the published biomedical literature. SUMMARY: The minimum endotoxin level to be used for the positive controls, minimum allowable volume for administration, procedure and interpretation of the above test, and whether the 20-minute BET is required and suitable for use with any positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceutical labeled with a radionuclide having a physical half-life less than 20 minutes are discussed in this article. Neither the current USP nor other publications related to the performance of the 20-minute BET provide complete detailed information or explanation with regard to the issues discussed. CONCLUSION: To allow end users to accurately and, more importantly, faithfully execute the above testing, specific information needs to be made readily available concerning the 20-minute BET.

Drug Contamination↗

Medicine of the Maya Ameridians.

While perhaps best known for their advanced calendars and knowledge of astronomy, the Maya also developed an advanced pharmaceutical science that has been maintained by their descendants. Because of the diverse habitats found in the region, from mountains to deep valleys, the complex ecosystem of the highland Maya is the world's third richest in numbers of vascular plant species. The rain forests of this area are a rich source of potential new drugs. According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute, more than 25% of the ingredients in today's cancer medicines were either discovered in rain forests or are analogues or derivatives of such compounds. Although much of the Mayan medical knowledge continues to be practiced by their descendants, the Mayan medical traditions are fading because of increased urbanization. Meanwhile, the source of their pharmacopeia is disappearing as the tropical rain forests are cleared for development. Consequently, measures to preserve this pharmaceutical knowledge are of great importance.

Humans↗

41Ca and accelerator mass spectrometry to monitor calcium metabolism in end stage renal disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring bone resorption with measurements of bone density and biochemical markers is indirect. We hypothesized that bone resorption can be studied directly by serial measurements of the ratio (41)Ca/Ca in serum after in vivo labeling of calcium pools with (41)Ca. We report the preparation of an intravenous (41)Ca dose suitable for humans, an analytical method for determining (41)Ca/Ca isotope ratios in biological samples, and studies in human volunteers. METHODS: (41)Ca was formulated and aliquoted into individual vials, and to the extent possible, the (41)Ca doses were tested according to US Pharmacopeia (USP) guidelines. A 10 nCi dose of (41)Ca was administered intravenously to 4 end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis and 4 healthy control individuals. Distribution kinetics were determined over 168 days. Calcium was isolated with 3 precipitation steps and a cation-exchange column, and (41)Ca/Ca ratios in serum were then measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The dosing solution was chemically and radiologically pure, contained <0.1 endotoxin unit/mL, and passed USP sterility tests. Quantification of (41)Ca/Ca ratios was linear from 6 x 10(-14) to 9.1 x 10(-10). The run-to-run imprecision (as CV) of the method was 4% at 4.6 x 10(-11) and 6% at 9.1 x 10(-10). The area under the curve of (41)Ca in the central compartment vs time was significantly less for ESRD patients than for controls (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Isotope ratios spanning 5 orders of magnitude can be measured by accelerator mass spectrometry with excellent precision in the range observed in samples collected from patients who have received 10 nCi of (41)Ca. The (41)Ca at this dose caused no adverse effects in 8 volunteers. This is the first report of the use of (41)Ca to monitor differences in bone turnover between healthy individuals and ESRD patients.

Bone and Bones↗

The ATPases: a new family for a family-based drug design approach.

The rapid discovery of new drugs is greatly facilitated when a family of related proteins is targeted with a similar approach in chemistry. Few protein families have so far been investigated using this kind of 'family-based' approach. Therefore, to increase the size of our Pharmacopeia and to cure human diseases more efficiently, new druggable protein families must be identified. It is shown in this review that ATPases are very good candidates for a family-based approach. The human proteome contains many ATPases, which are involved in several diseases. All the ATPases contain a nucleotide-binding site, and it is therefore possible to target all of them with a single strategy in chemistry; the design of competitive ATP inhibitors. Moreover, because a similar approach has been conducted with the protein kinases, the compound libraries and the knowledge developed in the kinase field can be directly applied to the ATPases.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗

Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: a critical incident analysis of contributing factors.

