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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1974

The effect of repeated vaccination in an enzootic foot-and-mouth disease area on the incidence of virus carrier cattle.

A comparison was made of the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease virus ;carrier' cattle in an unvaccinated enzootic area and an area where routine 6-monthly vaccination with an inactivated vaccine had been carried out for 3-4 years. The incidence of carriers in the vaccinated area was 0.49% as compared to 3.34% in the non-vaccinated area. The results indicate that, provided the immune status of the vaccinated herd is maintained at a level sufficient to prevent outbreaks of clinical disease and the re-introduction of virus is prevented through livestock movement controls, it should be possible to eradicate the disease from an enzootic area through vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom: epidemiological and meteorological case studies.

The possibility of the airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the uk has been investigated in three epidemiological case studies. On the basis of evidence from field investigations, and a simple meteorological analysis, it is concluded that the spread of disease was consistent with the airborne transport of virus. The distances ranged from less than 1 km to 16 km; six of the farms were over 6 km from the source and involved the passage of virus over the sea combined with meteorological conditions which strongly favoured airborne disease transmission. The results of detailed atmospheric modelling demonstrated that airborne virus could have challenged livestock on all the farms studied. However, with one exception the 24-hour average daily concentrations of the virus were significantly below the experimentally estimated threshold for infection. A detailed model intercomparison established that, under stable atmospheric conditions, peak concentrations of virus up to two orders of magnitude higher might have been experienced for short periods, owing to fluctuations within the plume of virus, and model limitations. This finding would significantly reduce the apparent discrepancy between the experimentally estimated threshold for infection and the modelling results.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2005

Detection of antibody to the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) non-structural polyprotein 3ABC in sheep by ELISA.

The specificity and sensitivity of an ELISA for detecting IgG to the 3ABC non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus was evaluated in FMD naive, aerosol-infected, aerosol plus direct contact infected and field-exposed sheep. All 12 sheep that were experimentally infected without prior vaccination seroconverted in the test, although fewer field sera from FMD-exposed sheep were scored seropositive compared to test results for structural protein antibodies. The 3ABC test specificity was 98 or 100% according to whether sera reacting in the doubtful range were scored as positive or negative. The test was then used to investigate the antibody response of sheep vaccinated against FMD and exposed to the virus by an aerosol challenge 4-14 days later. The response of individual animals varied. Whether immunised with high or low doses of vaccine, the development of 3ABC antibody was most likely in sheep from which live virus was recovered at or beyond 9 days post-challenge. Non-structural responses were also more frequent in animals from which multiple incidences of live FMD virus isolation (perhaps more indicative of true virus replication) were demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Genetic and antigenic analysis of two recently circulating genotypes of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus in India: evidence for positive selection in the capsid-coding genes.

We have analyzed isolates of two recently circulating genotypes (genotypes VI and VII) of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from India. Maximum-likelihood models provided support for the presence of positively selected sites in the capsid-coding (P1) region. Positive selection was detected at a number of amino acid positions behind a background of strong purifying selection. Among the positively selected sites, four were identified at known critical antigenic residues (VP2 79, VP3 59 and 70 and, VP1 83), suggesting that FMDVs are under pressure from the immune system. Two residues (VP2 134 and VP3 59) that are part of the heparan sulfate-binding pocket in subtype A22 FMDV are also inferred to be under positive selection. Antigenic divergence was observed between and within the genotypes in neutralization tests with sera raised against the representative isolates from genotypes VI and VII. The two vaccine strains showed one-way antigenic relationships (r value) of <0.2 with 64% of the isolates, whereas, with genotypes VI and VII an r value of >0.4 was observed with 24% and 64% of the isolates, respectively. No correlation could be deduced from the amino acid substitutions at specific critical residues and lower r values in the field isolates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) to cattle in a wildlife area of Zimbabwe.

