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PubMed1992

Histochemical distribution of zinc in the brain of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchos myciss. II. The diencephalon.

The distribution of zinc in the diencephalon of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchos myciss, is described in the present paper, which is the second in a series of three reporting for the first time the distribution of a heavy metal in the fish brain. The Neo-Timm method was used for the histochemical demonstration of zinc. The staining was essentially confined to the neuropil, in all probability representing stained axon terminals, but stained nerve cell bodies were observed in the nucleus lateralis geniculatus and the nucleus cerebellosus hypothalami. Stained fibers were never seen. The staining gave rise to a consistent, specific distribution pattern, which accorded well with the diencephalic nuclei defined on the basis of cytoarchitectural criteria. The diencephalon was in general stained with much higher intensity than the telencephalon, in surprising contrast to the state of affairs in the mammalian, reptilian, and avian brain. In species of these classes, high staining intensities are observed almost exclusively in the telencephalon. The Neo-Timm staining was predominantly distributed in the nuclei of the periventricular zone, but some internal (migrated) nuclei did show a positive staining reaction, namely the nucleus lateralis geniculatus, the anterior thalamic nucleus, the nucleus diffusus tori lateralis, and the nucleus cerebellosus hypothalami. The zinc distribution pattern has been compared with the terminal fields of afferent projections, known from experimental studies, and with the distribution of substance P. The possible function of zinc in synaptic vesicles is considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Distribution of physiological adult lactase phenotypes, lactose absorber and malabsorber, in Germany.

A total of 1805 apparently healthy, adult and adolescent Germans (1572 males and 233 females with a mean age of 20.3 years) were examined for lactose absorption capacity employing a field version of the breath hydrogen (H2) test. The diagnostic parameter, maximal change of breath hydrogen concentration 120 or 150 min after a load of 50 g lactose, showed a bimodal distribution, separating lactose absorbers (n = 1537, 85.2%) and lactose malabsorbers (n = 268, 14.8%). The distribution of the adult lactase phenotypes was independent of age, sex, and educational status. The incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms after lactose administration demonstrated the incongruity of lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance. In addition to grouping by residence, the probands were classified according to the birthplaces of their grandparents in order to reconstruct the distribution pattern of the lactase phenotypes prior to World War I, a period of relative population stability. Considerable differences in the frequency of lactose malabsorption were found in regions corresponding to traditional ethnic groups within the German population: northwest Germany 6-9%, west and south 13-14%, southwest 23%, east (including formerly German territories east of rivers Oder and Neisse) 22%. These differences are discussed with reference to population history. The present fairly even distribution of the lactase phenotypes in West Germany is the result of internal migrations at the end of World War II.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Ultrastructure of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma. V. Large pinocytic vacuolar bodies (megalopinocytic vesicles) in endothelial cells.

Large pinocytic vacuolar bodies (megalopinocytic vesicles) containing electron-dense granulo-fibrillary material, not previously described in micro-vascular endothelium of brain tumors, were observed in endothelial cells of all five cases of cerebellar hemangioblastoma studied ultrastructurally. They were present in 23% of a total of 132 capillary profiles studied. Some were prominent and aggregated to occupy a large portion of the endothelial cytoplasm. Unlike the ordinary pinocytic vesicles in endothelial cells, they were distributed predominantly in the vicinity of the nucleus and surrounded by abundant organelles. They were irregular and usually several times larger than macropinocytic vesicles. The larger vacuolar bodies were often surrounded by bundles of microfilaments which often anchored on their limiting membrane. They coexisted frequently with Weibel-Palade bodies and occasionally fused with them. Convergence of coated vesicles and micropinocytic vesicles with the vacuolar bodies was present. However, there was no direct contact between the vacuolar bodies and Golgi apparatus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The vacuolar bodies were closely associated with pericytic foot processes. It was suggested that they were formed by invagination of the abluminal cytoplasmic membrane with engulfed extracellular material and migrated internally. Discharge of their contents into the vascular lumen and interendothelial space was observed. Some had a disrupted membrane with a suggestion of release of contents into the cytoplasmic matrix. Their function is unknown, but they may serve as a specific vehicle of transport or digestive mechanism in microvascular endothelium under certain pathophysiological conditions, such as neoplasm, to meet the increasing metabolic demands.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[A 27-year-old patient with recurrent Fever].

