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PubMed1996

Effects of space allocation and temperature on periparturient maternal behaviors, steroid concentrations, and piglet growth rates.

Preparturient sows were randomly assigned to either a farrowing crate (n = 12) or farrowing pen (n = 12) across cool and hot seasons (with or without drip cooling) to study space allocation and temperature effects on periparturient maternal behaviors, steroid concentrations, and piglet growth rates. Concentrations of estradiol-17 beta (E2 beta), progesterone (P4), and cortisol were quantified in blood collected from surgically implanted vena cava cannulas. Sows were videotaped from 2 h before to 2 h after farrowing. Similar periparturient behaviors were displayed by all sows, regardless of farrowing environment. Sows in pens had lower (P < .05) prepartum P4 concentrations from d -6 to the day preceding farrowing and a reduced (P < .05) piglet birth interval compared with sows in crates (12.95 +/- 1.35 min vs 18.31 +/- 2.21 min, respectively). Additionally, compared with multiparous sows in crates, multiparous sows in pens weaned heavier piglets (P < .05). Estradiol-17 beta concentrations were lower (P < .01) throughout lactation during hot weather for sows with or without drip cooling, averaging 9.30 pg/mL and 8.57 pg/mL, respectively, compared with 18.65 pg/mL for sows during cool weather. This decrease in E2 beta concentration in sows during hot weather was correlated with an extended (P < .05) interval from weaning to first estrus for the sows in hot weather compared to sows during cool weather. Cortisol concentrations decreased progressively during lactation and were not associated with litter weight gains or the interval between weaning and first estrus.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Genetic parameters of fertility in two lines of rabbits with different reproductive potential.

A Bayesian analysis with a threshold model was performed for fertility defined as a binary trait (1 = successful mating, 0 = unsuccessful mating) in two populations of rabbits of different reproductive potential and different genetic origin: Line P selected for litter size and Line C selected for growth rate. There were 20,793 records of natural mating (86.2% successful) in Line C between 1983 and 2003, and 17,548 records (80.5% successful) in Line P, between 1992 and 2003. Data related to 5,388 and 3,848 females and 1,021 and 685 males in Lines C and P, respectively. The pedigree included 6,409 and 4,533 individuals in Lines C and P, respectively. The binary response was modeled under a probit approach. The model for the latent variable included male and female additive genetic effects, male and female permanent environmental effects, and the year-season and physiological status of the female (nulliparous, multiparous lactating, or multiparous nonlactating) as systematic effects. Means (standard deviation in parentheses) of the estimated marginal posterior distribution (EMPD) of male heritability were 0.013 (0.006) and 0.010 (0.008) in Lines C and P, respectively, and those of EMPD of female heritability were 0.056 (0.013) and 0.062 (0.018) in Lines C and P, respectively. Means of the EMPD of the proportion of the phenotypic variance due to environmental male and female effects were, respectively, 0.031 (0.007) and 0.128 (0.018) in Line C and 0.053 (0.010) and 0.231 (0.024) in Line P. Means (standard deviations in parentheses) of the EMPD of genetic correlation between male and female fertility were 0.733 (0.197) in Line C and 0.434 (0.381) in Line P. The posterior distribution of genetic correlations presents a huge dispersion, and the estimates should be taken with caution because of the almost negligible estimate of the male genetic component. Results indicate that little genetic variation exists for female fertility, and practically none for male fertility. It would, therefore, be possible to improve reproductive performance by including female fertility in a breeding program, but response to selection would be very small.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Response of postpartum beef cows to exogenous progestogens and gonadotropin releasing hormone.

