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PubMedDate not supplied

Bovine seminal plasma contains factors that enhance lymphocyte transformation in vitro.

The important immunosuppressive properties of seminal plasma have significant functions in the processes of reproduction. They mask the presence of an immunostimulating activity. From bovine seminal plasma two active factors have been isolated and characterized with marked enhancing activity for in vitro PHA-dependent lymphocyte transformation. They have inosine and hypoxanthine structures, as confirmed by UV absorption profiles, TLC, mass spectrometry, HPLC patterns, behavior to enzymatic treatments, and breaking of purine ring after acid treatment. Nevertheless, their biological activities are about two orders of magnitude higher than those of commercially available inosine and hypoxanthine standards. Biological activities became practically identical when these were processed (HPLC) in the same way as native molecules. A study to explain such a discrepancy is in progress.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Using focus groups to develop a bone health curriculum for after-school programs.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood behaviors influence peak bone mass and osteoporosis risk in later life. The after-school environment provides an opportunity to enrich a child's learning and experience. Our objective was to gain a better understanding of the knowledge of, attitudes and beliefs about, and barriers to achieving bone health among children, parents, and after-school program leaders from low-income, ethnically diverse communities. Findings led to the development, implementation, and evaluation of a bone health curriculum in the after-school setting. METHODS: Eight focus groups were conducted in three representative communities. Focus group participants included children aged six to eight years, parents of children aged six to eight, and after-school program staff. Transcripts and written notes from each session were reviewed and common themes were identified within each group. RESULTS: Most adults had some understanding of osteoporosis, but did not recognize that childhood behaviors had a role in developing the disease. Program leaders raised concerns about their ability to implement a health program and recommended a flexible format. Parents and program leaders recognized the importance of maintaining a fun atmosphere. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to create a curriculum for a bone health program that meets the unique needs and interests of children and program leaders in the after-school setting. Addressing the needs, interests, and common barriers of the target population is an essential first step in curriculum development.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1997

Genetic influences on changes in body mass index: a longitudinal analysis of women twins.

Numerous studies have demonstrated genetic influences on body fat, but there also may be genetic effects on its intraindividual variation over time. This study examined changes in body mass index (BMI) using longitudinal data from two examinations of the Kaiser Permanente Women Twins Study, performed a decade apart. The analysis included 630 women, 185 monozygotic and 130 dizygotic twin pairs, with average ages of 41 years and 51 years at the two examinations, respectively. Age-adjusted heritability estimates for the change in BMI over the decade ranged from 0.57 to 0.86 (all p < or = 0.001) using three different statistical analysis approaches, indicating that at least half and possibly as much as 85%+, of the variance in the change in BMI is attributable to genetic influences under a polygenic model. These estimates remained statistically significant after adjusting for environmental factors (ranging from 0.57 to 0.78) and with additional adjustment for BMI at baseline (ranging from 0.41 to 0.79), although dizygotic intraclass correlations were low after these adjustments. Thus, in addition to known environmental and behavioral influences, these results provide evidence for genetic influences on changes in BMI over a decade in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Automated qualitative and quantitative metabolic profiling analysis of urinary steroids by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-data system.

A computer system (MSSMET), using methylene unit retention indices for an off-line reverse library search analysis of selected ion chromatograms from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data, has been applied to the qualitative and quantitative determination of urinary steroids. Several published methods for the isolation and derivatization of urinary steroids were evaluated for reproducibility using fused silica capillary column gas chromatography. Using a procedure that gave the greatest reproducibility, MSSMET analyses of urinary steroids were evaluated with packed (3-m 3% OV-101) and capillary (50-m OV-101 WCOT fused silica) columns. Most urinary steroids could be accurately quantitated using the packed column. However, urinary steroids with similar mass spectra and retention behavior on a packed column (i.e., androsterone and etiocholanolone, or 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-pregnane-20-one and 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane-20-one) were completely separated using the capillary column and could be reproducibly quantitated with a 2-sec scan cycle time (10-15 data points across a peak) but not with a longer scan cycle time. Overloading was the major problem encountered with the fused silica capillary column.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Metabolism of roxithromycin in phenobarbital-treated rat liver microsomes.

