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PubMed1991

Understanding and treating motivation difficulties in ventilator-dependent SCI patients.

Motivation for spinal cord injury rehabilitation is a difficult management task for clinicians. Ventilator-dependent quadriplegics experience conditions which are particularly likely to lead to motivational problems. The following article provides a theoretical model with which to understand patient motivation. The model conceptualizes patient motivation as a patient-rehabilitation environment fit problem and employs concepts from social learning theory to facilitate understanding and intervention with such difficulties. The model is applied to two ventilator-dependent rehabilitation cases. Recommendations for clinical practice are provided.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Improvement in malaria services in an urban setting: role of staff motivation.

Urban health centres and the private clinics (PCs) providing malaria services in an urban setting were compared on seven utilization-determining factors to assess why people preferred one over the other. On the other hand, motivation level of the technical staff of the corporation in the malaria services was studied to find out the extent to which the motivation level of the staff was responsible for the observed mean scores of the factors studied. It was found that PCs fared better on all of them. However, the two differed mostly on wait-in period at the outlet, distance from residence, ambience of the outlet, and getting relief. The study further showed that for the doctors and the primary health workers, the opportunity of influencing people was the strongest motivation to work in the corporation and for the subsanitary inspectors, it was affiliation. Based on this, a model is suggested to introduce changes based on motivation mix of the malaria staff.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

The problem of motivating teaching staff in a complex amalgamation.

This paper addresses some of the problems brought about by the merger of a number of schools of nursing into a new complex amalgamation. A very real concern in the new colleges of nursing and midwifery in the United Kingdom is the effect of amalgamation on management systems and staff morale. The main focus of this paper is the motivation of staff during this time of change. There is currently a lack of security amongst staff and in many instances the personal job satisfaction of nurse teachers and managers of nurse education has been reduced, which has made the task of motivating staff difficult. Hence, two major theories of motivation and the implications of these theories for managers of nurse education are discussed. The criteria used for the selection of managers within the new colleges, leadership styles and organizational structures are reviewed. The amalgamations have brought about affiliation with higher-education institutions. Some problems associated with these mergers and the effects on the motivation of staff both within the higher-education institutions and the nursing colleges are outlined. Strategies for overcoming some of the problems are proposed including job enlargement, job enrichment, potential achievement rewards and the use of individual performance reviews which may be useful for assessing the ability of all staff, including managers, in the new amalgamations.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMed2002

Motivation as a crucial predictor of good compliance in adolescents with rheumatoid arthritis.

The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of compliance shown by adolescents with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Three hundred individuals aged 13-17 years were randomly selected from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution's register. The questionnaires were sent to the adolescents selected from the register to be returned directly to the researcher in a self-addressed envelope. Ninety-one per cent (n = 274) returned the questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to find the factors that predicted compliance with health regimens. The compliance of adolescents with JRA was predicted on the basis of motivation, fear of acute problems, support from nurses, energy and willpower, and threat to social well-being. The most powerful predictor was motivation. The likelihood of the adolescents who had good motivation to comply with health regimens was 29.13-fold compared to the adolescents who did not have good motivation. The next powerful predictor was fear of acute problems. The adolescents who felt fear of acute problems complied with health regimens with a 20.35-fold likelihood compared to the adolescents who did not have fears. The third powerful predictor was support from nurses. The likelihood of adolescents supported by nurse to comply with health regimens was 17.03-fold compared to the adolescents who did not receive support from nurses. The likelihood of adolescents who had energy and willpower to comply with health regimens was 7.56-fold compared to the adolescents who did not have energy and willpower. Also, the threat to social well-being predicted good compliance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The basolateral complex of the amygdala is necessary for acquisition but not expression of CS motivational value in appetitive Pavlovian second-order conditioning.