Plasma progesterone (P4) profile and estrous detection were used during three experiments to evaluate the effects of exogenous progestogens on the life span of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced corpora lutea (CL) in postpartum (pp) beef cows. Experiment 1 utilized primiparous fall-calving cows (n = 28, trial 1); and spring-calving cows (n = 29, trial 2). On d 18 to 27 pp (d 0) all cows received intravaginal devices containing either P4 or no P4 (NP) for 5 d. On d 5 the devices were removed and calves were either removed (CR) or were present (CP) with half of the cows within steroid group. At 50 h after device removal, 500 micrograms of GnRH was given (iv) to all cows, and weaned calves were reunited with their dams. The induced CL had a normal life span (greater than 16 d) in 17 and 86% (trial 1) and 8 and 79% (trial 2) of NP and P4 cows, respectively. Calf removal did not affect (P greater than .10) the life span of the CL. In Exp. 2, spring-calving multiparous cows (d 18 to 24 pp; d 0) received either no P4 (NP; n = 19), P4 for 6 d via intravaginal devices (P4H; n = 19) or a single im injection of 300 mg P4 (P4 IM; n = 18). At 48 h after device removal or at 8 d after the injection of P4, half of the cows within steroid group received either 500 micrograms GnRH or saline. Corpora lutea had a normal life span in 0, 11, and 80% of NP, P4 IM and P4H cows, respectively, that received GnRH and in 22% of P4-saline cows. In Exp. 3, fall-calving multiparous and primiparous cows (d 25 to 31 pp) received either no progestogen (NP; n = 20), P4 via intravaginal devices for 5 d (P4H; n = 21) or melengestrol acetate (MGA; .5 mg.head-1.d-1 for 5 d orally, n = 15). At 48 d after device removal or at 72 h after the last MGA feeding, all cows received 500 micrograms GnRH. Progesterone post-GnRH injection was increased (greater than 1 ng/ml) at d 7 in 64, 100 and 100%, and remained elevated at d 14 in 11, 46 and 100% of NP, MGA and P4H cows, respectively. For all experiments plasma P4 was increased (range 2 to 5 ng/ml) when the devices containing P4 were in place, then decreased (less than 1 ng/ml) by 48 to 50 h after device removal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Modulation of luteal activity in postpartum beef cows through changes in dietary lipid.

Studies were conducted to evaluate the normal changes in lipid metabolism occurring in the suckled Brahman crossbred female during the postpartum period (Exp. 1) and to examine the function of induced corpora lutea (CL) in postpartum cows fed diets with normal (2.8%) lipid or elevated (8%) lipid content (Exp. 2). Multiparous and primiparous females (n = 20), maintained on pasture without energy or protein supplementation, were used in Exp. 1. A linear increase (P less than .001) in plasma lipid metabolites was observed between the 1st and 8th wk after calving, reaching a plateau of 221 +/- 18.3 and 74 +/- 3.4 mg/dl for total cholesterol and triglycerides, respectively. Seventy percent of all postpartum females exhibited luteal activity within 50 d (x = 34.7 d), and 59% of these animals exhibited short luteal phases (less than 12 d). In Exp. 2, primiparous and multiparous females (n = 32) were assigned to receive a control (n = 16) or high-lipid (HL) diet (n = 16; 30% whole cottonseed) between d 1 and d 38 after calving. The HL diet increased (P less than .001) total cholesterol and triglycerides 1.7- and 1.4-fold, respectively, relative to controls, and increased (P less than .05) the spontaneous occurrence of low-level progesterone elevations. Forty-eight-hour calf removal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; .22 mg/kg BW i.v.) were employed between d 21 and 26 after calving to induce ovulations. Mean concentrations of progesterone in the HL group were markedly higher (P less than .01) than in controls between d 5 and 8 of the induced cycle, and average lifespan of induced CL was approximately twice that of controls (P less than .01).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

