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PubMed2004

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in American Indians.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) trends among American Indians (AI) using population-based data. STUDY DESIGN: GTN incidence, by race and age, was calculated using data collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry over 29 years (1973-2001). Live birth, pregnancy and women at risk were tabulated using data derived from the state's vital record annual reports and from the registry. Statistical methods included trends analysis and Poisson regression. There is no national registry in the United States for all GTN. Therefore, the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify choriocarcinoma cases in American Indians between 1973 and 1999. RESULTS: Within New Mexico, 1,082 cases of GTN were identified among 752,374 live births and 904,831 pregnancies, with ratios of 1:695 and 1:836, respectively, affecting 234 AI, 355 non-Hispanic whites (NHW), 463 Hispanic whites (HW) and 30 other nonwhites. Ratios per live births (pregnancy), respectively, were significantly higher in AI (AI 1:439 [1:487], NHW 1:739 [1:949], HW 1:783 [1:903]), as was age-adjusted incidence per 100,000 woman-years (AI 10.62, NHW 3.53, HW 5.15; all P<.0001). Using Poisson models with live birth and woman-year denominators, AI were found to be at increased risk for all GTN histologic subsets (complete, partial and invasive hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma). Of 524 total gestational choriocarcinoma cases identified within SEER, 8 (1.8%) affected American Indians; of them, 7 were from New Mexico. CONCLUSION: In New Mexico, AI continue to be at higher risk of GTN than are other groups. Given the rarity of choriocarcinoma within SEER, especially among AI, the New Mexico dataset provides the best available estimate of trends in U.S. AI GTN risk.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

Different genes underlie adaptive melanism in different populations of rock pocket mice.

Identifying the genes responsible for adaptation has been an elusive goal in evolutionary biology. Rock pocket mice (Chaetodipus intermedius) provide a useful system for studying the genetics of adaptation: most C. intermedius are light-coloured and live on light-coloured rocks, but in several different geographical regions, C. intermedius are melanic and live on dark-coloured basalt lava, presumably as an adaptation for crypsis. Previous work demonstrated that mutations at the melanocortin-1 receptor gene (Mc1r) are responsible for the dark/light difference in mice from one population in Arizona. Here, we investigate whether melanism has evolved independently in populations of dark C. intermedius from New Mexico, and whether the same or different genes underlie the dark phenotype in mice from these populations compared with the dark mice from Arizona. Seventy-six mice were collected from pairs of dark and light localities representing four different lava flows and adjacent light-coloured rocks; lava flows were separated by 70-750 km. Spectrophotometric analysis of mouse pelage and of rock samples revealed a strong positive association between coat colour and substrate colour. No significant differences were observed in the colour of rocks among the four lava flows, suggesting that mice in these separate populations have experienced similar selection for crypsis. Despite this similarity in environment, melanic mice from the three New Mexico populations were slightly, but significantly, darker than melanic mice from Arizona. The entire Mc1r gene was sequenced in all mice. The previously identified mutations responsible for the light/dark difference in mice from Arizona were absent in all melanic mice from three different populations in New Mexico. Five new Mc1r polymorphisms were observed among mice from New Mexico, but none showed any association with coat colour. These results indicate that adaptive melanism has arisen at least twice in C. intermedius and that these similar phenotypic changes have a different genetic basis.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1988

The craniofacial team and the Navajo patient.

The craniofacial team at the University of New Mexico Medical Center in Albuquerque, New Mexico has treated a large population of Navajo Indians. Team awareness of the Navajo concept of health as man in balance with his environment has resulted in more expedient treatment of the Navajo children. An understanding of Navajo concerns with ghosts, skinwalkers, and rules for orderly living has allowed team members to integrate the family and the Navajo medicine man in caring for the children with craniofacial disease. Special concerns for informed surgical consent and genetic counseling of the Navajo are reviewed. Respect for the traditional Navajo healing ceremonies and special handling of disposed body parts in surgery are required of the health professionals caring for these people.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Rheumatic fever-associated B cell alloantigens as identified by monoclonal antibodies.