The basolateral complex of the amygdala (ABL) is involved in processing information about stimulus motivational value. However, it is not clear whether the ABL is critical for acquisition, maintenance, or expression of this information. Our previous work has shown that ABL lesions made prior to training, block acquisition of an appetitive Pavlovian second-order conditioning task, in which performance is thought to depend on the acquisition of motivational (conditioned reinforcement) value by the first-order conditioned stimulus (CS). The present experiments examined the effects of ABL lesions made after first-order conditioning, when the CS acquires motivational value, but before second-order conditioning, the test for acquired value of that CS. Rats received pairings of a visual CS with a food reinforcer. They then received bilateral sham or excitotoxic lesions of the ABL. After recovery, they received pairings of a second-order auditory CS with the previously conditioned visual CS. In two experiments, both sham and lesioned rats acquired normal second-order conditioned behaviours. Some of the same rats were then given another round of second-order conditioning with novel CSs. In this case, when first-order training occurred after surgery, some second-order conditioned behaviours were impaired in lesioned rats. Tests of the associative underpinnings of second-order conditioned behaviours showed that those behaviours impaired by ABL lesions were based on stimulus-response associations. The results show that although the ABL is critical for second-order conditioning, this role is limited to acquisition of information about the motivational value of the first-order CS, and it is not critical for maintenance of this information or for its use in forming second-order associations.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

[Etiology and coping with involuntary childlessness--are there specificic motivations for wanting a child?].

OBJECTIVE: Do patients with functional sterility have special motivations to have a child? Could these motivations be an underlying reason for their sterility opposed to patients with organic sterility? Are there any specific motivations to have a child in patients with strong desires to have children? MATERIAL AND METHODS: 80 patients attending an infertility clinic were evaluated using an interview, questionnaire and Giessen-Test (GT). RESULTS: The motivation to have a child is not different in women with organic and functional sterility. Women with a strong desire to have children express significantly less often, that a child would contribute for them to achieve fulfilling life. But they express more frequently the hope to find a successful treatment for their sterility. CONCLUSIONS: It can not be conducted that psychosomatic disorders are the true cause for sterility in absence of organic pathology. This would not consider the complexity of psychosomatic processes. Coping mechanism are more important than the underlying etiology of sterility.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

[Patients (getting themselves) referred to psychosomatic rehabilitation--guidelines for sociomedical evaluation and management of extrinsically motivated patients].

This paper reflects the thinking, experience as well as diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of the Gelderland specialized clinic for psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine with regard to extrinsically motivated patients, i.e., patients "sent" for treatment. The objective is to develop a therapeutic concept and to establish guidelines concerning the sociomedical aspects to be taken into account in this patient group. The problem analysis should start out at the situation at hand initially: Not only do these patients as a rule refuse to take an active part in therapy; they all to often attempt to sabotage any rehabilitation offers perceived as running counter to their own desires and goals (e.g. pension, retraining, collection of benefits during illness-related unemployment, etc.). Attempts to elucidate the psychosomatic problem complex of these patients are in addition hampered by their predominantly body-centred concept of disease. The particular motivational and therapy-related features of these patients are illustrated by case studies. A standardized procedure for sociomedical performance appraisals is presented which takes the specific features of this patient group into account and has stood the test in the clinical setting. Special mention should be made of: pre-admission diagnostics, inpatient psychodiagnostics, multidisciplinary systematic behavioural observation of the patient in the framework of group therapy, and a sensitive approach to conveying diagnostic results to the patient. The double role of psychotherapist and appointed expert is one demanding the highest degree of professional expertise. Besides, the expectations of the social security and financially responsible agencies which "sent" the client have to be taken into account as well. The sociomedical evaluation serves as the starting point for all therapeutic efforts and identification of the extent of a patient's extrinsic motivation. Along with a thorough review of the patient's medical records, pre-admission diagnostic efforts are in place in this respect for assessing a patient's motivation for therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Development of a questionnaire for assessing motivational conditions for prediction of therapy cooperation of LVA insured patients during inpatient medical rehabilitation--initial results of scale development].

Medical staff working in rehabilitation often criticize their in-patients' lack of motivation to cooperate in therapy. Consequently, very often the aims of the therapy would not be reached. That, again, causes expenses that could be avoided and it also causes frustration on both sides. On the basis of Schwarzer's Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) we designed a questionnaire on motivation to predict the degree of the in-patients' cooperation in therapy during rehabilitation. The results presented here are based on an interim analysis of 508 questionnaires answered by LVA insurees (Landesversicherungsanstalten, wage earners' pension insurance funds) who had applied for rehabilitation in a clinic. The applicants suffered from illness of the back and spine as well as degenerative illness of the joints. A first examination of the scales Specific Outcome Expectancies, Specific Self-efficacy and Intention of the questionnaire showed very good statistical results as well as correlations between these variables that correspond to HAPA. It also turned out that there is a direct connection between the scores of the motivation variables (e.g. Specific Self-efficacy) and that of cooperation in therapy. These initial test results indicate a generic character of the instruments used in this research project. They also point out starting points for interventions to increase motivation that are to be developed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Motivation, volition, and ambivalence: A contribution to understanding of long-term impairments among schizophrenic patients].