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred during April 1991 in a trypanosomiasis sentinel cattle herd by the Rifa River to the east of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Despite the cattle having been vaccinated biannually for the previous five years the disease was severe. The viruses isolated from the affected animals were typed as FMD virus type SAT 1. Free-living African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) which had been using the same watering place as the affected cattle were sampled and FMD type SAT 1 virus was isolated. Partial nucleotide sequencing of the gene coding for the capsid protein 1D (VP1) of one of the viruses isolated from cattle and two of the viruses isolated from buffalo demonstrated a close relationship between the three viruses. Since no other cattle were present in the area and no outbreaks of SAT 1 had occurred in Zimbabwe since 1989, it was concluded that the disease had been transmitted from buffalo to cattle.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Impact of a foot and mouth disease crisis on post-traumatic stress symptoms in farmers.

Culling 27,000 farm animals during an epidemic of foot and mouth disease in The Netherlands in 2001 resulted in substantial psychological distress among Dutch farmers. We investigated the association of exposure to this crisis with symptoms of intrusions and avoidance as found in post-traumatic stress disorder. Survey results from the Impact of Event Scale administered to 661 Dutch dairy farmers showed that about half of those whose animals were culled suffered from severe post-traumatic distress; we conclude that such agricultural crises can have a substantial impact on mental health.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Simultaneous detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3ABC, 3D, 3A and 3B by a multiplexed Luminex assay to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle.

For the first time, a multiplex bead immunoassay was used to test simultaneously, with a single sample, the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3ABC, 3A, 3B and 3D from experimentally infected and vaccinated cattle. We cloned and expressed these non-structural proteins (NSPs) as recombinant antigens. The purified proteins were coupled to microspheres labeled with anti-His monoclonal antibody with different proportions of red and orange fluorescent dyes and reacted against serum specimens. Antibody reacting against different NSPs, and thus, the different colored beads, was detected by use of the Luminex system. This multiplex bead immunoassay can detect the immune response to NSPs in cattle as early as 7 days post-infection. In general antibodies to the protein 3D appeared early after infection and anti-3ABC antibodies were detected at higher levels than the other NSPs. A clear differentiation was established between infected and vaccinated or uninfected cattle. The multiplex bead immunoassay was compared to individual indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISAs) for the same NSP's responses. Results indicated that this new assay had a high positive correlation with those generated by iELISA. The Luminex-based technology promises to be a sensitive and efficient method that permits multiplexed NSP antibody detection from a single sample and would therefore provide both a time and cost saving to the laboratory.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Molecular Epidemiology of Coxsackievirus A10 Associated With Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease From 2021 to 2024 in Shenzhen, China.

The study aimed to investigate epidemiological profile and molecular characteristics of coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Shenzhen, China and comparatively analyze genomes of CVA10 strains related to differential clinical phenotypes. A total of 3170 clinical specimens collected between 2021 and 2024 were examined for CVA10 using real-time RT-PCR. Complete VP1 sequences and near-complete genome sequences of CVA10 were determined by RT-PCR methods and sequencing. Sequences were analyzed using a series of bioinformatics programs. Two (33.33%) out of 6 severe cases were infected with CVA10. The detection rate of CVA10 associated with mild HFMD ranged from 1.21% to 6.11% in 2021-2024, with an overall detection rate of 3.73%. There was no significant difference in the infection rate of CVA10 between males and females or different age groups. The CVA10 infections mainly occurred in Spring (March to May) and Summer (June to August) in Shenzhen. Of the 74 VP1 sequences determined, 71 (95.95%) of them were detected in the sub-genotype C2, 3 (4.05%) were assigned to the genotype D. Genomic sequence analysis indicated that the genotype D of CVA10 of this study derived from genetic recombination between CVA10 and CVA16 in 3A-3D coding region (nucleotide position: 5075-6896). Different variable sites were observed in the two CVA10 strains associated with different severe complications when compared to CVA10 strains associated with mild diseases. In conclusion, CVA10 associated with HFMD circulated at a low level in Shenzhen in 2021-2024, with C2 as the predominant genotype. Recombinant genotype D of CVA10 was introduced first to Shenzhen in 2024. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous molecular surveillance of CVA10.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Maturation of functional antibody affinity in animals immunised with synthetic foot-and-mouth disease virus.