Mice immunized with B lymphocytes obtained from patients who had had well-documented rheumatic fever in the past yielded 2 monoclonal antibodies, termed 83S19.23 and 256S10, which identified certain alloantigens present on the B cells of these patients. The frequency of the B cell marker detected by clone 83S19.23 in rheumatic fever patients was found to be 59%, 77%, and 74% in India, New Mexico, and New York, respectively. Monoclonal antibody 256S10 identified 75% of those rheumatic fever patients who were nonreactive to clone 83S19.23. Thus, the 2 antibodies identify approximately 92% of all rheumatic fever patients and suggest the presence of a diallelic genetic marker for susceptibility to rheumatic fever.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2001

Total body water reference values and prediction equations for adults.

BACKGROUND: The clinical interpretation of total body water (TBW) necessitates the availability of timely comparative reference data. The prediction of TBW volume in renal disease is critical in order to prescribe and monitor the dose of dialysis in the determination of Kt/V. In clinical practice, urea distribution (V) is commonly predicted from anthropometric equations that are several decades old and for white patients only. This article presents new reference values and prediction equations for TBW from anthropometry for white and black adults. METHODS: The study sample included four data sets, two from Ohio and one each from New Mexico and New York, for a total of 604 white men, 128 black men, 772 white women, and 191 black women who were 18 to 90 years of age. The TBW concentration was measured by the deuterium or tritium oxide dilution method, and body composition was measured with a Lunar DXA machine. An all-possible-subsets of regression was used to predict TBW. The accuracy of the selected equations was confirmed by cross-validation. RESULTS: Blacks had larger TBW means than whites at all age groups. The 75th TBW percentile for whites approximated the TBW median for blacks at most ages. The white men and black men and women had the largest TBW means ever reported for healthy individuals. The race- and sex-specific TBW prediction equations included age, weight, and stature, with body mass index (BMI) substituted for weight in the white men. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) and standard errors for the individual (SEIs) ranged from approximately 3.8 to 5.0 L for the men and from 3.3 to 3.6 L for the women. In both men and women, high values of TBW were associated with high levels of total body fat (TBF) and fat-free mass (FFM). CONCLUSION: : TBW in these healthy adults is relatively stable through a large portion of adulthood. There are significant race and sex differences in TBW. These accurate and precise equations for TBW provide a useful tool for the clinical prediction of TBW in renal disease for white and black adults. These are the first TBW prediction equations that are specific for blacks.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Postmortem lipid levels for the analysis of risk factors of sudden death: usefulness of the Ektachem and Monarch analyzers.

Elevated serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels have been identified as risk factors for sudden death from cardiovascular disease and increased risk for myocardial ischemia or arrhythmias; therefore, correlation of antemortem and postmortem lipid levels may be useful in establishing the cause, pathophysiology, or familial risk factors of sudden death. In the present study, antemortem (within 72 h) and postmortem (within 24 h) cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and albumin levels were analyzed in seven autopsied hospitalized patients from the University of New Mexico Hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The cholesterol, triglyceride, and albumin levels were measured by dry-slide technology on an Ektachem 700 analyzer, and the free fatty acid levels were measured on a Monarch analyzer with a commercially available kit from Wako Chemical. Postmortem cholesterol levels averaged 13% lower than antemortem levels, postmortem triglyceride levels averaged 38% higher than antemortem levels, postmortem free fatty acid levels averaged 23% lower than antemortem levels, and postmortem albumin levels were essentially unchanged (<0.01% higher) from antemortem levels. Whether the antemortem and postmortem differences in lipid levels were the result of postmortem degradation products, a general phenomenon (such as variable enzyme degradation), or an idiosyncracy of the Ektachem or Monarch systems could not be definitely established. These preliminary results suggest that caution should be exercised when interpreting postmortem cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels analyzed on the Ektachem or Monarch systems.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

State spending for Medicare and Medicaid home care programs.