Traditional concepts of avolition (Kraepelin) and ambivalence (Bleuler) among schizophrenic patients can be interpreted in the light of present ideas of motivation and volition. Accordingly schizophrenic patients are marked both by oppositional high hope and fear components of implicit motives and by the impairment of volitional selfregulation, which both are vulnerability factors. In an environment lacking stimuli the patients cannot surpass their ambivalence through volitional selfregulation and remain passive. In this study 61 schizophrenic patients are compared with a control group of 69 non-patients. As expected, the schizophrenic patients show significant higher fear components of the implicit affiliation, achievement, and power motives, as well as an increased hope component of the affiliation motive. The comparison of subgroups of schizophrenic patients with distinguishing symptoms reveals no differences, which supports the assumption of stable traits.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2003

Time reproduction in children with ADHD: motivation matters.

The primary goal of this study was to examine whether children with ADHD have a true deficit in subjective time sense, or whether their impairment reflects a motivational deficit. Thirty children with ADHD and 30 matched control children completed two versions of a time reproduction paradigm ("Regular" and "Enhanced") in which motivational level was manipulated by the addition of positive sham feedback and the prospect of earning a reward. A secondary goal was to investigate performance on measures of working memory and behavioural inhibition, and how those constructs relate to time reproduction in the context of Barkley's (1997a) model of ADHD. Children with ADHD performed significantly better on the motivating 'Enhanced' versus the Regular time reproduction paradigm, although they continued to perform significantly worse than controls on both tasks. Control children exhibited no reliable change in performance between versions of the task. Significant group differences were also observed on the working memory and behavioural inhibition tasks. We discuss the impact of motivation, working memory, and behavioural inhibition on time reproduction performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Motivation to hide emotion and children's understanding of the distinction between real and apparent emotions.

The authors investigated the extent to which children's understanding of the distinction between real and apparent emotions varied according to the motivation to hide emotions. Children, aged 6-7 and 10-11 years, were read stories designed to elicit either prosocial or self-protective motivated display rules and were asked to predict the facial expressions the protagonists would make to hide felt emotions. Children were found to understand the distinction between real and apparent emotions very well, independently of the type of motivation. Contrary to predictions, boys understood this distinction better than did girls when the motivation to hide positive emotions was prosocial. Children perceived neutralization as the most appropriate strategy to hide felt emotions, followed by masking.

Affect↗
PubMed1990

Gender as a moderator variable in the relationship between an intrinsic motivation scale and short-term novelty in children.

Harter's (1980) Intrinsic-Extrinsic Orientation scale was examined for evidence of empirical and construct validity. We hypothesized that subscales defining the motivational component of intrinsic motivation would be correlated with novelty, a collative motivational variable. Partial support for the hypothesis was obtained for boys; correlations between novelty and Harter's Curiosity subscale were .57, .64, and .58 for boys in the third, fifth, and combined grades, respectively, and correlations approached significance for Harter's Challenge subscale. Not predicted were the correlations of .40, .68, and .46 obtained for girls in the third, fifth, and combined grades, respectively, between the Independent Judgment subscale (a cognitive-informational scale) and novelty. Results indicated that gender operated as a moderator variable, with boys expressing collative motivation directly in an action-oriented form, and girls demonstrating it somewhat indirectly in a thought-oriented form.

Arousal↗
PubMed1994

The temporal relationship between perceived competence and self-determined motivation.

Although perceived competence is generally considered a determinant of motivation, little research has actually studied the relation between the two constructs on a longitudinal basis and in natural settings. This was the purpose of the present study. Canadian male adolescent hockey players (N = 64) in their first year at an elite level completed a questionnaire 2 weeks into the hockey season (T1) and at the end of the regular season (T2), assessing perceived competence and self-determined motivation at both times. The results partially support the hypothesis that, over time, perceived competence determines motivation (rather than the reverse) but do not exclude the possibility that, with time, motivation may also influence perceptions of competence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Motivation in conjoint therapy.

In conjoint therapy the motivation of each partner is a central issue, and is a curiously neglected area. While one or both spouses may have "low" motivation for working towards a more functional marriage, they may have very powerful other motivations for seeking conjoint therapy. This paper, derived from a review of 100 couples seen in conjoint therapy, outlines the seven most common alternative motivations encountered, and offers some diagnostic clues and management techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The influence of rhythm and personality in the endurance response to motivational asynchronous music.

