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PubMed1975

Characterization of an in vitro persistent-state measles virus infection: establishment and virological characterization of the BGM/MV cell line.

The parameters of a persistent-state measles virus infection in BGM/MV cells were examined. The BGM/MV cell line was established by cocultivation of measles virus-infected primary C3H mouse brain cells with a stable line of African green monkey kidney cells (BGM). Initially, a morphologically mixed population of cells existed:BGM-like (epithelioid) and fibroblasts. Gradually the fibroblasts were replaced by BGM-like cells, resulting in a morphologically homogeneous population. Measles cytopathic effect was noted 2 days after initiation of this culture and persisted for approximately 290 days. The time of disappearance of viral cytopathic effect corresponded to the time at which morphological homogeneity was reached. Low titers of infectious measles virus were detected in the BGM/MV culture up to 20 days postseeding; thereafter none was observed. After 440 days in culture, 100% of BGM/MV cells demonstrated intractyoplasmic measles antigen by immunofluorescence. Nuclear fluorescence was never observed. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of measles virus mucleocapsid within the almost completely filling the cytoplasm of BGM/MV cells. The plasma membrane of these cells appeared normal; no maturing or budding particles were observed. Measles virus hemagglutinin was not detected in either clarified cell lysates or in supernatant culture fluids. Cell membrane alteration by measles virus was detected in less than 1% of these cells by hemadsorption and by membrane immunofluorescence. The hemadsorption activity of the cells could be enhanced (30 to 70%) by treatment with actinomycin D or enucleation with cytochalasin B; these treatments, however, were unsuccessful in inducing detectable levels of measles hemagglutinin. Treatment of BGM/MV cells with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) at 5 to 50 mug/ml and cytosine arabinoside at 1 to 50 mug/ml failed to enhance hemadsorption activity. Doses of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine ranging from 5 to 200 mug/ml and of actinomycin D ranging from 0.1 to 10 mug/ml were ineffective in inducing the synthesis of infectious virus. Various physical methods of induction of infectious virus was also unsuccessful.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

HLA class II-restricted presentation of cytoplasmic measles virus antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

To analyze the nature of the HLA class II-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to measles virus, murine fibroblasts were transfected with expressible cDNA clones for human HLA-DR antigen and for measles virus matrix or nucleocapsid proteins. DR-positive murine fibroblasts transfected with measles virus matrix or nucleocapsid genes were lysed by class II-restricted measles virus-specific CTL lines. Lysis was as efficient as with infected autologous B-cell lines, even though the measles virus cytoplasmic proteins were undetectable by antibodies in the transfected target cells. These results demonstrate that cytoplasmic viral antigens can be presented to CTL in the context of HLA class II antigens and that measles virus matrix and nucleocapsid proteins contribute to class II-restricted measles virus-specific CTL responses. These results also show that endogenously synthesized measles virus proteins can be efficiently presented by class II antigens. The implications of these findings for measles virus pathogenesis and for antigen processing are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Measles virus serology in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that measles virus infection in early life may predispose to Crohn's disease. AIMS: To examine using serological methods a potential association between measles virus infection in early life and predisposition to Crohn's disease. SUBJECTS: Forty five patients with Crohn's disease and forty five healthy controls were studied prospectively. METHODS: Clinical data were recorded and serum was analysed for measles virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus and herpes simplex virus (HSV) antibody titres by a complement fixation test (CFT), and for measles virus IgM by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Reciprocal CFT titres for measles virus were lower in patients with Crohn's disease compared with controls (p < 0.05); there was no significant difference in titres for other viruses. None of the subjects studied had a level of measles virus IgM suggestive of acute infection, and there was no significant difference in measles virus IgM levels between patients and controls. The measles virus CFT titres and IgM levels in the patients with Crohn's disease did not correlate with any of the clinical features recorded. CONCLUSION: This study does not provide supportive evidence for a role for measles virus in the aetiology of Crohn's disease.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2000

Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of measles related antigen in the intestinal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Measles virus is implicated in the aetiology of Crohn's disease. This measles hypothesis is mainly supported by immunohistochemical findings that the measles related antigen is present in the intestine of patients with Crohn's disease. Recently we isolated this antigen from the intestine of a patient with Crohn's disease using a molecular cloning technique and produced the monoclonal antibody against it (designated 4F12). AIM: To discover whether the measles related antigen is uniquely present in Crohn's disease. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Colonic mucosa samples from 20 patients with Crohn's disease, 20 with ulcerative colitis, 11 with non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) colitis, and nine controls were immunohistochemically stained with the anti-measles monoclonal antibody 4F12. The numbers of positive cells, the ratio of positive cells to nucleated cells, and the staining intensity of the positive cells were compared. Furthermore, the distribution of the measles antigen in other human organs was examined. RESULTS: Both the number of positive cells and the ratio of positive cells to nucleated cells were significantly increased in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and non-IBD colitis compared with controls (p<0.05) but were similar among the three disease groups. The staining intensity of the positive cells was also similar among the three disease groups. Small numbers of positive cells were observed in the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and lung. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the measles related antigen in the colonic mucosa was not unique to Crohn's disease. These results, together with the observation that such a measles related antigen was derived from host protein, do not support the hypothesis that measles virus causes Crohn's disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autistic spectrum disorder: report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations Conference convened in Oak Brook, Illinois, June 12-13, 2000.

BACKGROUND: Parents and physicians are understandably concerned about the causes and treatment of autism, a devastating disease that affects the entire family. Although much has been learned about autism, there are many gaps in our knowledge about what causes the disorder and how it can be prevented. Autistic symptoms occur along a spectrum, often referred to as autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Concern has been raised about a possible association between measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ASD, especially autism with regression. Also, increased requests for educational services related to ASD have raised concerns about possible increases in the incidence of ASD. METHODS: On June 12-13, 2000, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) convened a conference titled "New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations" in Oak Brook, Illinois. At this conference, parents, practitioners, and scientists presented information and research on MMR vaccine and ASD. Attendees included representatives from select AAP committees and sections as well as federal and other organizations that address related issues. The multidisciplinary panel of experts reviewed data on what is known about the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and genetics of ASD and the available data on hypothesized associations with IBD, measles, and MMR vaccine. Supplemental information was requested from authors who have proposed the hypotheses and other experts in relevant areas. RESULTS: Autism is a complex disorder of uncertain and probably multiple etiologies. Genetic predisposition to ASD may involve as many as 10 genes. Many experts believe that the abnormal brain development in autism occurs before 30 weeks' gestation in most instances. In utero rubella is a known cause of autism. Animal model data support the biologic plausibility that exposure to yet unrecognized infectious or other environmental agents could cause ASD. Several factors may contribute to apparent increases in incidence of ASD in recent years. Most data indicate increased recognition and reporting as primary factors, but the epidemiologic data are insufficient to determine if there has been a true increase in the incidence of ASD. Increased reporting of ASD in recent years has occurred long after the introduction of MMR vaccine in the United States in 1971 and widespread use of this vaccine in the 1970s for routine immunization of children at 12 to 15 months of age. Appropriate detailed studies are needed to define the true incidence and prevalence of ASD. Epidemiologic studies in Europe indicate no association between MMR vaccine and ASD. Some children with ASD have gastrointestinal symptoms, but an increased rate of any specific gastrointestinal disorder in children with ASD has not been established. Studies to detect evidence of measles virus in intestinal tissue specimens from patients with IBD or autism with gastrointestinal symptoms have not used uniform techniques. Several laboratories have found no evidence of measles viruses in tissue specimens from patients with IBD, but 2 groups have found evidence of measles virus using different techniques. A group that found evidence of measles virus in affected tissue specimens from patients with IBD has also reported detecting portions of measles virus in peripheral blood lymphocytes and intestinal tissue specimens from patients with autism and gastrointestinal disorders. Finding a portion of a virus using molecular techniques does not constitute evidence for a causal relationship, because some viruses persist in unaffected hosts. Additional controlled studies in several laboratories are needed to determine if portions of measles virus persist in intestinal and other tissues of people with and without gastrointestinal disease and/or ASD. CONCLUSIONS: Although the possible association with MMR vaccine has received much public and political attention and there are many who have derived their own conclusions based on personal experiences, the available evidence does not support the hypothesis that MMR vaccine causes autism or associated disorders or IBD. Separate administration of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines to children provides no benefit over administration of the combination MMR vaccine and would result in delayed or missed immunizations. Pediatricians need to work with families to ensure that children are protected early in the second year of life from these preventable diseases. Continued scientific efforts need to be directed to the identification of the causes of ASD.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2000

Predictors related to the occurrence of a measles epidemic in the city of São Paulo in 1997.

