Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Names”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Putative anxiety-linked effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME in three murine exploratory behavior models.

The aim of the current study was to extend investigation into possible linkage between nitric oxide (NO) and anxiety-linked behavior using a battery of tests. Effects of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) were investigated in three murine models of anxiety-the light-dark, hole-board and elevated plus-maze-in between-groups designs. Treatment groups included L-NAME (0 [vehicle, or Veh], 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) and 50 mg/kg of the inactive isomer N(G)-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester (D-NAME) injected subcutaneously. Mice exhibited a robust anxiogenic-like response profile reflected by dose-related decreases in both light-dark (transitions and time in lighted area) and hole-board (head dips and time spent head dipping) test measures, reaching statistical significance at 25 and 50 mg/kg L-NAME when compared to Veh controls (P<.05 or.01; Dunnett's t test), while distance traveled and rearing showed no significant differential pattern in either model. In both models, there was a strong dissociation between nonspecific locomotion and putative exploratory behaviors. D-NAME was not significantly different from Veh condition in either model, indicating a stereospecific action and supporting NO involvement. A dose-related decrease was also observed for several traditional and ethological measures in the plus-maze; however, the effect was limited and relatively weak or absent; with the exception of open-arm and percent open-arm entries, putative anxiety-sensitive measures reached statistical significance only at the highest dose. Reductions in motor activity compromised ability to dissociate an anxiety linkage from a nonspecific motor effect in most measures. It is concluded that the hole-board and light-dark tests provide indication of anxiogenic-like action of NOS inhibition, suggesting that NO has an anxiolytic action. Data from the plus-maze are unclear, owing to a confounding motor influence in most measures.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The word frequency effect in picture naming: contrasting two hypotheses using homonym pictures.

Models of speech production disagree on whether or not homonyms have a shared word-form representation. To investigate this issue, a picture-naming experiment was carried out using Dutch homonyms of which both meanings could be presented as a picture. Naming latencies for the low-frequency meanings of homonyms were slower than for those of the high-frequency meanings. However, no frequency effect was found for control words, which matched the frequency of the homonyms' meanings. Subsequent control experiments indicated that the difference in naming latencies for the homonyms could be attributed to processes earlier than word-form retrieval. Specifically, it appears that low name agreement slowed down the naming of the low-frequency homonym pictures.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Case reports of the reemergence of psychotic symptoms after conversion from brand-name clozapine to a generic formulation.

BACKGROUND: The use of generic drugs has resulted in considerable cost savings; however, whether all generics are truly bioequivalent to their brand-name counterparts is questionable. Although the efficacy of clozapine in the management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia has been well established, reports of relapse after conversion to a generic formulation are becoming more common. OBJECTIVE: This article presents 7 case studies of patients in a long-term residential care facility who experienced a relapse of psychotic symptoms when the pharmacy inadvertently switched their therapy from brand-name clozapine to a generic formulation. Neither patients, physicians, nor staff of the facility were aware of this switch. Possible reasons for the apparent increased risk of relapse in some patients switched to the generic formulation of clozapine are explored, with reference to US Food and Drug Administration bioequivalence standards and reports. RESULTS: All 7 patients, whose condition had been well stabilized with brand-name clozapine, experienced a rapid and profound deterioration after the switch to the generic formulation. Five patients required hospitalization. All patients responded well when brand-name clozapine was reinstated. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that brand-name clozapine and the generic formulation may display important clinical differences, and a comparable therapeutic response may not be achievable despite adequate monitoring. Large, controlled, prospective trials are needed to clarify the potential for treatment failure with the use of generic clozapine.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors 7-NI, L-NAME, and L-NOARG in staircase test.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on the behavior of mice in the staircase test. METHODS: NOS inhibitors 7-NI (20-120 mg/kg), L-NOARG (20 and 40 mg/kg), and L-NAME (20 and 40 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min prior to the staircase test. Staircase test consisted of placing a mouse in an enclosed staircase with five steps and recording the number of rearings made and the number of steps climbed during a 3-min period. RESULTS: 7-NI and L-NOARG did not have a significant effect on the behavior of mice in the staircase test. L-NAME caused a decrease in the number of rearings without changes in the number of steps taken. CONCLUSIONS: NOS inhibitor L-NAME but not 7-NI or L-NAME induced an anxiolytic effect in the staircase test.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lexical and semantic factors influencing picture naming in aphasia.