Congressional attempts to curtail spending growth in Medicare home health may affect Medicaid, given the number of Medicare enrollees who qualify for Medicaid-covered home care services. This DataWatch examines interactions between the Medicare and Medicaid home care programs using state-level expenditure data for 1995 and through case studies in five states: Connecticut, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Mexico, and New York.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2002

Spina bifida and anencephaly prevalence--United States, 1991-2001.

Spina bifida and anencephaly are serious birth defects. To reduce the occurrence of these birth defects, the Food and Drug Administration authorized the fortification of all enriched cereal grain products with folic acid in March 1996, with compliance mandatory by January 1998. This report reviews data reported to CDC's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) regarding spina bifida and anencephaly prevalence for live births in the United States during 1991-2001. Since 1989, NCHS has compiled birth defect data from checkboxes that appear on birth certificates. For consistency in trends, this report uses data for 1991-2001 from all U.S. reporting areas except Maryland, New Mexico, and New York. Data for 2001 are preliminary. During 1996-2001, a 23% decline occurred in neural tube defects (spina bifida and anencephaly combined). Spina bifida declined 24% during this period, and anencephaly declined 21%. The United States has experienced declines in spina bifida and anencephaly cases since folic acid fortification of all enriched cereal grain products. The observed declines have translated into approximately 920 infants being born without these serious defects each year. Continued monitoring of the occurrence of spina bifida and anencephaly will be necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of folic acid fortification.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed1996

Characteristics of foreign-born Hispanic patients with tuberculosis--eight U.S. counties bordering Mexico, 1995.

During 1986-1995, the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases among foreign-born persons in the United States increased 61%, from 4925 cases (22% of the national total) to 7930 cases (35% of the national total). This increase probably reflected, in part, the immigration of persons from regions of the world that have a high incidence of TB. In 1995, 22% of all foreign-born persons with TB (8% of the national total) were born in Mexico; of these, 81% were reported by the four U.S. states bordering Mexico--Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. In 1995, local health departments in these states conducted an epidemiologic study to characterize patterns of immigration and migration among foreign-born Hispanic patients with TB and their behaviors in seeking health care. This report summarizes the findings of the analysis, which indicate that collaborative efforts for controlling TB should include and extend beyond border areas and that drug-susceptibility testing should be conducted for all TB isolates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of misattribution in assigning cause of death on prostate cancer mortality rates.

PURPOSE: Estimate the magnitude of misattribution in death certification and to determine whether misattribution could explain temporal trends in New Mexico prostate cancer mortality. METHODS: Investigators retrospectively reviewed medical records to classify cause of death for men with prostate cancer who died in New Mexico in either 1985 or 1995. The investigator-assigned cause of death, either prostate cancer or another cause, was compared with the New Mexico Bureau of Vital Statistics' (BVS) assignment. Net misattribution was the difference between BVS and investigators in the number of deaths attributed to prostate cancer relative to the number attributed by investigators. RESULTS: Concordance for death certification between BVS and investigators was higher in 1995 (95.8%) than 1985 (85.1%), p <0.01, but net misattribution was higher in 1995 (16.8% vs. 1.9%). During this time, the crude prostate cancer mortality rate in New Mexico increased 33.5%, from 18.5 to 24.7 per 100,000. However, after adjusting for misattribution, mortality increased only 15.9%, from 18.2 to 21.1 per 100,000. CONCLUSIONS: Net misattribution in death certification was higher in 1995 than 1985. The adjusted increase in crude mortality rates was substantially less than the observed increase, suggesting that misattribution explained about half of the observed increase.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1987

End-stage renal disease among the Zuni Indians: 1973-1983.

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the Zuni Indians with end-stage renal disease from July 1973 through December 1983. Thirty-eight cases of end-stage renal disease were compiled. We report a prevalence of 2902/10(6) for 1983 and an average annual incidence over the study period of 722/10(6)/y. This prevalence is 10.9 times the rate for all whites of Arizona and New Mexico and 3.6 times the rate for all Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. The Zuni incidence is 8.6 times the incidence for Arizona and New Mexico. The most frequent causes were chronic glomerulonephritis (40%) and diabetic nephropathy (24%). In 21% of the cases no cause could be assigned. The cause for these high rates of end-stage renal disease is unknown. Hypotheses with preliminary clinical findings are presented. Further comprehensive study is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Responses of Sorghum and Pennisetum Species to the N(2)-Fixing Bacterium Azospirillum brasilense.