AIM: To investigate the metabolism of roxithromycin (RXM) in rat liver microsomes and the possible effects of RXM and its metabolites on cytochrome P-450 (CYP450). METHODS: Liver microsomes of Wistar rats, induced by phenobarbital, were prepared using ultracentrifuge method. RXM in vitro metabolism was stu died with the microsome incubation. The metabolites were separated and assayed by li quid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSn), and were further identified by comparison of their mass spectra and LC behavior to synthesized references. RESULTS: N-Mono- and N-di-demethyl metabolites a s well as O-dealkylated metabolite (erythromycin oxime) were detected in microsomal incubates. RXM and its metabolites expressed weak potency to form inactive complexes with CYP450. CONCLUSION: N-Demethylation and oxime ether side chain O- dealkylation are main biotransformation pathways of RXM in phenobarbital-treated rat liver microsomes. Both routes were found to be NADPH-dependent. RXM and its metabolites showed weak inhibitory effects on CYP450.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Change in the infradian rhythms of some physiological processes, controlled by the epiphysis, in epiphysectomized rats exposed to a super low frequency variable magnetic field].

The infradian rhythmic of the behavioral parameters, urination, body mass and temperature in epiphysectomized rats exposed to a variable magnetic field of a frequency of 8 Hz and induction of 5 microT influence was studied. It was found that the removal of epiphysis leads to the reorganization of power spectra of biorhythms, a rise of their amplitudes, and the development of desynchronosis. Further exposure of epiphysectomized rats to a variable magnetic field partially normalizes the amplitude-phase relations and decrease the disbalance of the processes. These data indicate the important role of epiphysis in the magnetoreception and formation of the temporal structure of the organism and suggest the existence of other structures sensitive to variable magnetic field.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

An evaluation of the effectiveness of targeted social marketing to promote adolescent and young adult reproductive health in Cameroon.

This study examines the effectiveness of the PSI/PMSC Horizon Jeunes youth-targeted social marketing program for improving adolescent reproductive health in urban Cameroon. The program targeted adolescents through peer education, youth clubs, mass media promotion, and behavior change communications. After about 13 months of intervention, knowledge of the program was nearly universal, and the majority of youths had direct contact with the program. Program effectiveness is examined using a quasi-experimental research design with a preintervention and postintervention survey in an intervention and comparison site. The intervention had a significant effect on several determinants of preventive behavior, including awareness of sexual risks, knowledge of birth control methods, and discussion of sexuality and contraceptives. The intervention increased the proportion of female youths who reported using oral contraceptives and condoms for birth control. However, condom use is not yet consistent. Although the proportion of young men who reported using condoms for birth control also increased, this change could not be attributed to the intervention. Although this short intervention successfully increased the reported use of various birth control methods, including condoms, there is no evidence that the intervention increased use of condoms for STD prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effects of pubertal development, height, weight, and grip strength on the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and hip in peripubertal Japanese children: Kyoto kids increase density in the skeleton study (Kyoto KIDS study).

The effects of growth and pubertal development on the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and hip in peripubertal Japanese children were studied as a basis for evaluating the effects of modifiable factors on bone mass gain. The study comprised bone mass measurements in the lumbar spine (L2-4), femoral neck, and total hip using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry as well as body size measurements and detailed interviews on medical history and pubertal status. The subjects were 404 first-grade students in three junior high schools (129 boys and 275 girls, mean age 12.8 +/- 0.3 years) with no diseases or medication that would affect bone metabolism. BMD at each site showed an increasing trend with physical growth and sexual maturity. Significant positive correlations were observed between BMD at every skeletal site and height, weight, and grip strength in pre- and postpubertal boys and girls. In multiple regression analyses, pubertal development had a significant positive independent effect on BMD at every skeletal site in girls, but not in boys. Physical and pubertal development showed major effects on BMD, but the magnitude of these effects differed in boys and girls, even if they were of the same age. We conclude that confounding factors due to physical and pubertal development should be taken into consideration in different ways for boys and girls in investigations on the effects of environmental or behavioral factors on bone mass acquisition in peripubertal children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Jensenone: biological reactivity of a marsupial antifeedant from Eucalyptus.