The effects of maternal age and parity on placental and fetal development in the mare.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The normality of equine placentation is essential for fetal health and development. Substantial information exists on the gross morphological status of the placenta but few studies have addressed the problem of degenerative lesions that interfere with placental morphology and placental efficiency. HYPOTHESIS: Degenerative changes in the endometrium with increasing age and parity are reflected in the morphology and density of the placental microcotyledons. OBJECTIVE: To assess placental efficiency on the basis of foal birthweight as a function of total microscopic area of fetomaternal contact. METHODS: Stereology was used to examine the placentae of 84 Thoroughbred mares grouped on the basis of age and parity. Placental efficiency, assessed by expressing foal birthweight as a function of total microscopic area of fetomaternal contact, was also determined. RESULTS: Mare age and parity influenced the development of the microcotyledons and microcotyledon surface density (Sv) was lowest in aged multiparous mares, presumably due to degenerative changes in their endometrium. However, primiparous mares also showed significantly lower Sv values than young multiparous mares, despite the virginal endometrium of the former group. This apparent 'priming' effect of a first pregnancy on microcotyledonary Sv was illustrated further by 11 maiden mares followed in 2 successive pregnancies. They all showed significant increases in Sv values in their second parity, with equivalent improvements in foal birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Foal birthweight is a reflection of the balance between fetomaternal contact and placental efficiency. Increases in fetomaternal contact are correlated to reductions in placental efficiency, which may reflect the ability of the placenta to modify its exchange capabilities. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Further work is needed to elucidate how such changes in microcotyledon morphology and efficiency are brought about.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

The routine use of oral prostaglandin E2 tablets for induction or augmentation of labour.

The use of oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) tablets is an effective and safe adjunct to low amniotomy for the induction of labour at term. Routine use of this regimen and the use of oral PGE2 tablets for augmentation of spontaneous labour has shown that the method is very effective in multiparous patients, but much less so in primiparous patients. Success or failure could not be predicted by the pre-induction Bishop score. The incidence of gastro-intestinal side effect is dose dependent, but is low in multiparous patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy. A prospective study.

In this prospective study, 56 women (2.3%) of 2,358 (47% nulliparous and 53% multiparous) delivered during a 12-month period at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Malmö General Hospital, had symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. All (33 nulliparous and 23 multiparous women) were examined, at the outpatient's maternity care unit and within 4-5 weeks from the time of debut of symptoms, by a specialist in hand surgery. At that time the most common symptoms were paresthesia and nocturnal pain. Twenty-nine had signs of reduced sensibility and 14 of them had a positive two-point discrimination test. All had generalized edema. Conservative treatment with splinting of the wrist at night made 46 out of 56 symptom-free. Of the remaining 10 women, 3 had to be operated on, whereas 7 received only conservative treatment, as the expected time for parturition was very close. One of them had to be operated on after delivery. In conclusion, carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy is most common in primiparas with generalized edema. Conservative treatment is sufficient for symptom relief in most women (80%) but a few cases need operative intervention to abolish the severe pain and to avoid disturbances of hand function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Indications for cesarean section in singleton pregnancies in two Danish counties with different cesarean section rates.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical indications for delivery by cesarean section (CS) in singleton pregnancies in two Danish counties with different CS rates, and to describe the relation between CS in the two counties and parity, mother's age, type of delivery department, gestational age at birth, and birthweight. DESIGN: A population-based, follow-up study based on antecedent data. SETTING: Two Danish counties, where women deliver in obstetric as well as surgical departments, with a CS rate of 8.3% and 15.2%, respectively. SUBJECTS: All pregnant women in the two counties who delivered in 1989. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of the rates of CS in the two counties carried out for five well-defined clinical indications: Previous cesarean section, breech presentation, dystocia, fetal distress, and other. SECONDARY MEASURES: Neonatal and maternal outcomes. RESULTS: In the county with the higher frequency of CS, all indications for CS were used significantly more often, except from 'fetal distress' in primiparous women. In this county 'breech presentation' was the commonest indication among primiparous women, whereas 'fetal distress' was the most common in the county with the lower CS rate. For multiparous women the highest CS rates in both counties were found among women who had had a previous CS. The major difference between the two counties was the threefold greater risk of CS indicated by 'dystocia' among multiparous women in the county with the higher CS rate. CONCLUSION: The regional differences in CS could not be explained by differences between the two populations or by an increased rate of a single indication, but could be due to differences in obstetric practice or expectations or demands from the pregnant women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Changes in risk factors for unfavorable pregnancy outcome among singletons over twenty years.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the change in the prevalence and relative effect of pre-pregnancy risk factors for low birthweight and/or stillbirth and/or neonatal mortality over a period of twenty years. DESIGN: Two prospectively collected one year birth cohorts. SETTING: The two northernmost administrative districts of Finland. PATIENTS: A birth cohort for 1966 comprising 11905 singleton births and a cohort for 1985-86 containing a further 9247. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors for poor pregnancy outcome. RESULTS: In twenty years the prevalence of low birthweight infants among singletons decreased from 4.2% to 3.1% and that of stillbirths and neonatal deaths from 2.4% to 0.9%. The impact of single marital status decreased and while maternal age < 19 years was not an independent risk factor, the age > or = 35 years related more to poor pregnancy outcome. The proportion of multiparous women was halved but multiparity had a protective influence on pregnancy outcome meanwhile the impact of primiparity decreased markedly. In spite of more effective health education, the prevalence of heavy smokers was 4 times higher in the 1980s as compared with the 1960s, and its impact on adverse outcomes increased, with odds ratio (OR) 1.72 (confidence interval (CI) 1.14-2.61) in 1966 and OR 2.15 (CI 1.61-2.88) in 1985-86. The number of mothers with a previous low birthweight baby was halved but the impact of low birth weight was still great in the latter cohort (OR 2.47; CI 1.64-3.71). The impact of an earlier stillbirth and/or neonatal death increased significantly, with an OR 1.53 (CI 1.10-2.14) in 1966 and OR 2.95 (CI 1.81-4.81) in 1985-86, but the number of mothers concerned was halved from that in 1966. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of pregnancies with an adverse outcome decreased markedly, as did the prevalence of many of the risk factors. The proportion of > or = 35 years old parturients and of heavy smokers increased. The impact of primiparity decreased, while that of a previous outcome as assessed from pre-pregnancy factors has not improved in these twenty years, especially where primiparous parturients are concerned.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Factors associated with elective termination of pregnancy among Canadian and American women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.

