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PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of influenza vaccination and correlates of intention to be vaccinated among Hong Kong Chinese.

OBJECTIVES: To explore influenza vaccination rates and investigate correlates of intention to be vaccinated among adults attending a Hong Kong outpatient clinic. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE: Convenience sample of adults attending outpatient clinic (452 participants). METHOD: Self-administered written questionnaire including socio-demographic items, health items, influenza vaccination history, and questions based on the Health Belief Model and Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Causes in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation framework. RESULTS: The response rate was 78.9%. Of the participants, 27% had been vaccinated in the past year; 51% reported intention to be vaccinated this year. Intention to be vaccinated did not vary according to gender, marital status, occupation, or household income. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, intention to be vaccinated was significantly associated with chronic disease, having received the flu shot in the previous year, perceived susceptibility ("I am likely to get the flu if I do not get a yearly flu shot"), and reinforcing factors ("My family encouraged me to get a flu shot last year" and "My doctor encouraged me to get a flu shot last year"). CONCLUSIONS: The government can successfully promote vaccination by educating the public about susceptibility to flu and the benefits of vaccination, by publicizing locations where vaccinations are available, and by having family and physicians encourage patients to be vaccinated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The prevalence of type A personality in the children of alcoholics.

Three studies are reported which investigate the prevalency of an excess risk of type A personality in the children of alcoholics (COAs). Reports in the clinical literature suggest there is an excess risk of type A in COAs, but this has never been empirically demonstrated. The Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH) was administered to nonalcoholic mothers of 46 COAs and 65 matched controls to measure children's type A competitiveness and impatience-aggression. Results were significant only for greater impatience-aggression in COAs. In a second study, 104 COAs and controls matched for age, sex, race, and father's occupational status were rated by military fathers of intact families using MYTH. The results of the first study were not replicated for COAs, and there was no correlation between a father's Jenkins Activity Scale (JAS) score and his child's type A personality. A third study of 70 matched COAs and controls used the Hunter-Wolf A-B Rating scale, a self-rating scale for children and found no significant differences in children's type A personalities based on membership in an alcoholic family, sex, or birth order. It was concluded that the discrepancy between clinical reports and the present data may have been due to misperceptions about successful, hardworking COAs who, particularly in contrast to their more notorious siblings, may be viewed as "workaholics" and improperly labeled as type A personalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Alcohol abuse/dependence in motor vehicle crash victims presenting to the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: 1) To determine the prevalence of current alcohol abuse/alcohol dependence (AA/AD) among the full injury range of ED motor vehicle crash (MVC) patients; and 2) compare AA/AD and non-AA/AD patient characteristics. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study using a stratified random sample of MVC patients aged > or = 18 years presenting to a university hospital and university-affiliated community hospital ED from May 1, 1992, to August 30, 1994. A diagnosis of current AA/AD was based on the alcohol section of the Diagnostic Interview Survey (DIS). Other measurements included the presence of blood alcohol (BAC+), Injury Severity Score (ISS-85), occupant status (driver/passenger), age, gender, seat belt use, culpability for crash, and ED disposition (admitted vs released). A weighted prevalence was determined; subgroups were compared using t-tests, chi 2, 2-factor analysis, and logistic regression modeling; alpha = 0.05. RESULTS: 1,161 patients were studied. The weighted prevalence of current AA/AD was 22.5%; 53% of these patients were released from the ED. Almost 45% of the patients with current AA/AD were BAC-. When controlling for BAC and AA/AD, greater injury severity and culpability were associated with a BAC+, but not with current AA/AD. CONCLUSION: Almost 23% of ED MVC patients have current AA/AD; BAC testing does not accurately identify these patients. Intervention strategies must be directed to both admitted and released patients.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1989

Long-term prognosis and quality of life after reversible cerebral ischemic attacks.