The resistance of Eucalyptus to browsing mammals has been related to the level and type of formylated phloroglucinol compounds (FPCs) present in the leaf. The antifeedant activity of FPCs appears to depend on their aldehyde groups, but little else is known of their mode of action. We have sought to elucidate this further by examining the biological reactivity and disposition of jensenone, a model FPC. Neither jensenone nor any metabolites were detected in urine or feces of marsupial brushtail or ringtail possums that had ingested up to 725 mg x kg(-0.75). When jensenone was incubated in rat gastrointestinal segments in vitro, it rapidly disappeared. Jensenone also reacted rapidly with glutathione, cysteine, glycine, ethanolamine, and trypsin, and more slowly with acetylcysteine and albumin. Sideroxylonal, a more complex FPC, exhibited the same reactivity. Torquatone, a related compound that lacks both aldehyde groups and antifeedant activity, was unreactive. Mass spectroscopic analysis indicated that the adducts were Schiff bases formed between the aldehyde groups of FPCs and amine groups of the conjugating molecules. Successive adducts were formed with the two aldehyde groups of jensenone, and the four groups of sideroxylonal. The jensenone bis-glutathione adduct appeared to cyclize to the disulfide form. These findings suggest that the antifeedant effects of FPCs are due to their facile binding to amine groups on critical molecules in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a loss of metabolic function. The consequent toxic reaction, probably involving chemical mediators such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), may cause colic, nausea, and a general malaise, resulting in anorexia.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Proteomic analysis of rat hippocampus after repeated psychosocial stress.

Since stress plays a role in the onset and physiopathology of psychiatric diseases, animal models of chronic stress may offer insights into pathways operating in mood disorders. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular changes induced in rat hippocampus by repeated exposure to psychosocial stress with a proteomic technique. In the social defeat model, the experimental animal was defeated by a dominant male eight times. Additional groups of rats were submitted to a single defeat or placed in an empty cage (controls). The open field test was carried out on parallel animal groups. The day after the last exposure, levels of hippocampal proteins were compared between groups after separation by 2-D gel electrophoresis and image analysis. Spots showing significantly altered levels were submitted to peptide fingerprinting mass spectrometry for protein identification. The intensity of 69 spots was significantly modified by repeated stress and 21 proteins were unambiguously identified, belonging to different cellular functions, including protein folding, signal transduction, synaptic plasticity, cytoskeleton regulation and energy metabolism. This work identified molecular changes in protein levels caused by exposure to repeated psychosocial stress. The pattern of changes induced by repeated stress was quantitatively and qualitatively different from that observed after a single exposure. Several changed proteins have already been associated with stress-related responses; some of them are here described for the first time in relation to stress.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Isolation and characterization of the major fluoranthene-hemoglobin adducts formed in vivo in the rat.

The binding of fluoranthene (FA) to hemoglobin was studied both in vitro and in vivo in the rat. The in vitro binding of microsomally activated FA to rat hemoglobin appeared to involve the fluoranthene 2,3-dihydrodiol-1,10b-epoxides. Three classes of hemoglobin adducts were observed in rats chronically administered FA in the diet. Based on high pressure liquid chromatography retention times, UV and mass spectral evidence, and behavior upon cis-diol affinity chromatography, the major class of globin adducts formed in vivo was demonstrated to result from binding of syn and anti isomers of FA 2,3-dihydrodiol-1,10b-epoxides to beta-cysteine-125 of rat hemoglobin. These adducts represented at least 41% of the total binding to globin. A minor class of adducts (12% of the total binding) appeared to involve the binding of an unidentified FA metabolite to the same cysteine residue of the protein. A substantial portion of FA binding to rat hemoglobin in vivo (29%) involved metabolic pathways which were not duplicated by simple in vitro systems. That portion of the binding to globin has not been characterized.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of metabolites and cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the microsomal metabolism of aconitine.