Case reports have associated severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) with elective termination of pregnancy. Therefore, our objective was to explore the determinants of consideration of termination and actual termination of pregnancy among women with NVP. From 1996 to 1997, callers to an advertised NVP Healthline underwent a semi-structured interview. From callers who retrospectively reported on NVP in a previous pregnancy, a nested unmatched case-control study was performed. Callers were divided into three groups: those who reported having electively terminated their pregnancy due to NVP, those who considered termination due to NVP and those who never considered termination. The severity of nausea and vomiting, and frequency of psychosocial morbidity, were compared between cases and controls, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors independently associated with termination and/or consideration of termination of pregnancy due to NVP. Of 3201 callers with NVP, 413 women reported having considered termination of pregnancy for NVP, 108 reported termination due to NVP and 2609 reported never having considered termination for NVP. The following factors were independently associated with a woman's consideration of termination of pregnancy due to NVP: unplanned pregnancy (p = 0.002), multiparity (p = 0.0001), more severe vomiting (p = 0.003), feelings of depression (p < 0.0001) and reported adverse effects of NVP on both her partner's daily life (p = 0.04) and her relationship with her partner (p = 0.0003). The following factors were independently associated with actual termination of pregnancy due to NVP: unplanned pregnancy (p < 0.0001), multiparity (p = 0.03) and feelings of depression (p = 0.001). There were no significant interactions between factors. Consideration of termination, or actual termination of pregnancy, due to NVP are associated with psychosocial circumstances, which should be taken into consideration when managing these women.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2000

Effect of dietary thiamin supplementation on milk production by dairy cows.