A matched case-control study was performed to identify risk factors for measles during an epidemic that occurred in 1997 in the city of São Paulo, in the Brazilian state of the same name. Measles cases from the city of São Paulo from 1 January 1997 to 15 August 1997 were included in the study. The criteria for case definition were age below 30 years, having received no measles vaccine 5-21 days before the onset of rash, and laboratory confirmation by IgM antibodies detection. From a bank of confirmed measles cases, 130 cases for each of five age ranges (under 1 year, 1-5 years, 6-20 years, 21-24 years, and 25-29 years) were picked at random according to a systematic criterion proportional to the number of cases in seven areas of the city. Data were collected through a home survey, and for each measles case studied two controls matched by age and place of residence were selected. The matched conditional logistic regression analysis for the potential risk factors from the univariate analysis showed that the best predictors for acquiring measles during the epidemic were: lack of measles vaccination, previous contact with a measles-like disease at home or on the job, having been born either outside the state of São Paulo or in a rural area, being employed, and spending time in a semiclosed institution, such as a nursery, day care center, or school. The risk factors were not homogeneous for the different age groups. The data in the present survey suggest that, in addition to lack of vaccination, other risk factors should be considered when planning a measles vaccination strategy for a developing country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Reporting efficiency during a measles outbreak in New York City, 1991.

OBJECTIVES: During an epidemic of measles among preschool children in New York City, an investigation was conducted in 12 city hospitals to estimate reporting efficiency of measles to the New York City Department of Health. METHODS: Measles cases were identified by review of hospital emergency room and infection control logs and health department surveillance records. The Chandra Sekar Deming method was used (1) to estimate the total number of measles cases in persons less than 19 years old who presented to the 12 hospitals from January through March 1991 and (2) to estimate reporting efficiency. Information on mechanisms for reporting measles cases was collected from hospital infection control coordinators. RESULTS: The Chandra Sekar Deming method estimated that 1487 persons with measles presented to the 12 hospitals during the study period. The overall reporting efficiency was 45% (range = 19% to 83%). All 12 hospitals had passive surveillance for measles; 2 also had an active component. These 2 hospitals had the first and third highest measles reporting efficiencies. CONCLUSIONS: The reporting efficiency of measles cases by New York City hospitals to the health department was low, indicating that the magnitude of the outbreak was substantially greater than suggested by the number of reported cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Measles immunity among young adults in Victoria.

Measles outbreaks in Victoria in 1999 and 2001 have suggested that a substantial proportion of young Victorian adults may be susceptible to measles infection. We performed a serosurvey of 300 18-30-year-old healthy blood donors and 312 sera retrieved after diagnostic testing for a non-rash illness in patients of the same age group, with the aim of estimating the proportion of young adults in Victoria immune to measles. We also aimed to define more precisely the birth cohorts at risk of measles infection, with cohorts reflecting the measles immunisation policies of previous years. There was no significant difference in measles immunity between the 300 blood donors (79.0%, 95% confidence interval 73.9-83.5) and the 312 patients whose sera had been stored (84.0%, 95% CI 79.4-87.9, p=0.11). There was, however, a significant difference in immunity by birth cohort. In the combined results from both samples, the proportion of people born between 1968 and 1974 who were immune to measles was 88.4 per cent (95% CI 84.1-91.6) while the proportion of those born between 1975 and 1981 was 74.1 per cent (95% CI 68.7-79.1). This study confirms that a substantial proportion of young Victorian adults are susceptible to measles, but also demonstrates that those born between 1975 and 1981 are more likely to be non-immune than those born before 1975. A review of published Australian data supports this conclusion and confirms the need for a measles control program aimed at young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Quantities of receptor molecules for colony stimulating factors on leukocytes in measles.