Aconitine, a major Aconitum alkaloid, is well known for its high toxicity that induces severe arrhythmias leading to death. The current study investigated the metabolism of aconitine and the effects of selective cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors on the metabolism of aconitine in rat liver microsomes. The metabolites were separated and assayed by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)) and further identified by comparison of their mass spectra and chromatographic behaviors with reference substances. Various selective inhibitors of CYP were used to identify the isoforms of CYP, that involved in the metabolism of aconitine. A total of at least six metabolites were found and characterized in rat liver microsomal incubations. Result showed that the inhibitor of CYP 3A had an inhibitory effect on aconitine metabolism in a concentration-dependant manner, the inhibitor of CYP1A1/2 had a modest inhibitory effect, whereas inhibitors of CYP2B1/2, 2D and 2E1 had no obvious inhibitory effects on aconitine metabolism. Aconitine might be metabolized by CYP 3A and CYP1A1/2 isoforms in rat liver microsome.

Aconitine↗
PubMed2006

The mandibular gland secretions of the leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens sexdens and Atta opaciceps exhibit intercaste and intercolony variations.

The mandibular gland secretions of worker castes from wild colonies of the leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens sexdens and Atta opaciceps were analyzed quantitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The secretions comprised a complex mixture of volatile, mainly oxygenated compounds, and their profiles exhibited considerable qualitative and quantitative variations among species and castes. The known alarm pheromone 4-methyl-3-heptanone was common to both species. The elevated relative proportions of this ketone found in the secretions of gardeners and generalists suggest that such castes are primarily responsible for the production and release of the alarm pheromone. Quantitative variations (but no qualitative differences) in the profiles of secretions of soldiers from different colonies of A. sexdens sexdens were detected, supporting the view that intraspecific colony recognition is mediated through mandibular gland secretions. Subsequent laboratory assays showed that, among the compounds identified by GC-MS, 4-methyl-3-heptanone elicited a strong alarm response in workers of A. sexdens sexdens and A. opaciceps.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Social class differences in overweight of prepubertal children in northwest Germany.

OBJECTIVES: To assess social class differences in overweight and health-related behaviours in 5-7-y-old German children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Twenty-nine primary schools in Kiel (inhabitants: 248000), northwest Germany. SUBJECTS: A total of 1350 German 5-7-y-old children and their parents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index (BMI), fat mass and health-related behaviours of the children. Self-reported height and weight of their parents, parental school education as a measure of social class. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight (> or = 90th percentile of reference) was 18.5%. There was an inverse social gradient (P < 0.01): the highest fat mass was observed in children from low social class. The odds ratios for overweight reached 3.1 (CI 1.7-5.4) in boys and 2.3 (CI 1.2-4.3) in girls, respectively (low vs high social class). Overweight parents (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) were more likely to have overweight children. Parental overweight enhanced the inverse social gradient. The prevalence of overweight was 37.5% (low social class) vs 22.9% (high social class) in children from overweight parents, respectively. There was an inverse social gradient in unhealthy behaviours. Parental BMI and physical inactivity were independent risk factors of overweight in children. CONCLUSIONS: In 5 to 7-y-old children overweight and health-related behaviours are inversely related to social class. Parental overweight enhanced the risk of childhood overweight. The familial effect on body weight is most pronounced in children with low social class. Preventive measures should specifically tackle 'overweight families' from low social class.

Behavior↗
PubMed1989

[Prevalence of a type A behavior pattern (coronary prone behavior pattern) in the Vienna population].

The prevalence of the coronary-prone behavior pattern and its interaction with psychosocial and primary coronary risk factors was studied in a Viennese population sample consisting of 1459 people (634 men, 825 women). The sample was representative with respect to sex, age greater than 16 years, socio-economic status and local distribution. A questionnaire-based short rating scale developed by Bortner was used. The distribution of the study population on the A-B axis was unimodal (means = 174.95 +/- 40.76). The upper and the lower third of the A-B dimension was designated to represent type A1 and type B4, respectively. The mean Bortner score and rate of type A1 persons clearly decreased at lower (16 to 20 years) and higher ages (greater than 60 years). Within the group of employed subjects aged 21 to 60 years the mean type A score and the rate of A1 subjects for men (177 +/- 39; 6%) differed significantly from that of their female counterparts (188 +/- 39; 13%). Housewives had a mean score of 178 +/- 41 and 10% of them were scored A1, thus indicating significantly lower mean scores than employed females but the same rate of A1. Subjects with higher educational level showed only a tendency to increased type A. The socio-economic status was positively correlated to the global Bortner score, especially in men, but no relation was found to the rate of Type A1 persons. There was no significant correlation between type A score and systolic or diastolic blood pressure, body mass index or smoking behavior, but a significant correlation between type A score and the subjective feeling of overload. Type A subjects scored themselves significantly more often as continuously overload.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Laser desorption ionization and MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry for low molecular mass polyethylene analysis.

