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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Studies on Schistosoma bovis in Ethiopia.

Schistosoma bovis occurs in at least seven of the 14 rovinces of Ethiopia. Results of faecal and snail surveys in three foci are reported. Adwa. One collection showed that nine out of 26 bulinids were infected with S. bovis. The snail host was a tetraploid form of Bulinus (n = 36). The examination of 200 specimens of cattle faces revealed no S. bovis eggs, which was attributed to poor technique or light infection. Gewani. The snail host was Bulinus abyssinicus, which was also infected with S. haematobium, the combined infection rate being 60%. S. bovis eggs were seen in 1-5% (3/197) of specimens of cattle faeces. Lake Awassa. Among 715 bulinids(a mixture of diploid (n = 18) and tetraploid (n = 36) forms), 22 were infected with S. bovis. Infected snails all belonged to the tetraploid form. Infection in cattle faeces was 5-5%(11/200). The Fasciola infection rates in these three areas were 29%, 78% and 60% respectively. Susceptibility of laboratory and wild animals to the Gewani and Lake Awassa strains of S. bovis was investigated. Combined results show that there are at least five species of wild rodents in Ethiopia which are susceptible to S. bovis: Arvicanthis niloticus, Praomys albipes, Rattus rattus, Mastomys coucha and Lophuromys flavopunctatus, in addition to hamsters, white mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. Immature female worms resembling S. bovis were recovered from a goat and a sheep exposed to a mixture of S. bovis and S. haematobium cercariae shed by naturally infected snails. Using the same mixture of cercariae, a Gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) could be infected by both schistosomes, but a dog was completely refractory. ABSCESS. Some of these inconclusive results are thought to be due to a unisexual infection. The Gewani strain of SEWANI STRAIN OF S. bovis had a wider range of snail hosts than the Adwa and Awassa strains, covering the tropicus, truncatus and africanus groups of Bulinus. The Adwa and Awassa strains could infect only members of the truncatus group.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Fate of human fetal dopamine neurons transplanted into rhesus monkey model of Parkinson's disease: a tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemical study].

To predicate the value of human fetal substantia nigra transplantation in clinical treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), dissociated cells of substantia nigra from 8-12 week old abortive human fetus were grafted into the neostriatum of 5 adult rhesus monkeys with hemiparkinsonism induced by unilateral injection of MPTP. At 2, 5 and 12 months after transplanting the monkeys were sacrificed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry to examine the survival and possible synaptic contact of transplanted dopamine (DA) neurons. Transplanted TH immunoreactive cells took a pattern of patches scattered in the neostriatum. Each of the cell patches consisted of 3-10 cells. The TH immunoreactive fiber network was seen in the neostriatum. Electron microscopic survey revealed that TH+ buttons arising from grafted DA neurons formed symmetric or asymmetric synapses with TH- dendritic shafts/spines, and TH+ dendrites were seen to form synapses with TH- axons of the host. Additionally, there were a few synapses formed by TH+ axonal terminals with negative buttons. The results suggest that DA neurons from 8-12 week old abortive human fetus are able to survive grafting into the neostriatum of monkey, a species phylogenetically very close to human, and to establish reciprocal synaptic connectivity with the host even at 2 months post-transplanting. It is, therefore, inferable that embryonic human DA neurons transplanted into human neostriatum may have the same fate as in monkeys.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed1997

The outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccine against Lyme disease: efficacy in the rhesus monkey.

The efficacy of an outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccine in three different formulations was investigated in the rhesus monkey. The challenge infection was administered using Ixodes scapularis ticks that were infected with the B31 strain of Borrelia burgdorferi. Protection was assessed against both infection and disease, by a variety of procedures. Some of the animals were radically immune suppressed, as an attempt to reveal any putative low level infection in the vaccinated animals. The significant difference found between the spirochaetal infection rates of ticks that had fed on vaccinated vs. control monkeys, lack of seroconversion in the vaccinated animals, and the absence of spirochaetal DNA in the skin of vaccinated animals in the weeks following the challenge, indicate that vaccinated monkeys were protected against tick challenge. The post-mortem immunohistochemical and polymerase chain reaction analyses, however, suggest that these monkeys may have undergone a low-level infection that was transient.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Chondronecrosis induced in rhesus monkeys fed with grains and water of Kaschin-Beck's disease endemic area].

Immature Rhesus monkeys were fed with grains and/or water of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) endemic area for 6 or 18 months. Multifocal and zonal chondronecrosis and a series of secondary reactions following necrosis were found in articular cartilage and growth plate in most of the monkeys. These changes are very similar to the characteristics of human KBD. The results suggest that growing Rhesus monkey should be the susceptible animal for reproduction of chondronecrosis model of KBD and the articular cartilage of greater trochanter proximal to femur is a portion predisposing to cartilage lesions. The experiment also indicated that pathogenic factor resulting in chondronecrosis is still remaining in water and grains of endemic area, though the area is no longer actively endemic for KBD.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Superacute lethal liver necrosis in monkeys infected with highly pathogenic variants of enteroviruses (ECHO 11 and ECHO 19 viruses)].