Three field inoculation experiments, two in Florida and one in New Mexico, were conducted with Azospirillum brasilense Cd. Each of the Florida experiments evaluated two crop species. One species in each of the Florida experiments responded to inoculation with a significant dry matter yield increases of 11 to 24% and nitrogen yield increases of 9 to 39%. No inoculation response was noted in the New Mexico experiment. The responding species were Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (sorghum) and the interspecific hybrid between Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. (pearl millet) and P. purpureum Schumach. (napiergrass). Nonresponding species were pearl millet (Florida) and Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Staph. (New Mexico). Acetylene reduction activity of inoculated plots in Florida was low, showing no increase over the natural uninoculated background rates and, in one case, was negatively correlated with yield. Acetylene reduction activity was not measured in New Mexico. In Florida, A. brasilense populations were found to decline from 5 x 10 to 5 x 10 bacteria g of soil in about 3 weeks (quadratic regressions). Continued decline to less than 10 by week 5 indicated that the inoculated bacteria did not become established in the soil in high numbers. The A. brasilense population declined at about the same rate in the New Mexico experiment. The erractic inoculation responses in these experiments are similar to those observed in earlier work at the University of Florida. The lack of acetylene reduction activity response to inoculation and the rapid population decline of the inoculated bacteria suggest that N(2) fixation is not the major mechanism causing yield responses after inoculation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Genetic variation within and among fragmented populations of lesser prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus).

As a result of recurrent droughts and anthropogenic factors, the range of the lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) has contracted by 92% and the population has been reduced by approximately 97% in the past century, resulting in the smallest population size and most restricted geographical distribution of any North American grouse. We examined genetic variation through DNA sequence analysis of 478 base pairs of the mitochondrial genome and by assaying allelic variation at five microsatellite loci from lesser prairie-chickens collected on 20 leks in western Oklahoma and east-central New Mexico. Traditional population genetic analyses indicate that lesser prairie-chickens maintain high levels of genetic variation at both nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Although some genetic structuring among lesser prairie-chicken leks was detected within Oklahoma and New Mexico for both nuclear and mitochondrial loci, high levels of differentiation were detected between Oklahoma and New Mexico populations. Nested-clade analysis of mitochondrial haplotypes revealed that both historic and contemporary processes have influenced patterns of haplotype distributions and that historic processes have most likely led to the level of differentiation found between the Oklahoma and New Mexico populations.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Prehospital treatment of acute asthma in a rural state.

BACKGROUND: Acute asthma exacerbations can be life threatening and are recognizable to emergency medical service (EMS) personnel; however, the therapies and medications which these emergency service personnel can use to treat exacerbations are limited. Several studies have demonstrated the effective use of beta2-agonist therapy in the treatment of patients complaining of wheezing or dyspnea, yet few EMS personnel can administer them. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine what therapeutic interventions emergency personnel around the state of New Mexico could use when responding to a call for a severe asthma exacerbation. METHODS: Questionnaires were distributed over a period of three years, 1992-1994, to all Emergency Service Agencies in New Mexico. RESULTS: Eighty percent of the emergency medical personnel administer oxygen to patients experiencing acute asthma exacerbations. Seventeen percent of EMS personnel administer epinephrine, 4% administer steroids, and only 23% administer beta2 agonists. Only in more populated areas were EMS personnel allowed to administer beta2 agonists, and those personnel had to have at least intermediate-level training. Most emergency response teams in the state consisted of EMT Basics and provided only basic life support services. In rural New Mexico, transport to a hospital can often take over one hour, which left EMS crews feeling helpless. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that due to the rural nature of New Mexico, EMS personnel should be trained in the use of beta2 agonists and allowed to administer them to patients with acute asthma exacerbations. In addition, standard protocols for the pre-hospital management of acute asthma exacerbations should be instituted.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of morbid obesity on the state economy: an initial evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Obesity's impact on a state's economy has not been fully analyzed. This study compared bariatric surgery demographics at a large university hospital to that of a broader region's population statistics. From this comparison, an economic model was derived that evaluated, for the state of New Mexico, the cost of obesity in terms of lost business output, employment, and income. METHODS: Between September 2003 and September 2005, we analyzed the charts of all of our patients from New Mexico who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass and laparoscopic banding. Input-output analysis estimate margins, the purchase prices for goods and services, and regional purchase coefficients, the percent of spending by local suppliers, were used to model the regional economy. Collected patient data, used in conjunction with IMPLAN model data, were used to estimate, on a regional basis, an industry-by-industry formulation of input-output accounts to calculate multipliers in order to assess the impact of economic costs of the obese on the general economy. RESULTS: Total labor income impacts are nearly 200 million dollars, 1,660 dollars of output income per household and 245 dollars of labor income per household. Obesity cost New Mexico more than 7,300 jobs and cut state and local tax revenues by more than 48 million dollars. CONCLUSION: Obesity's impact of more than 1.3 billion dollars amounts to 2.5% of New Mexico's gross state product. Governmental measures to combat this menace are warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of antibodies to arenaviruses in rodents from the southern and western United States: evidence for an arenavirus associated with the genus Neotoma.