A good correlation exists between specific neutralising antibody titre and protection against challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in infected or virus-vaccinated cattle, but not in the case of animals immunised with synthetic FMDV peptides. Therefore, mechanisms other than simple neutralisation are likely to be important in vivo. Antibody affinity may influence the protective capacity of sera from immunised animals and experiments were carried out to measure the functional affinity for synthetic FMDV peptide of sera from guinea pigs and cattle given various synthetic vaccines. In guinea pigs given a single dose of synthetic vaccine, antibody affinity increased with time after immunisation. In cattle, however, administration of a second dose of peptide 21 days after the first markedly retarded the process of affinity maturation. For guinea pig sera of equivalent neutralising activity, those of higher functional affinity had higher protective indices than those of lower functional affinity. Knowledge of the importance of antibody affinity in protection against FMD is important for an improved understanding of the mechanisms of protection and for the design of novel vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1982

Antibodies against a preselected peptide recognize and neutralize foot and mouth disease virus.

A major antibody combining site on foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O1K has been identified in a predicted surface helix of viral protein 1 (VP1) between amino acid residues 144 and 159. A hexadecapeptide covering this sequence elicits high titers of antibodies that specifically recognize and neutralize FMDV. The high quality of the immune response is attributed to a particularly stable conformation of the antigenic amino acid sequence, which is most likely an alpha-helix.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Foot and mouth disease virus concentration and purification by affinity chromatography.

Foot and mouth disease virus, (FMDV) from a crude cell lysate was purified in a single step by affinity chromatography with heparin as a ligand. The virus eluted from an Heparin-Ultrogel A4R column at 1M sodium chloride in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, while most cell protein and albumin did so at lower concentrations of sodium chloride in the same buffer. Purity of the eluted fraction containing the virus was assessed by SDS-PAGE, HPLC, ultracentrifugation, and UV absorption spectrum. With this method, intact viral particles are recovered in high yield (over 90%) and specific virus purity increases nearly 1000-fold. The capacity of the chromatographic matrix for the virus was found to be 1.1 mg viral mass per mL of hydrated gel.

Aphthovirus↗
PubMed1984

Histone H3 modification in BHK cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Infection of BHK cells with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a thorough change in the electrophoretic profile of whole nuclear histones. It consists in the disappearance of histone H3 and the appearance of a new polypeptide (Pi) which migrates between histones H2A and H4 on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Protein Pi is detected at 2 hr postinfection (pi), the time in which viral RNA synthesis begins to increase, and reaches equimolecular amounts with the remaining core histones 1 hr later, when the disappearance of histone H3 is almost complete. Labeling of cells prior to infection demonstrates that Pi is not a novo product but the result of a viral-induced processing of a host precursor synthetized beforehand. Protein Pi comigrates with histone H2A/B in acetic acid/urea polyacrylamide gels and it shares common major peptides with histone H3 under controlled proteolysis with protease V8 or trypsin. The mononucleosomal and nucleosomal DNA pattern analysis after micrococcal nuclease treatment of nuclei from infected and mock-infected cells did not show any significant differences even though after 3 hr (p.i.), protein Pi replaces histone H3 in the nucleosomal structure. It was concluded that FMDV infection is responsible for a specific modification in the nucleus of infected cells which leads, after 3 hr (p.i.), to a complete histone H3 protein Pi transition in the nucleosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Establishment of cell lines persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Cell lines persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been established by growth of BHK-21 (c-13) or IBRS-2 (c-26) that survived standard cytolytic infections with FMDV. They maintain cytoplasmic FMDV RNA sequences, as shown by dot blot hybridization tests, using cloned FMDV cDNA as probes. Cell line C1-BHK-Rc1 was derived by infection of cloned BHK-21 c1 cells and plaque-purified FMDV C-S8 c1. Indirect immunofluorescence assays indicated the presence of FMDV antigens. It was resistant to superinfection by FMDV C-S8 c1, O-S7, or A5, but not by encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), or Semliki forest virus (SFV). Infectious FMDV was detected in the culture medium only up to cell passage 65. The virus isolated from C1-BHK-Rc1 cells showed decreased plaque size and diminished yield in infections at 42 degrees. Multiple mutations in the intracellular FMDV RNA have been detected by T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting of genomic RNA segments hybridized to FMDV cDNA fragments. At late cell passages, when no infectious FMDV is detected, cells continue to express viral antigens and FMDV RNAs with deletions of up to 3 kb have been identified by Northern blot analysis. We conclude that persistent infections of cell cultures with FMDV are readily established and that multiple genetic and phenotypic variations occur in the virus during persistence.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Observations on the stability of foot and mouth disease vaccine antigens.