We conducted three experiments to determine the effects of dietary thiamin supplementation on milk production by dairy cows. In trial 1, 28 Holstein cows were blocked by parity and assigned randomly to either placebo or thiamin top-dress for the 8-wk experiment to provide a supplemental thiamin intake of 0 or 150 mg/d per cow. Within each of these groups, cows were further assigned randomly to two total mixed rations (TMR) for 4 wk, with the TMR treatments then reversed for a second 4-wk experimental period. Milk yield was 2.7 kg/d higher for thiamin-supplemented cows. Yields of milk fat and protein were increased 0.13 and 0.10 kg/d, respectively, by dietary thiamin supplementation. In trial 2, 20 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with 4-wk periods. Placebo or thiamin premixes were added to TMR to provide an approximate daily supplemental thiamin intake of 0 or 300 mg/cow. Milk and protein yields tended to be 0.7 and 0.04 kg/d higher, respectively, for thiamin-supplemented cows. In trial 3, 16 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square with 21-d periods. Placebo or thiamin premixes were added to TMR to provide an approximate daily supplemental thiamin intake of 0 or 300 mg/cow. Dry matter intake tended to be 0.8 kg/d lower for thiamin-supplemented cows. Milk fat percentage tended to be 0.18 percentage units lower and fat yield was 0.08 kg/d lower for thiamin-supplemented cows. Thiamin supplementation tended to increase milk and component production when dietary concentrations of neutral and acid detergent fiber were lower and nonfiber carbohydrate was higher than recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Factors associated with colostral specific gravity in dairy cows.

The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with colostral specific gravity in dairy cows, as measured by a commercially available hydrometer (Colostrometer). Colostral specific gravity was measured in 1085 first-milking colostrum samples from 608 dairy cows of four breeds on a single farm during a 5-yr period. Effects of breed, lactation number, and month and year of calving on colostral specific gravity were determined, as were correlations between colostral specific gravity, nonlactating period length, and 305-d yields of milk, protein, and fat. For 75 multiparous Holstein cows, relationships between colostral specific gravity, colostral IgG1, protein, and fat concentrations, and season of calving were determined. Colostral specific gravity values were lower for Brown Swiss and Ayrshire cows than for Jersey and Holstein cows, and lower for cows entering first or second lactation than third or later lactations. Month of calving markedly affected colostral specific gravity values, with highest values occurring in autumn and lowest values in summer. In multiparous Holstein cows, colostral specific gravity was more strongly correlated with colostral protein concentration (r = 0.76) than IgG1 concentration (r = 0.53), and colostral protein concentration varied seasonally (higher in autumn than summer). Our results demonstrate that colostral specific gravity more closely reflects colostral protein concentration than IgG1 concentration and is markedly influenced by month of calving. These results highlight potential limitations of using colostral specific gravity as an indicator of IgG1 concentration.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Stage of cycle, incidence, and timing of ovulation, and pregnancy rates in dairy cattle after three timed breeding protocols.

In experiment 1, 705 cows were assigned to three treatments: 1) the Ovsynch protocol (a GnRH injection given 7 d before and another 48 h after one PGF2alpha injection); 2) PGF2alpha + Ovsynch (one PGF2alpha injection given 12 d (d -22) before initiating Ovsynch (d -10); and 3) 2xPG12 (two PGF2alpha injections 12 d apart; d -15 and -3, followed 48 h later by a GnRH injection. All cows were inseminated (d 0) 16 to 20 h after the GnRH injection on d -1. Cyclic status was estimated by serum progesterone. More cows were in early diestrus at d -10 for PGF2alpha + Ovsynch (36%) and 2 x PG12 (29%) versus Ovsynch (19%). Multiparous cows receiving PGF2alpha + Ovsynch had greater pregnancy rates via ultrasonography at d 28 after AI (42%) than contemporaries after Ovsynch (28%) or 2xPG12 (27%) but did not differ significantly at palpation 10 to 30 d later (28, 19, and 17%, respectively). Pregnancy of first-parity cows was similar across treatments at 28 d (41%) or at palpation (33%). Pregnancy rates for 128 anestrous cows were lower, regardless of treatment. Overall embryo survival from d 28 until palpation was 72% but was only 44% in 2xPG12 cows that were anestrus through d -10. Experiment 2 included the three treatments above plus controls (one GnRH injection 7 d before PGF2alpha and AI after estrus). Preovulatory follicles were 6 to 11% larger near estrus in controls than on d -1 in cows receiving GnRH. More controls ovulated by 32 h after onset of estrus than were treated cows by 32 h after GnRH, but percentages (79 to 94%) were similar by 40 h. In multiparous cows, PGF2alpha before Ovsynch increased pregnancy rates, whereas the 2xPG12 protocol produced similar pregnancy rates as Ovsynch across parities. Ovulation was effectively induced by 40 h after GnRH.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Composition and flavor of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination.