Polyethylene's inert nature and difficulty to dissolve in conventional solvents at room temperature present special problems for sample preparation and ionization in mass spectrometric analysis. We present a study of ionization behavior of several polyethylene samples with molecular masses up to 4000 Da in laser desorption ionization (LDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometers equipped with a 337 nm laser beam. We demonstrate unequivocally that silver or copper ion attachment to saturated polyethylene can occur in the gas phase during the UV LDI process. In LDI spectra of polyethylene with molecular masses above approximately 1000 Da, low mass ions corresponding to metal-alkene structures are observed in addition to the principal distribution. By interrogating a well-characterized polyethylene sample and a long chain alkane, C94H190, these low mass ions are determined to be the fragmentation products of the intact metal-polyethylene adduct ions. It is further illustrated that fragmentation can be reduced by adding matrix molecules to the sample preparation.

Indicators and Reagents↗
PubMed2005

Molecular components and toxicity of the venom of the solitary wasp, Anoplius samariensis.

The solitary spider wasp, Anoplius samariensis, is known to exhibit a unique long-term, non-lethal paralysis in spiders that it uses as a food source for its larvae. However, neither detailed venom components nor paralytic compounds have ever been characterized. In this study, we examined the components in the low molecular weight fraction of the venom and the paralytic activity of the high molecular weight fraction. The major low molecular weight components of the venom were identified as gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid by micro-liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry analysis. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass analysis revealed that the A. samariensis venom contained the various proteins with weights of 4-100 kDa. A biological assay using Joro spiders (Nephila clavata) clearly showed that the high molecular weight fraction of the venom prepared by ultrafiltration exerted as potent non-lethal long-term paralysis as the whole venom, whereas the low molecular weight fraction was devoid of any paralytic activity. These results indicated that several venomous proteins in the high molecular weight fraction are responsible for the paralytic activity. Furthermore, we determined the primary structure of one component designated As-fr-19, which was a novel multiple-cysteine peptide with high sequence similarity to several sea anemone and snake toxins including dendrotoxins, rather than any insect toxic peptides identified so far. Taken together, our data showed the unprecedented molecular and toxicological profiles of wasp venoms.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2026

AI Health message intervention: The role of message customization and message source in breast cancer screening among women of color.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effectiveness of breast cancer screening messages with varying levels of customization (generic, targeted, and tailored) and to compare AI-generated versus human-generated messages. METHODS: A between-subjects experimental design with a control condition was employed. Message content followed a standardized structure and varied by level of customization: generic, targeted (demographic-based), and tailored (perceived susceptibility- and barrier-based). Messages were developed by either the authors or GenAI (ChatGPT-4o). A total of 391 participants recruited via Prolific were randomly assigned to five groups (generic, targeted-human, targeted-AI, tailored-human, and tailored-AI). Self-efficacy, behavioral intentions, attitudes, and message believability were measured using different scales. RESULTS: Customized (tailoring and targeting) health messages performed comparably to generic messages in shaping positive health outcomes. GenAI-generated messages also produced outcomes comparable to those of human-generated messages under standardized conditions. Significant negative indirect effects through message believability for the human-tailored condition was found relative to the generic condition. CONCLUSIONS: GenAI may be a useful tool for developing and customizing scalable health messages. Its effectiveness depends not only on customization but also on maintaining message quality, including readability, clarity, coherence, naturalness, and credibility. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: GenAI may support health practitioners in developing customized and scalable breast cancer messages. However, professional review remains necessary to ensure that the message is culturally appropriate, responsive to patient concerns, and suitable for use alongside patient-provider communication.

Humans↗