In this study, we examined participants' responses to motivational asynchronous music by isolating rhythmical properties and exploring personality correlates. Fifty-eight physically active participants (41 men and 17 women) aged 22.3 +/- 6.4 years performed an isometric weight-holding task on three occasions while being randomly exposed to no music, rhythm and motivational music. The rhythm and music conditions were edited portions of the same musical selection and had identical fast tempi, although the rhythm condition contained no melody, harmonies or lyrics. Participants each completed a copy of Cattell's 16PF following the third and final trial. A repeated-measures analysis of variance found the participants held the weight suspended for significantly longer when listening to motivational music in comparison to rhythm or no music. When listening to rhythm, participants endured the task for significantly longer than when listening to no music. The response to music was found to be significantly related to liveliness, while sensitivity correlated with responses to music factors (harmony, melody, lyrics, etc.) not present in the rhythm condition. These results suggest that responses to motivational music are subtle in nature and are determined by both musical factors and individual characteristics, and potentially an interaction between the two.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

An examination of multiple goals in children's physical education: motivational effects of goal profiles and the role of perceived climate in multiple goal development.

In this paper, I present data from two studies that sought to examine multiple achievement goals in the context of children's physical education (PE). Study 1 examined the links that multiple-goal profiles (i.e. mastery/performance-approach/performance-avoidance goals) for PE had with self-determined motivation, affective patterns and levels of extracurricular sporting activity in a sample of 193 Year 7 pupils. Results suggested that children endorsing high mastery/high performance-approach/high performance-avoidance, high mastery/high performance-approach/low performance-avoidance, or high mastery/ low performance-approach/low performance-avoidance profiles typically exhibited the most adaptive motivational responses. In contrast, children endorsing a low mastery/high performance-approach/high performance-avoidance profile typically experienced more maladaptive motivational outcomes. Study 2 examined the development of multiple achievement goals over two terms of PE in conjunction with retrospective perceptions of the motivational climate in the sample. The results of analysis of variance suggested that children exposed to a consistent high mastery/low performance climate experienced decreased performance-avoidance goals and maintained high levels of mastery goals for PE. In contrast, children exposed to a consistent low mastery/high performance climate experienced increased performance-avoidance goals and decreased mastery goals for PE.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football.

This study examined (a) the main and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, and (b) whether number of seasons one has played for the team interacts with motivational climate in predicting prosocial and antisocial behaviour in association football. Participants were 325 male association football players, whose age ranged from 12 to 17 years. Athletes completed questionnaires measuring frequency of prosocial and antisocial behaviours in football, goal orientation, motivational climate and social desirability, and indicated the number of seasons they had played for their current team. Regression analyses revealed that task orientation and mastery climate were positive predictors of prosocial behaviour, whereas ego orientation and performance climate were positive predictors of antisocial behaviour. In addition, task orientation negatively predicted antisocial behaviour, while ego orientation negatively predicted prosocial behaviour. No significant interactions between task and ego orientation and mastery and performance motivational climate were found. Finally, mastery climate negatively predicted antisocial behaviour for those who had played many seasons for the team. In conclusion, strengthening task orientation and mastery climate and weakening ego orientation may enhance prosocial behaviour. However, for antisocial conduct to be eliminated from the context of association football, ego orientation and performance climate need to be tempered, as these constructs exert unique independent effects on antisocial behaviour.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

The relationship between competitive anxiety, achievement goals, and motivational climates.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate to perceptions of the intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety in a sample of university athletes representing various team sports. Although some studies have demonstrated that task orientation and mastery climate are associated with adaptive emotional patterns and ego orientation and performance climate are linked to less adaptive emotions, others have not verified these findings. In the present study, structural equation modeling was used to test these links. The results showed that perceptions of a performance climate were associated with ego orientation, whereas perceptions of a mastery climate were linked to task orientation. Furthermore, no significant links were found between task orientation and direction of competitive anxiety, while it was shown that the impact of ego orientation on the intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety was exerted through self-confidence. No significant direct links were found between motivational climates and competitive anxiety, thus implying that motivational climates may have an indirect impact on affective responses through the different goal orientations. The findings of the present study are discussed along with suggestions for examining situational and individual difference variables that may explain the relationships between intensity and direction of competitive anxiety and achievement goals and motivational climates.

Achievement↗