OBJECTIVE: Factors that contribute to adverse sedation events in children undergoing procedures were examined using the technique of critical incident analysis. METHODOLOGY: We developed a database that consists of descriptions of adverse sedation events derived from the Food and Drug Administration's adverse drug event reporting system, from the US Pharmacopeia, and from a survey of pediatric specialists. One hundred eighteen reports were reviewed for factors that may have contributed to the adverse sedation event. The outcome, ranging in severity from death to no harm, was noted. Individual reports were first examined separately by 4 physicians trained in pediatric anesthesiology, pediatric critical care medicine, or pediatric emergency medicine. Only reports for which all 4 reviewers agreed on the contributing factors and outcome were included in the final analysis. RESULTS: Of the 95 incidents with consensus agreement on the contributing factors, 51 resulted in death, 9 in permanent neurologic injury, 21 in prolonged hospitalization without injury, and in 14 there was no harm. Patients receiving sedation in nonhospital-based settings compared with hospital-based settings were older and healthier. The venue of sedation was not associated with the incidence of presenting respiratory events (eg, desaturation, apnea, laryngospasm, approximately 80% in each venue) but more cardiac arrests occurred as the second (53.6% vs 14%) and third events (25% vs 7%) in nonhospital-based facilities. Inadequate resuscitation was rated as being a determinant of adverse outcome more frequently in nonhospital-based events (57.1% vs 2.3%). Death and permanent neurologic injury occurred more frequently in nonhospital-based facilities (92.8% vs 37.2%). Successful outcome (prolonged hospitalization without injury or no harm) was associated with the use of pulse oximetry compared with a lack of any documented monitoring that was associated with unsuccessful outcome (death or permanent neurologic injury). In addition, pulse oximetry monitoring of patients sedated in hospitals was uniformly associated with successful outcomes whereas in the nonhospital-based venue, 4 out of 5 suffered adverse outcomes. Adverse outcomes despite the benefit of an early warning regarding oxygenation likely reflect lack of skill in assessment and in the use of appropriate interventions, ie, a failure to rescue the patient. CONCLUSIONS: This study-a critical incident analysis-identifies several features associated with adverse sedation events and poor outcome. There were differences in outcomes for venue: adverse outcomes (permanent neurologic injury or death) occurred more frequently in a nonhospital-based facility, whereas successful outcomes (prolonged hospitalization or no harm) occurred more frequently in a hospital-based setting. Inadequate resuscitation was more often associated with a nonhospital-based setting. Inadequate and inconsistent physiologic monitoring (particularly failure to use or respond appropriately to pulse oximetry) was another major factor contributing to poor outcome in all venues. Other issues rated by the reviewers were: inadequate presedation medical evaluation, lack of an independent observer, medication errors, and inadequate recovery procedures. Uniform, specialty-independent guidelines for monitoring children during and after sedation are essential. Age and size-appropriate equipment and medications for resuscitation should be immediately available regardless of the location where the child is sedated. All health care providers who sedate children, regardless of practice venue, should have advanced airway assessment and management training and be skilled in the resuscitation of infants and children so that they can successfully rescue their patient should an adverse sedation event occur.

