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PubMedDate not supplied

Hallucinogens and redemption.

This article examines drug substitution with regard to hallucinogens (ayahuasca, ibogaine, peyote and LSD) set within the concept of redemption. The model examines both religious and secular approaches to the contemporary use of hallucinogens in drug substitution, both by scientists and in religious settings worldwide. The redemptive model posits that the proper use of one psychoactive substance within a spiritual or clinical context helps to free an individual from the adverse effects of their addiction to another substance and thus restores them as functioning members of their community or group. Data is drawn from the U.S., Brazil, Peru, and West Africa. Two principle mechanisms for this are proposed: the psychological mechanism of suggestibility is examined in terms of the individual reaching abstinence goals from addictive substances such as alcohol and opiates. Neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms to understand the efficacy of such substitution are highlighted from ongoing research on hallucinogens. Research by two of the authors with the Uñaio do Vegetal (UDV) Church in Brazil is examined in terms of the model.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed2006

Illicit peyote use among American Indian adolescents in substance abuse treatment: a preliminary investigation.

Few studies to date have addressed illicit (i.e., nonceremonial) peyote use among American Indians (AIs). Participants were 89 AI adolescents admitted to a tribally operated residential substance abuse treatment program (RSATP) between 1998 and 2001. The RSATP is designed to provide specialized treatment of patients with substance use and other comorbid psychiatric disorders and is infused with a culturally sensitive approach to treatment. The participants completed a series of interviews that collected information on psychiatric diagnostic status, history of substance use, and ethnic identity. The majority of participants were male (65%), did not come from a two-parent household (75%), reported a mean use of 5.4 substances, and met full criteria for a median of 2.9 substance use disorders. Of 89 clients, 10 (11.2%) reported illicit use of peyote. The vast majority of these youth (n = 8) reported using peyote only once or twice in their lifetime. Illicit peyote users did not differ from nonusers in terms of age, gender, other substance use, prevalence of either other substance abuse/dependence or other nonsubstance use psychiatric disorders. However, illicit peyote users were more likely to report low levels of social support, low levels of self-esteem, and low identification with AI culture yet comparable involvement in AI traditional practices. The results of this exploratory study suggest that illicit peyote use is uncommon among AI adolescents with serious substance abuse problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Visual hallucinations during hallucinogenic experience and schizophrenia.

The visual hallucinations experienced by a 26-year-old woman under the influence of hallucinogens and during schizophrenia are described. Three types of hallucinations are delineated: (1) superimposed hallucinations, (2) spatial and depth distortions, and (3) animations. These three types of hallucinations appear to represent consecutive gradations on a continuum of the ego function of reality testing, with superimposed hallucinations revealing the least and animations the greatest degree of disorientation. The findings of the present study indicate the need for a research design that compares the hallucinations of schizophrenics to the toxic hallucinations of nonschizophrenics.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Personality/mental health correlates of drug use by high school students.

This study tested the hypothesis (derived from similar studies with college students) that personality/mental health differences do exist between high school users and nonuses of drugs (with the exception of marijuana). Subjects were students in the psychology classes of a large high school in a southwestern urban area who were asked to complete anonymously, two instruments: one, the usual drug use survey, and the other, a 48-item-self-report personality inventory, the theoretical orientation of which is Rogerian. N totaled 190 (110 males and 80 females). Statistical techniques utilized in analyses of the data included Pearson product-moment correlations, and single classification analysis of variance. The central hypothesis was impressively supported only for males, i.e., there were many personality/mental health differences between males nonusers and male polyusers. However, for marijuana, no differences were found between users and nonusers. The findings are said to agree with the result of analogous studies using college students. Implications of the findings for mental health professionals are briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Rhabdomyolysis secondary to drug overdose and prolonged coma.

Recent research has contributed to the understanding of nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis. In cases associated with coma, the pathophysiology is secondary to local pressure necrosis caused by compression from the patient's own body. The local pressure results in an edema-ischemia cycle concluding with compartmental tamponade and muscle breakdown. Myoglobin released by the damaged muscle indirectly induces the acute renal failure via its breakdown product, ferrihemate, which poisons renal tubular cells. Uric acid nephropathy may also play a role. Radionuclide scanning has assumed a significant role as a diagnostic tool to determine the extent of soft tissue injury. Early volume expansion and administration of sodium bicarbonate and mannitol are recommended as prophylaxis against renal failure. Fasciotomy appears to have a role both in the prevention of limb damage and in the diminution of the systemic toxic effects produced by muscle breakdown.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1975

Ego functioning and acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs.

The relationship between ego functioning and acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs was examined using retrospective data. The data were consistent with a causal model in which characteristic use of regression (and to a lesser extent repression) was associated with acute adverse reactions to marijuana and to LSD. Regression also had an indirect effect through increased usage of LSD. Subjects characterized by the use of intellectualization and denial were less likely to report developing acute adverse reactions. A higher score on a general measure of coping was related to avoiding acute adverse reactions to LSD, but not to marijuana. Projection, regression in the service of the ego, and tolerance of ambiguity has no effect on acute adverse reactions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