The long-term prognosis and quality of life of 201 patients admitted to hospital with reversible ischemic attacks (RIA) were estimated in a prospective study. The median follow-up time was 58 months. Further RIAs were reported by 91 patients (45%) and 48 (24%) suffered a stroke. The risk of stroke was markedly higher in the first 6 months after RIA, after which the annual stroke rate was rather constant with an average of 4.8%, about 8 times higher than expected. The average annual mortality rate for the RIA patients was 5.9%, which is significantly higher than expected. Cardiovascular deaths accounted for more than half of all deaths, stroke for one fourth. Life-table analysis of subgroups disclosed a much more favorable prognosis for women under 60 years. High systolic blood pressure, diabetes, and previous myocardial infarction were identified as risk factors. The occurrence of RIA had significantly influenced the quality of life and occupational status for the majority of the patients, even for those who did not suffer a subsequent stroke. Decreased working capacity, general asthenia and fatigue and impaired memory were the most common complaints. We conclude that RIA may be a more serious vascular event than generally believed. Apart from carrying a substantial risk of stroke and death, even a single RIA can cause permanent psychological dysfunction influencing the quality of life.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1981

Factors predisposing to institutionalism.

UNLABELLED: All psychiatric patients staying in hospital-supervised boarding homes, and a random sample of 50 long-stay patients in the wards of the only mental hospital in Newfoundland were surveyed to determine if certain premorbid factors predispose to institutionalism ('institutional neurosis'). Three hundred and twenty-four patients were examined. Low intelligence, poor education and disabilities in hearing, speech, locomotion and manual dexterity, were significantly associated with institutionalism. Extremes of age on first admission, celibacy, low occupational status in the patient, or his father, and visual disability did not prove to be associated with institutionalism. IN CONCLUSION: institutionalism may be found among patients in boarding homes; some patients are more susceptible to institutionalism than others; and institutionalism tends to be associated with those biological or social handicaps which affect communication and activity of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Attitudes towards mental illness in the Athens area: implications for community mental health intervention.

Attitudes towards mental illness were measured in a probability sample of 1574 male and female adults, residents of two boroughs in the greater Athens area before the development of community mental health services in the area. The objective of this study was to identify the components of these attitudes, taking into account the fact that public opinions about mental illness influence the utilization of community mental health services and the level of reintegration of the mentally disabled into society. The instrument used to measure attitudinal dimensions was the Cohen and Struening Opinion about Mental Illness (O.M.I.) scale. Factor analysis revealed five attitude dimensions: social discrimination, social restriction, social care, integration, and etiology. Among the socio-demographic variables age, education, occupational status and place of residence up to 18 years of age affected the factors mainly, reflecting social discrimination and restriction. O.M.I. factor scores underlying the need for social care and reintegration of the mentally ill into society were found to be socially invariant, implying the need for social care and more humane treatment methods for mental patients. Certain population groups responded with rejection or suspicion and considerable fear of the mentally ill, indicating the necessity for the planning of appropriate community mental health intervention programs parallel to the development of community mental health services and psychiatric reforms in Greece.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Screening for postnatal depression in a population-based Swedish sample.

This study surveyed the prevalence of postnatal depression and demographic factors associated with it in a Swedish population. A community sample of 1,584 women was screened at 8 and 12 weeks postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The point prevalence of depression, using a threshold of 11/12 on the EPDS, was 12.5% at 8 weeks and 8.3% at 12 weeks postpartum. The period prevalence for 8 to 12 weeks postpartum was 4.5%. A significantly increased risk of postnatal depression was found for single women. Parity, maternal age and occupational status were not found to be related to postnatal depression. The findings suggest that screening for postnatal depression is feasible at the time of postnatal checks on the baby, and that it can aid in the identification of women at risk for depression. A two-stage screening procedure will identify women at risk for more persistent postnatal depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Obsessive-compulsive syndromes in older adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: This report presents data on the prevalence of both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and subthreshold obsessive-compulsive syndrome (sOCS) in a representative sample of older male adolescents living in Piedmont, Italy. METHOD: A total of 1,883 recruits to the Italian Defence Force were interviewed using the OC portion of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. A diagnosis of sOCS was made for individuals who had obsessive and/or compulsive symptoms but who failed to meet one of the severity criteria of impairment. RESULTS: The point and lifetime prevalence rates of OCD were 2.0% and 2.6%, respectively. In total, 12.3% of the subjects received a current diagnosis of sOCS. No differences were found when examining prevalence rates according to area of residence or occupational status of the subjects. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that OCD is as common in older male adolescents as it is in adults, and that sOCS, being commonly endorsed in a general adolescent population, may represent a normal phenomenon in older adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Consumption of sweet foods among adolescents in Finland.