Milk was collected from eight multiparous Holstein and four multiparous Brown Swiss cows that were distributed into four groups and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four 4-wk periods. The four treatments included a control diet of a 50:50 ratio of forage-to-concentrate; a fish oil diet of the control diet with 2% (on dry matter basis) added fat from menhaden fish oil; a fish oil with extruded soybean diet of the control diet with 1% (on dry matter basis) added fat from menhaden fish oil and 1% (on dry matter basis) added fat from extruded soybeans; and an extruded soybean diet of the control diet with 2% (on dry matter basis) added fat from extruded soybeans. Milk from cows fed control, fish oil, fish oil with extruded soybean, and extruded soybean diets contained 3.31, 2.58, 2.94, and 3.47% fat, respectively. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid in milk were highest in the fish oil (2.30 g/100 g of fatty acids) and fish oil with extruded soybean (2.17 g/100 g of fatty acids) diets compared with the control (0.56 g/100 g fatty acids) diet. Milk, cream, butter, and buttermilk from the fish oil, fish oil with extruded soybean, and extruded soybean diets had higher concentrations of transvaccenic acid and unsaturated fatty acids compared with the controls. Butter made from the extruded soybean diet was softest compared with all treatments. An experienced sensory panel found no flavor differences in milks or butters.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of wet corn gluten feed in diets for lactating dairy cows.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate responses of primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows to diets containing wet corn gluten feed (WCGF). In both experiments, WCGF replaced a mix of alfalfa hay, corn silage, and corn grain. In experiment 1, 32 primiparous Holstein cows (four pens with eight cows/pen) were used in two 2 x 2 Latin squares with 28-d periods. Cows were housed in free stalls and fed diets containing 0 or 20% WCGF dry matter (DM) basis. Cows fed WCGF consumed more DM and produced more energy-corrected milk (ECM) than controls. Production efficiency (ECM/DM intake) was not affected, but yield of milk components was improved by WCGF. In experiment 2, 24 multiparous Holstein cows were used in six 4 x 4 Latin squares with 28-d periods to determine the optimal dietary inclusion rate for WCGF. Cows were housed in a tie-stall barn and fed a total mixed ration twice daily. Treatments were 0, 20, 27.5, and 35% WCGF (DM basis). Cows fed WCGF produced more ECM than controls, but ECM did not differ among cows fed WCGF diets. Cows fed 20 and 27.5% WCGF consumed more DM as a percentage of body weight than those fed either 0 or 35% WCGF. Cows fed WCGF produced ECM more efficiently than controls. Percent milk fat was lower, but fat yield was not different when WCGF was added to diets. Milk protein and lactose yields were higher when WCGF was fed. Plasma glucose, alpha-amino N, and triglyceride concentrations were similar among diets in both experiments, but plasma urea N was higher for cows fed WCGF in experiment 2.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Effect of mechanical processing and fat removal on the nutritive value of cottonseed for lactating dairy cows.