The 146S particle of the foot and mouth disease virus which is used as a vaccine antigen was found to be relatively stable when stored for prolonged periods at 4 degrees C. However, stored antigens of virus strains of the SAT serotypes but not of a virus strain of the type O serotype became less thermostable at 37 degrees C following 4 degrees C storage. Vaccines returned from the field 10 months after they were made were shown to contain significant amounts of 146S antigen of the O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 serotypes. Vaccine containing antigens at least 6 months old was shown to stimulate an acceptable immune response.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed1986

Synthesis of fusion proteins containing antigenic determinants of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Part of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type 01,BFS, including the sequence encoding the capsid polypeptide VP1, was cloned in Escherichia coli following a new cloning strategy. The clone containing the VP1 sequence was used for the construction of two expression plasmids encoding VP1 fusion proteins. Subsequently, substantial amounts of the two VP1-beta-galactosidase fusion proteins, containing either one (amino acid region 140-160) or two (amino acid regions 140-160 and 200-213) antigenic determinants of the virus, were synthesized by E. coli bacteria. The protein containing the amino acid region 140-160 of VP1 fused to beta-galactosidase efficiently induced antibodies in rabbits specifically reacting with FMDV type 01,BFS. The same protein was also capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies. The fusion protein containing both antigenic determinants did not efficiently induce antibodies reacting with FMDV.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Characteristic in vitro evolution pattern of foot and mouth disease virus A81/Castellanos/Arg/87.

The in vitro evolution of Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) A/81/Castellanos/Arg/87 (A/Castellanos/87) was studied by partial biological and biochemical characterization of viral populations selected after 25 passages on secondary fetal bovine kidney cell monolayers. These passages were performed in the presence or absence of immune pressure exerted in the form of antiviral polyclonal serum. While the viral populations passaged in the absence of immune pressure acquired characteristics such as antigenic heterogeneity, VP1 amino acid modification and plaque size reduction, the populations selected after immune pressure also presented both neutralizing resistance and attenuation for suckling mice. The comparison with other previously studied FMDV strains suggests that FMDV A/Castellanos/87 adopts a differential response to immunological pressure and other selective forces. In addition, the sequencing analysis of viral selected populations shows a restriction in the number and type of amino acid replacements tolerated by FMDV capsid proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Early events in the interaction between foot-and mouth disease virus and primary pig kidney cells.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) attached to pig kidney cells at 0 degrees C and could only be recovered in a form with a sedimentation coefficient and buoyant density lower than that of the native virus. Incubation of the virus-cell complex at 37 degrees C caused disruption of about 80% of the particles into a 12S protein sub-unit that had the same polypeptide composition as that produced by reducing the pH of the virus below pH7. The remaining 20% had the same polypeptide and RNA composition as the native virus but it had a lower sedimentation coefficient, buoyant density and specific infectivity. These lower values are probably due to the association of the virus with cell membrane components. The 12S subunits were shown to be located inside the cell, indicating that disruption of the virus had occurred within the cell. The results are discussed in relation to the different cell mediated alteration of other picornaviruses.

Adsorption↗