Adolescent↗

A comparison of once-daily extended-release methylphenidate formulations in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the laboratory school (the Comacs Study).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in the pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of 2 second-generation extended-release (ER) formulations of methylphenidate (MPH): Metadate CD (MCD; methylphenidate HCl, US Pharmacopeia) extended-release capsules, CII, and Concerta (CON; methylphenidate HCl) extended-release tablets, CII. Little empirical information exists to help the clinician compare the PD effects of the available ER formulations on attention and behavior. Previous studies have shown that the near-equal doses of MCD and CON provide equivalent, total exposure to MPH as measured by area under the plasma concentration time curve, yet their pharmacokinetic (PK) plasma concentration versus time profiles are different. We previously offered a theoretical PK/PD account of the similarities and differences among available ER formulations based on the hypothesis that all formulations produce effects related to MPH delivered by 2 processes: 1) an initial bolus dose of immediate-release (IR) MPH that is expected to achieve peak plasma concentration in the early morning and have rapid onset of efficacy within 2 hours of dosing, which for the MCD capsule is delivered by 30% of the total daily dose as uncoated beads and for the CON tablet is delivered by an overcoat of 22% of the total daily dose; and 2) an extended, controlled delivery of ER MPH that is expected to achieve peak plasma concentrations in the afternoon to maintain efficacy for a programmed period of time after the peak of the initial bolus, which for the MCD capsule is delivered by polymer-coated beads and for the CON tablet by an osmotic-release oral system. According to this PK/PD model, clinical superiority is expected at any point in time for the formulation with the highest MPH plasma concentration. METHODS: This was a multisite, double-blind, double-dummy, 3-way crossover study of 2 active treatments (MCD and CON) and placebo (PLA). Children with confirmed diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were stratified to receive bioequivalent doses of MCD and CON that were considered to be low (20 mg of MCD and 18 mg of CON), medium (40 mg of MCD and 36 mg of CON), or high (60 mg of MCD and 54 mg of CON), and in a randomized order each of the study treatments was administered once daily in the morning for 1 week. On the seventh day of each treatment week, children attended a laboratory school, where surrogate measures of response were obtained by using teacher ratings of attention and deportment and a record of permanent product of performance on a 10-minute math test at each of the 7 classroom sessions spread across the day at 1.5-hour intervals. Safety was assessed by patient reports of adverse events, parent ratings on a stimulant side-effects scale, and measurement of vital signs. RESULTS: The analyses of variance revealed large, statistically significant main effects for the within-subject factor of treatment for all 3 outcome measures (deportment, attention, and permanent product). The interactions of treatment x session were also highly significant for all 3 outcome measures. Inspection of the PD profiles for the treatment x session interactions suggested 4 patterns of efficacy across the day: 1) PLA > MCD approximately CON (PLA superiority) immediately after dosing; 2) MCD > CON > PLA during the morning (MCD superiority); 3) MCD approximately CON > PLA during the afternoon (PD equivalence of MCD and CON); and 4) CON > MCD approximately PLA in the early evening (CON superiority). The effect of site was significant, because some study centers had low and some high scores for behavior in the lab classroom, but both the low- and high-scoring sites showed similar PD patterns across the day. The interaction of dose x treatment was not significant, indicating that the pattern of treatment effects was consistent across each dose level. There were no statistically significant overall differences among the 3 treatments for the frequency of treatment-emergent adverse events, ratings of side effects, or vital signs. Two additional PK/PD questions were addressed: 1. The a priori hypothesis called for a comparison of the average of sessions (removing session as a factor) during a time period that corresponds to the length of a typical school day (from 1.5 through 7.5 hours after dosing). For the planned contrast of the 2 treatment conditions (MCD versus CON), the difference was significant, confirming the a priori hypothesis of superiority of near-equal daily doses of MCD over CON for this predefined postdosing period. 2. In the design of the study, the dose factor represented the total daily dose, consisting of 2 components: the initial bolus doses of IR MPH, which differ for the near-equal total daily doses of MCD and CON, and the reservoir doses of ER MPH, which were the same for the 2 formulations. To evaluate the moderating effects of the bolus component of dose on outcome, average effect size (ES) was calculated for the efficacy outcomes at the time of expected peak PK concentration times of the initial bolus component for each formulation at the 3 dose levels. The correlation (r) of ES with IR MPH bolus dose was significant for each of the 3 outcome measures (r approximately .9), indicating that the magnitude of effects in the early morning may be attributed to the dose administered by the IR MPH bolus of each formulation. For the 2 dose conditions with equal 12-mg IR MPH boluses (MCD 40 and CON 54), the ESs were large and indistinguishable (eg, deportment ES approximately 0.75 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Once-daily doses of MCD and CON produced statistically significantly different PD effects on surrogate measures of behavior and performance among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the laboratory school setting. As predicted by the PK/PD model, superiority at any point in time was achieved by the formulation with the highest expected plasma MPH concentration.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

Syneture stainless STEEL suture. A collective review of its performance in surgical wound closure.