The importance of sugar in the etiology and dental caries is well known but only a few representative studies at population level have been carried out to analyze nutritional factors related to dentistry. As the main exposure to caries the frequency of the use of sugar-products should be known more exactly than we do. The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency of consumption of sugar-containing products among Finnish adolescents. A representative sample of 3209 Finnish adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 was drawn. The data were obtained by mail questionnaire in February and September 1977, and in February and September 1979. The separate sample was drawn in February 1978 to analyze the changes with time during 1977-79. The response rate to all the mailed questionnaires was close to 90%. The sugar-containing foods included in the study were sugar in coffee or tea, hot chocolate, pastries and cookies, soft drinks, chewing gums, sweets and pastries. In addition, the data on the consumption of artificial sweeteners were collected. According to current health behavior dogma, girls behaved better than boys. A clear relationship was observed between a householder's educational and occupational status and the children's sugar consumption. Children from homes of low social status consumed more sugar than others. The percentage of children frequently consuming sugary products decreased with improved school success. It can be concluded that the use of sugar-containing products is especially frequent among young age groups, particularly among boys from low social background and children with poor school success. Health education should be especially directed towards them.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

Stimulating dental attendance in the Netherlands: comparison of three conceptual frameworks.

A field-experiment was done to study the differential effectiveness of three conceptual approaches to stimulate the demand for dental care. Persuasive messages were based on Ajzen & Fishbein's theory of reasoned action, on the health-belief model, and on the notion that knowledge of rights and obligations is a prerequisite for seeking dental care. All messages included an application form and a return envelope. Subjects were 269 members of Amsterdam health insurance companies. They had not received regular dental treatment and/or a certificate of dental fitness for at least 21/2 yr. Subjects received one of the three messages, an application form only (with a return envelope), or no message at all. Applying for treatment and acquiring a dental certificate were the behavioral measures. In all, 47.4% of insured who received message and/or application form applied for treatment. No control subjects applied. Fifteen months later 70% of the applicants had obtained a dental certificate. A differential effectiveness of the three messages was absent. Contrary to our expectations the condition of no message, application form only proved as effective as the message conditions. Results furthermore indicate that the main reason for not applying concerns fear of dental treatment. Whether or not the subject applied did not correlate with his knowledge of rights and obligations, sex, age, level of education, and occupational status.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Opinions of different subgroups of dentists and patients about the ideal dentist and the ideal patient.

The aim was to study whether subgroups of lay people and dentists differ in their opinions about the ideal dentist and the ideal patient. This was done by analyzing further a data set containing responses on single statements regarding different aspects of dentist-patient relationship that have been reported previously. A questionnaire containing 124 five-class Likert scale statements and questions about the background of the respondents was sent in November 1988 to a representative sample of lay people and to all dentists in Kuopio and North Karelia Provinces in Finland. To extract areas of interdependence for both dentists and patients, factor analyses were applied to the data and factor scores were calculated for further analyses. Differences in the opinions were studied between dentists and patients as well as among subgroups of patients and dentists. The power of the selected factors in discriminating between dentists and patients, and different subgroups of dentists and patients was evaluated by means of logistic regression analyses. The expectations of dentists and patients were similar about the ideal patient. About the ideal dentist, dentists and patients agreed only on one of the five factors, i.e. communicativeness and informativeness. Differences, especially in the opinions about the ideal patient, were found between following subgroups of patients: non-regular and regular attenders, males and females, old and young, patients with low and high education and different occupational status; and between private practitioners and community dentists.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Stability and prediction of physical activity in 5-, 10-, and 28-year follow-up studies among industrial employees.