BACKGROUND: In spite of a decreasing incidence of tuberculosis in highly industrialized countries, an obvious increase of the disease is observed worldwide. In times of progressing international migration, the early detection of tuberculosis is also becoming important in Germany. The diagnosis, however, is often impaired by unspecific symptomatology and ambiguous imaging results. CASE REPORT: A 27-year-old patient from Iraq presented with unclear recurring and antibiotic-resistant fever and inconspicuous thoracic X-ray. Only by thoracic computed tomography, markedly necrotizing mediastinal lymph nodes could be detected. Following lymph node biopsy and histologic investigation, the diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node tuberculosis could be ascertained. Test-adjusted antituberculotic combination treatment resulted in a normalization of body temperature and cessation of complaints. Starting from the case report presented, the importance of various investigative methods for the quick and secure diagnosis of tuberculosis and subsequent therapy are discussed. CONCLUSION: Unclear febrile disease even in young patients with an inconspicuous conventional thoracic X-ray may be caused by tuberculosis. In this situation, early extension of imaging diagnostics appears to be advantageous.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Dissecting the epidemiology of a trinucleotide repeat disease - example of FRDA in Finland.

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is associated with the expansion of a GAA trinucleotide repeat in the first intron of the frataxin (X25) gene. Worldwide it is considered to be the most common form of hereditary ataxia, but it is infrequently encountered in Finland. We have performed the first epidemiological study on the frequency of FRDA in Finland by combining results from a nationwide clinical survey and a molecular carrier testing study. Haplotype analysis was performed for the Finnish FRDA patients and the distribution of frataxin gene GAA repeats was analyzed in controls. In the general population of Finland, the carrier frequency was only 1 in 500, corresponding to a birth incidence of 1 in 10(6). In the more sparsely populated Northern Finland the carrier frequency was five times higher and also four out of the seven Finnish FRDA patients originated from this region. Haplotype analysis revealed the major universal risk haplotype in all the investigated patients. Alleles in the uppermost end of the normal variation (28-36 GAA) were totally missing in the Finnish population. The relative enrichment of the FRDA mutation in the north probably dates back to the internal migration movement and inhabitation of northern Finland in the 1500s. Breaking down the epidemiology of FRDA into clinical and molecular components brings along the possibility of providing more reliable and population-based genetic counseling and recurrence risk estimations.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2003

Finnish Disease Heritage I: characteristics, causes, background.

This review of the Finnish Disease Heritage (FDH), a group of rare hereditary diseases that are overrepresented in Finland, includes the following topics: FDH characteristics, causes and background, primary theory, revis(it)ed theory, consanguineous marriages in Finland, internal migration of the 1500s, family series for further FDH studies, geography and population structure as a basis for FDH, geography of individual diseases, the structure of FDH families, family structure in individual diseases, Finnish gene mutations, linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes, age of gene mutations, frequencies of disease genes and carriers, and a short description of the possible future of FDH.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1990

The Bulgarian country profile: the dynamics of some inequalities in health.

The Bulgarian health-care system was based on the concept of equal access and treatment. In its early stages health improved and disparities between urban and rural areas and districts diminished. New problems, institutional rigidities and policy reversals led later to the concentration of health resources in the towns and cities and to a deterioration in rural health. Sharp disparities in reported health status exist between occupational, educational and income groups. Life expectancy has fallen. Some health problems arise from urbanization, industrialization and heavy internal migration. Others clearly derive from dysfunction in the health system itself, its narrow concept of health, the inability of health plans to adapt to changing problems and needs and the emergence of privilege in access and quality of care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Roots of increased health care inequality in New York.

During the 1970s, New York city experienced an epidemic of housing destruction by contagious fire and building abandonment. This epidemic was triggered by reductions in municipal services, especially fire control, in the poor areas of high population density and aging housing. The rapid loss of low rent housing led to a wave of forced internal migration of the poor within the city and overcrowding of areas adjacent to the burned out ones. The spread of overcrowding spread the high fire incidence. The massive upheaval resulted in destruction of social networks and in degraded living conditions. Public health, as measured by many indices such as disease incidence, substance abuse incidence, infant mortality, and incidence of homicide, deteriorated. This deterioration caused increased demand for hospital health care, especially emergency service. The data on average stay length in the poorest areas in comparison with wealthier areas hints that the overloading of the voluntary hospitals in the poorest areas has caused care rationing and greater inequality in access to care.