Picture naming requires early visual analysis, accessing stored structural knowledge, semantic activation, and lexical retrieval. We tested the effect of perceptual, lexical, and semantic variables on the performance of aphasics in picture naming and assessed prevalence of natural categories vs artifact dissociations. Forty-nine aphasics were asked to name 60 pictures, from three natural (animals, fruits, and vegetables) and three artificial categories (tools, furniture, and vehicles). For each item visual (drawing complexity, image agreement), semantic (prototypicality, concept familiarity) and lexical variables (word frequency, name agreement) were available. The effect of these variables showed individual differences; altogether, visual complexity had little influence, whereas lexical and semantic variables were more influential. Name agreement was most important, followed by word frequency. On a multiple single case analysis 10 patients (20%) showed a natural/artificial category dissociation. Five of the six subjects faring better with artifacts were males, and all of four patients faring better with natural categories were females. Interpretations of this finding are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Time course of cytochromes P450 decline during rat hepatocyte isolation and culture: effect of L-NAME.

The present work describes an isozyme-related effect of collagenase perfusion on hepatocyte microsomal cytochrome (CYP)-dependent monooxygenase activities: CYP 1A1/2-, 2B1/2-, 3A1/2- and 2E1-dependent activities in microsomes from rat hepatocytes after isolation were about 60% of that of liver microsomes, and CYP 4A1-dependent activity was equivalent to liver microsomes. In contrast, the microsomal protein content of the various CYP isoforms was not affected by hepatocyte isolation. This is in accordance with the hypothesis of CYP inactivation during the process of hepatocyte isolation by collagenase digestion. L-NAME (1 mM) was found unable to protect from the decline of CYP-dependent monooxygenase activities following hepatocyte isolation. It is possible that the decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity observed in the presence of L-NAME, namely depression of defense against peroxynitrite, could counteract the beneficial effect of L-NAME on nitric oxide synthesis inhibition. The present work also shows that L-NAME could not avoid the progressive, isoform-specific, most probably turnover-related, decline of CYP proteins and related monooxygenase activities in cultured hepatocytes. Dysregulations in the mechanisms of CYP expression in rat hepatocyte cultures, presently unknown but nitric oxide independent, thus appear to occur in cultured rat hepatocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effect of acute N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) hypertension on glucose tolerance, insulin levels, and [3H]-deoxyglucose muscle uptake.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that acute, widespread N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced vasoconstriction and hypertension may affect glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in normal rats. Comparisons were made of blood pressure, intravenous glucose tolerance, and insulin response and [3H]-deoxyglucose tissue uptake between L-NAME and control treated rats. Chronically instrumented, awake rats were administered L-NAME (30 mg/kg) (n = 8) or saline (0.3 mL) (n = 8) intravenously. After blood pressure stabilized, a bolus injection containing glucose (300 mg/kg) and trace [3H]-deoxyglucose was administered. Arterial blood was sampled for evaluation of glucose tolerance, insulin response, and [3H]-deoxyglucose muscle uptake. L-NAME treated rats had a persistent 54 +/- 4 mm Hg blood pressure rise while fasting, and postload plasma glucose and insulin responses did not differ, nor did heart and striated muscle [3H]-deoxyglucose uptake differ. In conclusion, acute L-NAME induced hypertension does not result in glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, or decreased [3H]-deoxyglucose muscle uptake.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Residual naming after damage to the left temporal pole: a PET activation study.

Normal subjects activate the left temporal polar cortex when they name persons, and subjects with damage to the left temporal pole due to left anterior temporal lobectomy are impaired in the retrieval of the proper names of persons. Eight such subjects were studied in a PET activation experiment to address the neural systems supporting their residual naming. We hypothesized that there would be increased activity, relative to normal controls, in the surround of the damaged region, the homologous right temporal pole, or both. Neither the group nor individual target subjects showed significantly increased activity in the lesion surround or in the right temporal pole. Several other regions that are activated by normals during the retrieval of the proper names of persons and which were undamaged in the target subjects (left anterior superior temporal sulcus, mesial frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate) were nevertheless significantly less activated by the target subjects, a finding that suggests that damage to the left temporal pole alters the function of a large-scale system needed for the retrieval of proper nouns. There was increased activity in early visual cortices, suggesting intensification of visual processing to compensate for the defective preferred name retrieval processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Preoperative assessment of confrontation naming ability and interictal paraphasia production in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy.

The present study examined the diagnostic utility of confrontation naming tasks and phonemic paraphasia production in lateralizing the epileptogenic region in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Further, the role of intelligence in moderating the diagnostic utility of confrontation naming tasks was assessed. Eighty patients with medically intractable complex partial seizures (40 left TLE, 40 right TLE) received the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and the Visual Naming subtest (VNT) of the Multilingual Aphasia Examination. The BNT was diagnostically more sensitive than the VNT in identifying left TLE (77.5% vs 17.5%, respectively). The utility of BNT performance and paraphasias was maximal in patients with Full Scale IQs >or=90 who were 6.8 times more likely to have left TLE than patients without paraphasias. Preoperative assessment of confrontation naming ability and phonemic paraphasia production using the BNT provided diagnostically useful information in lateralizing the epileptogenic region in left TLE.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Object name learning and object perception: a deficit in late talkers.