Syneture (division of U.S. Surgical, division of Tyco Healthcare, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA) STEEL sutures are monofilament stainless steel sutures composed of 316L stainless steel conforming to ASTM Standard F138 grade 2 (" Stainless steel bar and wire for surgical implant"). STEEL sutures meet all requirements established by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) for nonabsorbable surgical sutures. Steel sutures are for use in abdominal wound closure, intestinal anastomosis, hernia repair, sternal closure, and skin closure. They are attached to the following types of surgical needles: Roto-Grip Needles and SCC Needle. The sutures and needles are packaged in a Mylar/Tyvek outer envelope. The purposes of this clinical review are two fold. First, we will report the performance of the Syneture STEEL suture product in the largest studies of suture performance ever reported in the literature. In addition, we will provide comprehensive information from the surgical literature that highlights the unique benefits of stainless steel sutures for the following wound closure techniques: sternal fixation, abdominal wound repair, inguinal hernia repair, and skin wound closure. Consorta Inc. (Rolling Meadows, Illinois), a leading healthcare resource management group purchasing organization, and Syneture, jointly with a clinician task force, designed a reproducible surgical evaluation program for needles and sutures in a large cooperative of healthcare systems. Because of the subjective nature of the more commonly used suture selection techniques, a nonexperimental observational study approach was designed to replace perception of performance characteristics with actual clinical experience. In a report involving 19 Consorta shareholder hospitals, they discussed the preliminary part (Phase I) of a large nonexperimental observational study of the clinical performance of surgical needles and sutures. Performance characteristics of the sutures and needles produced by Syneture that were evaluated in 3407 surgical procedures included packaging/ease of opening, needle strength and sharpness, tissue drag, knot security, tensile strength, clinically acceptable determinations, and clinically unacceptable determinations. In this preliminary study, the surgeons concluded that the needles and sutures were clinically acceptable in 98.1% of the evaluations. Armed with this favorable experience, we wanted to expand this observational study to an entirely new group of shareholder hospitals that had a larger number of participating hospitals (Phase I, 19 hospitals; Phase II, 42 hospitals). This more than doubling of hospital observational base dramatically increased the number of patients and performance evaluations. In the Phase II expanded program involving 42 hospitals, the number of patients (8939) and the number of evaluations (25,545) were more than twofold the preliminary study. In the phase I multicentric evaluation of Syneture surgical sutures, the performance of 9266 sutures was evaluated. Of these performance evaluations, 130 evaluations focused on Syneture STEEL sutures. The surgeons were especially pleased by the performance of this suture product, with 129 Syneture STEEL products being judged as clinically acceptable in their performance. Only one Syneture STEEL suture was judged to be unacceptable in its performance, resulting in a 99.2% acceptability rating. In the expanded phase II evaluation of Syneture suture products, the performance evaluation involved 25,545 surgical suture evaluations. The performance of Syneture STEEL sutures was judged in 215 cases. Of these product performance evaluations, 207 were judged to be clinically acceptable in their performance (96.3%). It is important to emphasize that the phase I and phase II observational studies evaluated the performance of other sutures besides monofilament steel sutures. These comprehensive suture and needle performance evaluations included the following additional sutures: Plain Gut, Mild Chromic Gut, Chromic Gut, DEXON II, DEXON S, MAXON, BIOSYN, SOFSILK, SURGILON, BRALON, MONOSOF, DERMALON, SURGIDAC, POLY-SORB, TI.CRON, SURGIPRO, SURGIPRO II, NOVAFIL, VASCUFIL, and FLEXON. Finally, we provide a collective review of the literature that shows the reliable performance of monofilament stainless steel sutures in the following wound closure techniques: sternal fixation, abdominal wound closure, inguinal hernia repair, and skin wound closure.

Humans↗

A highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of some phenothiazine antipsychotics using chloramine-T and indigocarmine.

A new simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method for the determination of six phenothiazine drugs in pure form and in dosage forms is described. The method is based on the oxidation of the studied drugs by a known excess of Chloramine-T in hydrochloric acid medium and subsequent determination of the unreacted oxidant by reacting it with indigocarmine in the same acid medium. The reacted oxidant corresponds to the drug content. The colored species exhibits maximum absorption at 610 nm. The apparent molar absorptivity values and Sandell sensitivity values are in the range 1.53 x 10(4)-2.96 x 10(4) l mol-1 cm-1 and 13.75-37.15 ng cm-2, respectively. The method is highly sensitive and suitable for 1-15 micrograms ml-1 concentrations with the detection limits being in the range, 0.0651-0.1724 microgram ml-1. The method was successfully applied to the studied drugs in their dosage forms. The results are reproducible within +/- 1% and compare favorably with those obtained by the procedures of the British Pharmacopeia.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

Flow-injection and sequential-injection determinations of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations using nitrosation reaction.

A simple FI and two different SI systems have been investigated for the determination of paracetamol by employing a simple reagent for a nitrosation reaction. It is based on the on-line nitrosation of paracetamol with sodium nitrite in an acidic medium. The formed nitroso derivative species reacts further with sodium hydroxide to convert it to a more stable compound. The yellow product is continuously monitored at 430 nm. The FI system is very simple and cost effective for fast manual operation (60 injections/h; y = 0.268x + 44.314, r2 = 0.9910 for 400 - 1000 mg/l and y = 0.1687x + 145.72, r2 = 0.9970 for 1000 - 2500 mg/l). The two SI systems with different components and configurations are automated and optimized for the conditions for which no extra dilution is to be required for sample handling: one with a syringe pump and two selection valves (60 samples/h; y = 0.1488x - 4.7297, r2 = 0.9946 for 400 - 1000 mg/l and y = 0.0858x + 63.933, r2 = 0.9849 for 1000 - 2500 mg/l); the other is simpler and more cost-effective, with an autoburette and only one selection valve (15 samples/h; y = 0.0072x + 1.1467, r2 = 0.9977 for 200 - 1000 mg/l and y = 0.0028x + 5.4699, r2 = 0.9879 for 1000 - 2500 mg/l). They have all been applied to assay paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations. The obtained results agree with those by the US Pharmacopeia method.

Journal Article↗