The objectives of this study were to extend our knowledge of the geographic distribution and rodent host range of arenaviruses in North America. Sera from wild rodents collected from the southern and western United States were tested for antibody against Tamiami, Pichinde, Junin, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Antibody to at least one arenavirus was found in 220 (3.1%) of 7,106 rodents tested. The antibody-positive animals included Mus musculus from Florida and Texas; Neotoma albigula from Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico; N. fuscipes and N. lepida from California: N. mexicana from Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah; N. stephensi from Arizona and New Mexico; and Oryzomys palustris and Sigmodon hispidus from Florida. Sigmodon hispidus seropositive for Tamiami virus were found only in Florida (156 [27.0%] of 578 tested), although 463 hispid cotton rats from outside that state were examined. High-titered antibodies to Tamiami virus were present in sera from S. hispidus, (geometric mean antibody titer [GMAT] of 1:792), whereas sera from Neotoma spp. reacted at high titer to both Tamiami (GMAT = 1:905) and Pichinde (GMAT = 1:433) viruses. The results suggest that arenaviruses are widely distributed in the southern United States and that one or more indigenous arenaviruses are associated with Neotoma spp. in North America.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The heart of the matter: care conferences to promote parent-professional collaboration.

Children who are hospitalized frequently or who have lengthy admissions often require a large number of caregivers to meet their complex health care needs. Even the most organized of teams may experience confusion in their attempt to stay abreast of each other's care of the child. This can be particularly confusing to parents who are trying to cope with the stress of hospitalization, learning to navigate new financial and social service systems, attempting to remember the names and faces of the numerous specialists and their specific recommendations, and caring for their child. The University of New Mexico Children's Hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico has developed and used a care conference model that includes families, medical staff, social workers, nutritionists, child life specialists, and specialized therapy provides in the process of integrating developmentally appropriate practices within the scope of necessary medical care.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of cigarette smoking in epidemiological studies of lung cancer.

This paper describes a method for adjusting the analysis of occupational/environmental lung cancer risks for the effects of cigarette smoking in cohort and case-control studies. The method uses a function that relates an individual's death rate to his age and cigarette smoking history. Two such functions are examined. The first depends on total packs of cigarettes smoked and age. The second, based on the multistage theory of carcinogenesis, depends on age, age at start of smoking, and subsequent smoking rates. The lung cancer rates predicted by these two functions are compared to those observed in cohort studies of male British physicians and U.S. veterans, and in a case-control study of non-Hispanic white men in New Mexico. Neither of the cohort data sets distinguished the fit of the two functions. The New Mexico data were fit better by the second function, though both functions overpredicted death rates among ex-smokers. Each function explained substantially more variation in the New Mexico data than did any of several logistic regression models involving categorical variables for age and smoking.

Adult↗