Two experiments examined the relation between early object name learning and the ability to represent objects by their abstract shapes. In Experiment 1, two-year-old children with productive vocabularies in the bottom 20th percentile--'late talkers'--were compared with (1) same-age children with larger vocabularies, and (2) younger children matched for productive vocabulary, on their ability to recognize named common objects. Object categories were represented two ways: by lifelike, perceptually rich toys, and by grey caricatures of those objects' abstract shapes. All 3 groups recognized lifelike objects equally well. Both typically-developing control groups were better than late talkers at recognizing shape caricatures of objects whose names they knew. In Experiment 2, late talkers and age-matched controls identified named objects represented by lifelike toys and by duplicates of those toys covered in grey textured paint. Age-matched controls knew more of the object names overall, but both they and the late talkers performed equally well on both kinds of test objects. Thus, late talkers had some difficulty in Experiment 1 recognizing objects from abstract shape cues, but no difficulty in Experiment 2 when the shape cues were realistic. The findings imply a relation between the growth of productive vocabulary and the emergence of the ability to represent object categories by abstract shape.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME does not increase lactate production at rest or during short-term high-intensity exercise in Thoroughbred horses.

The present study was carried out to determine whether inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase promotes anaerobic metabolism in exercising horses, resulting in a significantly increased blood lactate concentration. N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a potent inhibitor of NO synthase that has been tested in horses and other species. Two sets of experiments, namely placebo (saline control) and L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.v.) studies, were carried out on seven healthy, sound, exercise-trained, Thoroughbred horses in random order, 6 to 7 days apart. In both experiments, an incremental exercise protocol was used and data were obtained at rest, during submaximal exercise performed at 8 m/s on a 4.5% uphill grade, and during galloping at 14 m/s on a 4.5% uphill grade--a workload that not only elicited maximal heart rate and induced exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage, but also could not be sustained for more than 90 s. Measurements were also made in the recovery period. Mixed-venous blood samples, obtained at matched intervals in the two sets of experiments, were analysed in triplicate for determining the lactate concentration. Following administration of L-NAME, significant bradycardia occurred at rest (27 +/- 1 vs 37 +/- 2 beats/min in the placebo trials; p<0.0001) as well as during submaximal exercise (183 +/- 4 vs 200 +/- 4 beats/min in the placebo trials; p<0.001), but the heart rate increased during galloping at 14 m/s on a 4.5% uphill grade to reach values observed in the placebo trials (215 +/- 2 beats/min) and significant differences were not found. At rest, the mixed-venous blood lactate concentration was similar in the two experiments. With exercise, the mixed-venous blood lactate concentration increased progressively as work intensity increased in both trials, but significant differences were not found between the placebo and the L-NAME experiments during submaximal exercise, near-maximal exercise or recovery. These experiments demonstrated that inhibition of NO synthase in Thoroughbred horses does not promote enhanced anaerobic metabolism at rest or during short-term incremental exercise leading to galloping at maximal heart rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effects of grammatical gender on picture and word naming: evidence from German.

The present study investigated the effects of prior grammatical gender information (masculine, feminine, and neuter) provided by a minimal sentence context on both picture- and word-naming latencies. Named targets were nouns or pictures of concepts featuring unambiguous grammatical gender. Simple sentence fragments were presented auditorily prior to each picture or word target; the relation between these sentence primes and the word or picture target was either gender-congruent, gender-incongruent, or gender-neutral. Relative to the gender-neutral baseline, reliable facilitation and inhibition effects were both observed in the picture-naming task. By contrast, only inhibition effects were observed in the word-naming task. The results suggest that the processes of picture and word naming differ qualitatively when gender information is precued. The findings are discussed with respect to the distinction between postlexical and intralexical loci of the effects of gender context on word recognition and production.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The effect of grammatical gender and semantic context on lexical access in Italian using a timed word-naming paradigm.