Crowding↗
PubMed1983

Interstate migration in Mexico: variations on the Todaro theme.

"This study of migration in Mexico is based upon a modified Todaro approach and utilizes census data in a simultaneous equations model of 13 variables. It is unique in several ways: (a) it introduces proxy variables for employment probability and cost of migration that have not heretofore been found in the literature, but for which data are often available; (b) it illustrates that in some important cases census data have advantages not available through surveys; and (c) it finds that in some sense land reform in Mexico may have operated perversely. Finally, the study opens a new avenue for the study of informal sector growth."

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Juvenile delinquency in a developing country: a province example in Turkey.

The aim of this study was to determine offence behavior, socio-demographic characteristics and some features of the juvenile offenders' families in a selected region, and compare with developed countries. A total of 165 juvenile offenders were included. Information was obtained by individually interviewing all children. Of a total of 165 juveniles, 162 (98%) were boys. The most frequently committed crimes were theft (52%) and wounding (20%). Of these juveniles, 33% were 14 years old when they committed offence, 21% had a history of an offence behavior, 14.5% had an offender sibling, 36% had smoking habits, 21% had a history of running away from home, and 28% had a history of internal migration. Mild psychiatric disorders were detected in 9 (5.4%) and 51% of them were not student at the time of offence behavior. Most of the families were crowded and had rather low economical and educational levels. Some features such as low income and low family educational levels, insufficient parental control, crowded family, migration, repetition of offences, and cigarette smoking were found to be risk factors for offensive behavior. These risk factors can be taken into consideration for the prevention of future crimes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Ontogenesis of oxygen chemoreception in aquatic vertebrates.

In aquatic vertebrates, peripheral O(2) chemoreceptors initiate compensatory physiological and behavioural responses to hypoxia, beginning at very early stages of development, to maintain sufficient gas exchange across the skin or gills. This review highlights the morphological and physiological studies, particularly those of zebrafish, that have contributed to the current understanding of the development of O(2) chemoreception and the response to hypoxic challenges in embryonic and larval stages of fish and amphibians. The gills appear to be the primary site of O(2) chemoreception in developing aquatic vertebrates and initiate ventilatory changes, and adult-like O(2)-sensitive neuroepithelial cells (NECs) are found in the gills in larval stages of zebrafish and Xenopus laevis. However, evidence from zebrafish studies indicates that extrabranchial O(2) chemoreceptors appear before gill NECs and regulate responses to hypoxia that develop earlier. The developmental and evolutionary significance of the internal migration of O(2)-chemoreceptive sites with changes in respiratory organs is also discussed.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1995

Inherited muscular disorder in mutant Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): relationship between the development of muscle lesions and age.

The progression of the pathological changes that occur in the skeletal muscle was examined in 19 Japanese quail of the LWC strain, affected with an autosomal dominant inherited muscular disorder producing electrical myotonia. The muscle samples were obtained every 10 days from 20 to 70 days of age. Muscle samples from 18 age-matched commercial quail were used as normal controls. Characteristic histological lesions found in the skeletal muscles included sarcoplasmic masses, ringed fibres, internal migration of nuclei and fibre size variation. These lesions, which mainly occurred in the proximal muscles, appeared first in the pectoral region and later in the muscles of the thoracic and pelvic limbs. The most predominant lesion observed at all ages consisted of sarcoplasmic masses. The presence of histological changes did not affect muscle fibre typing by two staining methods, for myosin ATPase at pH 4.5, and by NADH-TR stain. The histological changes were observed in type 2A and less commonly in 2B fibres, but not in type 1. The pectoralis thoracicus muscle, in which lesions were particularly common, showed abnormally large type 2B muscle fibres at 20 days of age. These fibres began to decrease in size at 30 days of age, and at 70 days had become strikingly atrophic, their diameter being only about half that observed at 20 days. The atrophic type 2B muscle fibres were eventually replaced by lipocytes. Chronological staging of the histopathological changes in muscle was impossible since no inter-relationship was observed between the age of the quail, the severity of clinical signs and the extent of muscle lesions. This variability in the severity and age of onset may have been due to the variable expression or incomplete penetrance of the defective gene. Because the disorder is hereditary and progressive in nature, it can be classified as a type of progressive muscular dystrophy.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Experience with indwelling ureteral stent catheters.