In experiment 1, 24 midlactation, multiparous Holstein cows were used in six 4 x 4 Latin squares to evaluate extruded-expelled cottonseed (EEC) as a source of ruminally undegradable protein (RUP). Diets were formulated to contain: 16% crude protein (CP), 35% RUP (SBM16); 18% CP, 35% RUP (SBM18); 16% CP, 40% RUP using EEC (EC16); and 16% CP, 40% RUP using a fishmeal-blood meal blend (FBM16). Milk yields (37.2 kg/d) and percentages of milk fat, protein, casein, and SNF were similar across diets. Cows fed FBM16 consumed less dry matter (DM) (28.0 kg/d) than those consuming other diets (29.4 kg/d). In experiment 2, 18 midlactation, multiparous Holstein cows were used in six 3 x 3 Latin squares to determine the value of EEC as a replacement for whole cottonseed in lactating cow diets. Diets contained whole cottonseed (CS), EEC plus tallow (ECT), or EEC (EC). Diets were formulated to be similar in energy, N, and RUP. Milk yields (35.5 kg/d), DM intake (27.0 kg/d), and milk fat percent were similar across diets. Percentages of milk protein and SNF were higher for EC than CS or ECT. These production data suggest that EEC can replace whole cottonseed in isocaloric diets and can be partially substituted for soybean meal or a fishmeal-blood meal blend without affecting lactational performance. In situ ruminal degradation and in vitro ammonia N release indicate that processing of EEC was inadequate to protect the protein from ruminal degradation and EEC would not be a source of RUP.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Fish oil and extruded soybeans fed in combination increase conjugated linoleic acids in milk of dairy cows more than when fed separately.

Eight multiparous Holstein and four multiparous Brown Swiss (78 +/- 43 DIM) cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to evaluate if feeding fish oil with a source of linoleic acid (extruded soybeans) would stimulate additional amounts of conjugated linoleic acid in milk. Four treatments consisted of a control diet with a 50:50 ratio of forage to concentrate (DM basis), a control diet with 2% added fat from either menhaden fish oil or extruded soybeans, or a combination of fish oil and extruded soybeans each adding 1% fat. DM intake (24.3, 21.6, 24.5, and 22.5 kg/d, for control, fish oil, extruded soybeans, and combination diets, respectively), milk production (32.1, 29.1,34.6, and 31.1 kg/d), and milk fat content (3.51, 2.79, 3.27, and 3.14%) were lower for cows that consumed either fish oil-containing diet, especially the 2% fish oil diet. The proportion of n-3 fatty acids in milk fat increased similarly among all three fat-supplemented diets. Concentrations of transvaccenic acid (1.00, 4.16, 2.17, and 3.51 g/100 g of fatty acids) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (0.60, 2.03, 1.16, and 1.82 g/100 g of fatty acids) in milk fat increased more with fish oil than with extruded soybeans. When fed the combination diet, these fatty acids were approximately 50% higher than expected for Holsteins, whereas concentrations were similar for Brown Swiss compared with feeding each fat source separately. These data indicated that fish oil modifies ruminal or systemic functions, stimulating increased conversion of linoleic acid into transvaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

The effect of manual forestripping on milking performance of Holstein dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forestripping as a premilking stimulation technique on milk yield, milking unit attachment time, and milk flow rates in Holstein dairy cattle. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 24) were divided into two groups (HPE, high producing, early lactation; LPL, low producing, late lactation) based on prestudy milk yield and stage of lactation. Within the production group, cows were randomly assigned into treatment (n = 6) and control groups (n = 6) in a switchback design. Cows were milked twice daily and treatments were switched after 20 milkings. Premilking udder preparation for the treatment group was as follows: forestripping, predipping with 0.5% iodine, and drying with paper towels followed by unit attachment. Udder preparation for the control group was identical except forestripping was not performed. Data were analyzed by using the PROC Means and PROC Mixed models described by SAS. During the study, cows in the HPE group produced significantly more milk and had longer milking unit attachment times compared with cows in the LPL group. The milk flow rate was 0.36 kg/min faster for the HPE cows compared with the LPL cows. There was no significant effect of order of treatment administration on any outcome variable. There were no significant differences in milk yield, milk unit attachment time, or milk flow for animals that were forestripped compared with animals that were not forestripped. In this study, the addition of forestripping to an otherwise acceptable premilking udder preparation routine did not increase milking performance of multiparous Holstein dairy cows.

Animals↗