The aim of the study was to examine the stability of voluntary and household physical activity (PA) and to compare it with that of the use of the most common stimulants. The prospective cohort study comprised of follow-ups at 5, 10, and 28 years at baseline in 1973 in four plants of an industrial corporation in Finland. A systematic, non-proportional sample (n=902, age range 18-64 years) stratified for age, gender, and occupational status was drawn from the employees. Scores of PA were based on a questionnaire and interviews. Logistic regression models with proportional odds assumptions were counted. The 5-year stability (Spearman's rho) of PA time was 0.44 (PA intensity 0.44), the respective 10-year coefficient was 0.26 (0.32), and that in the 28-year follow-up was 0.18 (0.20). The stability of PA decreased rapidly from 1973 to 1983 and more slowly thereafter. Changes along the follow-up reflect a polarization of the distributions of PA within the sample. Age and an initially low level of activity were the strongest predictors of inactivity. The stability coefficient of smoking and alcohol consumption was twice as high as that of PA. Stimulant use was a greater factor in the individual's lifestyle than PA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Psychological impact of sports activity in spinal cord injury patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether sports activity is associated with better psychological profiles in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to evaluate the effect of demographic factors on psychological benefits. METHODS: The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form X2 (STAI-X2), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for extraversion (EPQ-R (E)) and the questionnaire for depression (QD) were administered in a cross-sectional study of 137 males with spinal cord injury including 52 tetraplegics and 85 paraplegics. The subjects were divided into two groups according to sports activity participation (high frequency vs no sports participation). Moreover, multiple regression analysis was adopted to investigate the influence of demographic variables, such as age, educational level, occupational status and marital status, on psychological variables. RESULTS: Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the groups for anxiety (STAI-X2), extraversion (EPQ-R (E)) and depression (QD). In particular, SCI patients who did not practice sports showed higher anxiety and depression scores and lower extraversion scores than sports participants. In addition, with respect to the paraplegics, the tetraplegic group showed the lowest depression scores. Following multiple regression analysis, only the sports activity factor remained as an independent factor of anxiety scores. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that sports activity is associated with better psychological status in SCI patients, irrespective of tetraplegia and paraplegia, and that psychological benefits are not emphasized by demographic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Interactions between maternal smoking and other prenatal risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

In numerous investigations, maternal smoking increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In the present study we investigated whether prenatal risk factors for SIDS modify the effect of maternal smoking on SIDS mortality. We analysed data from a population-based cohort study (222 cases, 260,604 infants at risk) within the Westphalian Perinatal Inquiry in Germany between 1990 and 1994. In the stratified analysis, smoking was classified into non-smoking, moderate (1-10 cigarettes/d) and heavy smoking (> 10 cigarettes/d). Multiplicative interactions between smoking and other prenatal risk factors were assessed in a logistic regression model. The relative risk (RR) for maternal smoking was 2.4 (95% confidence interval 1.7-5.4) for moderate and 7.2 (5.3, 9.7) for heavy smokers. Previous established risk factors for SIDS, such as preterm birth, low birthweight, and number of prenatal visits did not increase the risk of SIDS among non-smokers, but became important risk factors among smokers. In preterm infants (< 37 weeks) of heavy smokers, the RR was 19.6 (10.4, 36.8) compared to term infants of non-smokers. Low birthweight infants (< 2500 g) of heavy smokers had a RR of 16.3 (8.4, 31.2) compared to normal weighted infants of non-smokers. Adjustment for occupational status did not change the crude estimates. The RR of < 6 prenatal visits in the heavy smoking subgroup was 14.8 (7.2, 29.6) compared to > 9 prenatal visits in the non-smoking strata. Heavy smoking potentiates other prenatal risk factors for SIDS suggesting an increased susceptibility towards the adverse effects of tobacco smoke in utero. In infants born to non-smoking mothers, prenatal risk factors are absent and postnatal factors may be of major importance.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2005

Child health services in transition: I. Theories, methods and launching.