The effects of sentence context and grammatical gender on lexical access were investigated in Italian using a timed word-naming paradigm. Large main effects of both sentence context and the gender of the article were observed; the interaction between gender and semantics was significant over subjects. Strong facilitation by both gender and semantics was observed, relative to a neutral-control baseline condition. Results are compared with (1) a prior study with the same design, using a picture-naming paradigm, except that objects described by written words were replaced by pictures (Bentrovato, Devescovi, D'Amico, & Bates, 1999); (2) a separate norming study of timed word reading in a list format, using the same stimuli (D'Amico, Devescovi, & Bates, 2001); and (3) a prior study of German comparing word and picture naming in short, semantically neutral phrases (Jacobsen, 1999). Differences in methodology and in findings between the Italian word naming and the German word naming are compared and discussed. Findings of the present study are interpreted in support of interactive-activation models in which different sources of information are combined on-line to predict, anticipate, or preactivate lexical targets.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

L-NAME-induced dispersion of melanosomes in melanophores activates PKC, MEK and ERK1.

Melanosome movement represents a good model of cytoskeleton-mediated transport of organelles in eukaryotic cells. We recently observed that inhibiting nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced dispersion in melanophores pre-aggregated with melatonin. Activation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) or calcium-dependent protein kinase (PKC) is known to cause dispersion. Also, PKC and NO have been shown to regulate the mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)-ERK pathway. Accordingly, our objective was to further characterize the signaling pathway of L-NAME-induced dispersion. We found that the dispersion was decreased by staurosporine and PD98059, which respectively inhibit PKC and MEK, but not by the PKA inhibitor H89. Furthermore, Western blotting revealed that ERK1 kinase was phosphorylated in L-NAME-dispersed melanophores. L-NAME also caused dispersion in latrunculin-B-treated cells, suggesting that this effect is not due to inhibition of the melatonin signaling pathway. Summarizing, we observed that PKC and MEK inhibitors decreased the L-NAME-induced dispersion, which caused phosphorylation of ERK1. Our results also suggest that NO is a negative regulator of phosphorylations that leads to organelle transport.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Naming multisyllabic words.

The process of reading multisyllabic words aloud from print was examined in 4 experiments. Experiment 1 used multisyllabic words that vary in terms of the consistency of component spelling-sound correspondences. The stimuli were regular, regular inconsistent, and exception words analogous to the monosyllabic items used in previous studies. Both regular inconsistent and exception words produced longer naming latencies than regular words. In Experiment 2 these differences between word types were found to be limited to lower frequency items. Experiment 3 showed that effects of number of syllables on naming latency are also limited to lower frequency words when the stimulus display forced subjects to use syllabic units. Thus, frequency modulates the effects of two aspects of lexical structure-consistency of spelling-sound correspondences and number of syllables. The results suggest that the naming of multisyllabic words draws on some of the same knowledge representations and processes as monosyllabic words; however, naming does not require syllabic decomposition. The results are discussed in the context of current models of naming.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Persistent repetition priming in picture naming and its dissociation from recognition memory.

The current experiments investigated the longevity of repetition priming and dissociations between different memory measures. Picture-naming latencies revealed robust repetition priming in four separate studies: Previously named pictures were named faster than new pictures. The magnitude of this naming facilitation was stable across 1 to 6 weeks. The apparent temporal invulnerability of repetition priming was in marked contrast to the decline in episodic recognition memory across 6 weeks, suggesting a dissociation between implicit and explicit memory. Additional evidence of this dissociation was observed within each session: Naming facilitation for repeated pictures occurred regardless of whether those particular pictures were consciously recognized.

Form Perception↗
PubMed1997

Perceptual priming of proper names in young and older normal adults and a patient with prosopanomia.

The purpose of this study was to determine if normal participants and a patient with prosopanomia can be perceptually primed for proper names. To this end, 2 experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, normative data were collected on 4 proper-name priming tasks. The variables of levels of processing at encoding and age were manipulated. Robust priming results were obtained that were not influenced by either of these variables. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that prosopanomic patient N.G. demonstrated normal repetition priming, despite her marked impairment in deliberate retrieval of person and city names. These results are interpreted in terms of a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory for proper names and suggest that the deficit in prosopanomia only involves deliberate access to the name; access to presemantic representations of the visual word form remains intact.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Object naming and semantic knowledge in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Object-naming impairment is common among temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, but other aspects of semantic memory have received limited attention in this population. This study examined object-naming ability and depth of semantic knowledge in healthy controls (n = 29) and patients with early onset TLE (n = 21). After administration of the Boston Naming Test (BNT), the authors asked participants to provide detailed definitions of 6 BNT objects. The TLE group demonstrated a significant deficit relative to controls in both object-naming ability and semantic knowledge for the target objects, even after controlling for IQ. In a multiple regression analysis that included other neuropsychological test scores as independent variables, the semantic knowledge score was the only significant predictor of patients' object-naming performance. Thus, at the group level, early onset TLE patients have a semantic knowledge deficit that contributes to dysnomia.

Adolescent↗