A new indwelling ureteral stent to provide long-term ureteral drainage is described. This radiopaque stent is manufactured of non-reactive, non-collapsible tubing and is designed to resist downward expulsion and upward migration. Internal stent diversion offers advantages in managing patients whose ureters are obstructed by malignancy. 1) Endoscopic placement of the ureteral stent is associated with less morbidity and mortality than supravesical diversion. 2) Unilateral obstruction can be corrected at the time of diagnosis, thus ensuring that later supravesical diversion will not be necessary. 3) If time proves that the urinary diversion is no longer desirable in terms of quality of life, the stent can be removed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Further evidence on the internal life cycle of Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera, Oestridae).

Knowledge of the internal life cycle of goat warble fly infestation is scarce despite ample data available on the aetiology, epidemiology, immunodiagnosis and treatment of such infestations. This study was carried out at the slaughterhouse of Rossano Calabro (Cosenza, southern Italy) on 154 animals from 10 months to 6 years of age from May 1997 to June 1998. 1206 Przhevalskiana silenus larvae were collected during the trial period from the subcutaneous tissue of the slaughtered animals. The larval stage average size ranged from 4.7 mm, for first instar larvae (May), to 16.6 mm, for third instar larvae (February), in the first cycle of infestation. No larvae were found in March-April, coinciding with the pupation period. Small first instar larvae were found at the beginning of the second cycle of infestation (May-June). Necroscopic examinations were also carried out on internal organs and no larvae were found. The results pointed out that the internal life cycle of P. silenus is exclusively subcutaneous and there is no internal migration of the larvae.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Statistical analysis and verification of forensic age estimation of living persons in the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Berlin University Hospital Charité.

In recent years, the increase in international migration movements has led to a greater demand for forensic age estimation of foreigners without valid identification documents in numerous countries. The growing importance of forensic age determination is underlined by a rapid rise in the number of expert reports by the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Berlin University Hospital Charité. A total of 247 expert opinions on estimated age were given between 1992 and 31 December 2000. Subject to formal court ruling, age is estimated based on the physical inspection, in combination with an X-ray of the left hand and the clavicles as well as dental assessment. However, the statistical proof of the range of scatter for the summarized age diagnosis still remains to be clarified in the context of this assessment procedure. The age estimations made by the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Berlin University Hospital Charité were statistically analyzed with respect to the validity of the different methods. For verification of the age diagnoses, the age estimates were compared with the court records and the age determined in the course of legal proceedings. In 45 cases, the age diagnoses could be verified. In all cases where the age could be verified beyond doubt, deviations from the actual age did not exceed +/-12 months. From this, it can be concluded that the combined application of the above-mentioned methods allows forensic age estimations with a sufficiently high degree of reliability.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2005

Microchip separations in reduced-gravity and hypergravity environments.

Microfabricated fluidics technology, e.g., lab-on-a-chip devices, offers many attractive features for performing chemistry and biochemistry on space-based platforms. We have constructed a portable, battery-operated microfluidic platform that was tested under reduced gravity and hypergravity conditions that would be experienced in space flight and launch. This device consisted of a microchip, microchip holder, two 0-8-kV high-voltage power supplies, a high-voltage switch, a solid-state diode-pumped green laser, an optical train, a channel photomultiplier, and an inertial mass measurement unit all under the control of a laptop computer and powered by 10 D-cell alkaline batteries. The unit was tested on NASA's reduced gravity research aircraft at gravity levels that are relevant to NASA's intended use of bioreporter-based microchips for environmental monitoring of space and planetary environments on manned and unmanned spacecraft. Over the course of two flights, 834 fast electrophoretic separations of four amino acids were performed under a variety of gravitational environments including zero-g, Martian-g, lunar-g, and approximately 1.8-g. All separations were performed in less than 12 s and automatically analyzed. After correction with an internal migration standard, the migration time reproducibilities were all <1% relative standard deviation.

Journal Article↗