AIM: To describe an evidence-based model for preventive child health care and present some findings from baseline measurements. METHODS: The model includes: parent education; methods for interaction and language training; follow-up of low birthweight children; identification and treatment of postnatal depression, interaction difficulties, motor problems, parenthood stress, and psychosocial problems. After baseline measurements at 18 mo (cohort I), the intervention was tested on children from 0 to 18 mo at 18 child health centres in Uppsala County (cohort II). Eighteen centres in other counties served as controls. Two centres from a privileged area were included in the baseline measurements as a "contrasting" sample. Data are derived from health records and questionnaires to nurses and mothers. RESULTS: Baseline experiment (n = 457) and control mothers (n = 510) were largely comparable in a number of respects. Experiment parents were of higher educational and occupational status, and were more frequently of non-Nordic ethnicity. Mothers in the privileged area (n = 72) differed from other mothers in several respects. Experiment nurses devoted considerably fewer hours per week to child health services and to child patients than did control nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Despite certain differences, experiment and control samples appeared comparable enough to permit, in a second step, conclusions about the effectiveness of the intervention.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed2005

Premature ejaculation: prevalence and associated conditions in a sample of 12,558 men attending the andrology prevention week 2001--a study of the Italian Society of Andrology (SIA).

INTRODUCTION: Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most frequent sexual complaint. AIM: To investigate prevalence of PE and its associated conditions. METHODS: We analyzed information gathered from men attending a free andrologic consultation in 186 Italian medical centers, in the setting of a project focused on andrologic prevention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors for PE. RESULTS: Five hundred sixty-nine men suffered from lifelong PE; 1,855 had previously normal ejaculation; and 234 had PE not specified. Men with PE were younger than those without, but after adjusting for concomitant erectile dysfunction the risk of PE significantly decreased with aging. Men more educated, or who had experienced a divorce had a slightly increased risk. Also, lifestyle and occupational status affected the risk of PE. Concerning medical history, a decreased risk of PE emerged in men with treated diabetes, and no association was found with hypertension, cardiopathy, hypercholesterolemia, and peripheral or central neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the analysis of a large dataset show that subjects with PE who are seeking treatment either have experienced stress-related problems or have a physical condition predisposing to this dysfunction (genital anomalies, prostate inflammation).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Evaluating the impact of a promotional campaign for screening mammography: women's knowledge and sources of awareness.

The Breast X-Ray Programme of the Central Sydney Health Service was advertised by generalised strategies aimed at the total community, including poster and pamphlet distribution, and strategies aimed at general practitioners, supplemented by written invitations and recommendation from the general practitioner, invitations for friends, and invitations from the service using the electoral listing. In order to evaluate the reach or impact of the promotional campaign in the Drummoyne local government area, telephone interviews were conducted with women aged 45 to 70 randomly selected from the community. Women's knowledge about breast cancer, screening and the Breast X-Ray Programme, plus sociodemographic characteristics, were obtained before screening (n = 628), 10 months (n = 93) and 2 years after screening started (n = 206). While knowledge about risk did not change, significant increases were found in the proportion of women who had heard of mammography, screening mammography specifically and the screening van. In addition there were significant increases in the proportion of women exposed to information about screening mammograms. The campaign generally had an equal effect on different sociodemographic but managed to achieve greater effects in women of non-English-speaking backgrounds and lower occupational status. A random sample of program attenders aged 45 to 70 (n = 763) were asked how they found out about the van. 'Seeing the van' was the most consistently reported source of awareness. Others included 'GPs' 'newspapers', 'other print media' and 'personal networks'. Women with additional qualifications since leaving school were more likely to state 'newspaper' and 'other print media' as a source.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Outcome of cataract surgery. IV. Socio-economic aspects.

This outcome assessment study is based on data collected prospectively in a group of 123 consecutive cataract patients. Cataract surgery to vast majority of patients means prevention of blindness, better vision, better visual functioning and better quality of life. Due to cataract surgery the occupational status is maintained in many patients, and a majority of the retired patients are able to continue a normal life in their own homes. Thus the economic benefit to the community are savings of disablement pensions and of geriatric nursing home accommodation. In this study we found that these savings by far exceeded the costs of cataract surgery. Capacity for cataract surgery ought to be sufficient everywhere.

Aged↗