The authors studied the phenomenon of superhigh virulence for monkeys of viruses ECHO 11 (E11) and ECHO 19 (E19) isolated in 1981-1991 in Russia and Tadzhikistan from children with acute enterovirus uveitis or severe enterovirus infection. In 21 morphologically examined animals after coma, macrofocal or total necrosis of hepatocytes in weak inflammation was seen as early as experiment day 1-6. Hepatic lesion interpreted as hepatosis underlies acute hepatic failure with lethal outcome. The most intensive reproduction of viruses E11 and E19 occurred in the liver. Changes in the kidneys, lungs, spleen, adrenals, CNS detected in many animals aggravated the disease, but were not the primary cause of death. The disease in monkey was similar by the main criteria to superacute lethal diseases (acute hepatic failure against massive hepatic necrosis, hemorrhagic syndrome) registered in outbreaks of E11 and E19-virus infection in children in the USA, Great Britain, Israel, Russia and Ukraine. Monkeys can be used as man-adequate model for study of enterovirus superacute lethal necrosis of the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Is human umbilical cord the most suitable substrate for the detection of endomysium antibodies in the screening and follow-up of coeliac disease?

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-endomysium antibodies, the most reliable immunological marker for both the screening and follow-up of coeliac disease, need monkey oesophagus as antigenic substrate; this limits their use because of high costs and the exploitation of endangered species. OBJECTIVES: (1) To compare the diagnostic accuracy of anti-endomysium antibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence on monkey oesophagus and on human umbilical cord; (2) to evaluate their reliability during follow-up in detecting non-compliant patients. PATIENTS: One hundred and four untreated adults with biopsy-proven coeliac disease and 94 controls were investigated. RESULTS: Endomysium antibodies were found in 99 patients (95%) on both substrates, with a specificity, respectively, of 100% and 99% on monkey oesophagus and umbilical cord. One year after gluten withdrawal, out of 47 patients who were investigated, only six presented with complete mucosal recovery: none of these subjects was positive on either substrates, while, among patients with persistent histological alterations, endomysium positivity persisted in only 10 on monkey oesophagus, but in 32 on umbilical cord. Histology (recovery or persistent involvement) was in agreement with endomysium (negative or positive) in 34% on monkey oesophagus, but in 81% on umbilical cord (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Human umbilical cord, with its comparable diagnostic efficiency, could replace monkey tissues, with the advantages of saving both money and monkeys. Moreover, it seems the most suitable substrate in the follow-up, as it enables detection of non-compliant patients with persisting mucosal alterations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

Serological evidence of infection with Tana and Yaba pox viruses among several species of monkey.

Sera from cynomolgus monkeys from Malaysia, from Indian rhesus monkeys, from various species of monkeys from Africa and from South America have been examined for neutralizing antibody to Tanapox and Yaba viruses. No antibody was found to either virus in the sera of rhesus monkeys or South American monkeys. A certain proportion of sera from cynomolgus monkeys and various species of African monkey showed antibody to one or other of the viruses, but few of the positive sera showed antibody to both. The results would seem to suggest that infection with the two viruses is endemic in African and Malaysian monkeys but does not occur or is very rare in Indian rhesus and New World monkeys.

Africa↗
PubMed1999

Detection and molecular characterization of Ebola viruses causing disease in human and nonhuman primates.

Ebola (EBO) viruses were detected in specimens obtained during the hemorrhagic fever outbreak among humans in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in 1995 (subtype Zaire) and during an outbreak of disease in cynomolgus macaques in Alice, Texas, and the Philippines in 1996 (subtype Reston). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays were developed and proven effective for detecting viral RNA in body fluids and tissues of infected individuals. Little change was seen in the nucleotide or deduced amino acid sequences of the glycoprotein (GP) of these EBO virus subtypes compared with those of their original representatives (i.e., the 1976 Yambuku, DRC, EBO isolate [subtype Zaire] and the 1989 Philippines and Reston, Virginia, isolates [subtype Reston]). The nonstructural secreted GP (SGP), the primary product of the GP gene, was more highly conserved than the structural GP, indicating different functional roles or evolutionary constraints for these proteins. Significant amounts of SGP were detected in acutely infected humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Ebola (subtype Reston) virus among quarantined nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines to the United States.

In April 1996, laboratory testing of imported nonhuman primates (as mandated by quarantine regulations) identified 2 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) infected with Ebola (subtype Reston) virus in a US-registered quarantine facility. The animals were part of a shipment of 100 nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines. Two additional infected animals, who were thought to be in the incubation phase, were identified among the remaining 48 animals in the affected quarantine room. The other 50 macaques, who had been held in a separate isolation room, remained asymptomatic, and none of these animals seroconverted during an extended quarantine period. Due to the rigorous routine safety precautions, the facility personnel had no unprotected exposures and remained asymptomatic, and no one seroconverted. The mandatory quarantine and laboratory testing requirements, put in place after the original Reston outbreak in 1989-1990, were effective for detecting and containing Ebola virus infection in newly imported nonhuman primates and minimizing potential human transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

New emerging viral zoonoses.

New developments in the field of viral transmission from animal to man can be divided into four areas of study. First are the new viral zoonoses such as diseases caused by rotaviruses, Lassa virus and the animal orthopox viruses which will be more prevalent after the cessation of mandatory vaccination against smallpox. Secondly are the numerous ubiquitous viruses, such as adeno and herpesviruses, which in healthy animals lead only to clinically inapparent infections. A typical example of the third area is the recombination and hybridisation between animal and human influenza type A viruses. The final area is concerned with the transmission of viral zoonoses to man through food of animal origin.

Animals↗