We analyzed the comparative amounts of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSFr) and granulocyte macrophage CSF (GM-CSFr) receptors expressed on neutrophils and monocytes in measles patients to investigate the role of these CSFrs in the development of leukopenia including neutropenia and monocytopenia in measles. EDTA-anticoagulated peripheral blood of 19 measles patients, 10 children with other infections showing leukopenia and 16 children with normal complete blood cell counts (CBC)s were analyzed using flow cytometry and QuantiBRITE. The leukocyte (5260 +/- 2030/uL vs. 9900 + 2680/uL, p=0.000), neutrophil (2580 +/- 960/uL vs. 4250 +/- 2750/uL, p=0.024) and the lymphocyte counts of measles patients (1810 +/- 1430/uL vs. 4530 +/- 3450/uL, p= 0.006) were lower than in the normal controls. The neutrophils of measles patients expressed similar amounts of G- CSFr (1858 +/- 355) as normal children (1764 +/- 477, p= 0.564) and leukopenic patients (1773 +/- 673, p=0.713), but lower levels of GM-CSFr (535 +/- 118) than normal children (957 +/- 344, p=0.000) and leukopenic patients (832 +/- 294, p=0.002). The monocytes of measles patients expressed similar amounts of G-CSFr (916 +/- 336) and GM-CSFr (3718 +/- 906) as normal children (1013 +/- 391 and 4125 (2645, p > 0.05) but less than leukopenic patients (1454 +/- 398 and 5388 +/- 806, p > 0.05). The neutrophil and monocyte counts of measles patients did not correlate with the amount of G-CSFr or GM-CSFr expressed on neutrophils or monocytes (p > 0.05), but in the normal children, the monocyte count correlated with the levels of GM-CSFr on monocytes (r=0.951, p=0.049). In conclusion, neutropenia is one of the more important characteristics of measles patients, which could be due to the decreased GM-CSFr expression on neutrophils. However, the monocytopenia found in measles patients is not due to the decreased expression of CSFr on the monocytes.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Survey of the use of vaccination against measles and pertussis in a city of the Milanese hinterland].

In april 1986 a questionnaire was submitted to the mothers of a randomized sample of children born in 1984 in a city of the hinterland of Milan. The aim of the investigation was to get information on the level of knowledge of the population on pertussis and measles diseases and on pertussis and measles vaccinations that are optional in our country. The mothers were also asked to specify the reasons of not having vaccinated their children. Aut of 146 questionnaires distributed, 137 (93%) were filled. According to the mother's recall, 22 (16%) children had been vaccinated against pertussis and 36 (26%) against measles. On the whole, the results indicate that the lack of pertussis and measles vaccinations was mainly due to ignorance about the diseases and about the vaccines. Indeed, the reasons for the lack of vaccination most frequently given by the mothers were: " belief that a child msut get these diseases" (23% of the answers for pertussis and 36% for measles), " ignorance of the availability of vaccines " (32% for anti-pertussis and 16% for anti-measles vaccination); "poor knowledge on the facilities in which to get child vaccinated" (23% for anti-pertussis and 16% for anti-measles vaccination). Moreover, on the total of the 137 interviewed mothers only 37% and 56%, respectively, knew that natural pertussis and natural measles may be accompanied or followed by complications. The frequency of the various answers was rather homogeneous regardless of the mother's schooling and of mother being a house-wife or working outside the home. It is therefore concluded that to obtain a satisfactory compliance to measles and pertussis vaccinations, it is necessary to educate parents and to improve their knowledge of the diseases and of the benefits of the vaccines.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Measles--mumps--rubella immunization: the role of the general practitioner in achieving a high uptake.

A survey of all general practitioners in Fife conducted prior to the introduction of measles-mumps-rubella immunization on a pilot basis in May 1987 showed that 85% considered mumps worth preventing and 94% believed the rubella programme worth augmenting with universal childhood immunization. Ninety seven per cent considered measles worth preventing and 98% were prepared to recommend measles-mumps-rubella immunization to parents instead of measles vaccine. One year after introducing the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in Fife, 91% of children had been immunized with the combined vaccine or measles vaccine before their second birthday. This compares with the 83% that received measles vaccine before the combined vaccine was introduced. Eighty per cent of preschool children were also immunized with the combined vaccine at school entry in a catch-up exercise. This study demonstrates that there are few major professional barriers to achieving a high uptake of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in this area. The vaccine was introduced nationally on 1 October 1988 and its uptake is likely to exceed the current unsatisfactory level achieved with measles vaccine. However, this outcome will largely depend on the commitment of doctors to the programme.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Measles virus-specific T4+ human cytotoxic T cell clones are restricted by class II HLA antigens.

We have generated measles virus-specific T cell clones from a patient with multiple sclerosis who has been described previously as a strong responder to measles virus. T cell clones were screened on the basis of their capacity to proliferate to measles virus. The cell surface phenotype of each clone was OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT8-. The majority of these clones (11 of 14) were cytotoxic for their autologous measles virus-infected lymphoblastoid B cell target. This cytotoxicity was specific for measles virus inasmuch as these T cell clones could not lyse influenza or mumps virus-infected B cell targets. By using a panel of HLA-defined measles virus-infected B cell lines, these clones were shown to recognize measles virus in the context of HLA class II determinants. A monoclonal antibody that recognizes HLA class II monomorphic determinants (L243), but not a monoclonal antibody that recognizes HLA class I antigens (W6/32), inhibited the lysis of the autologous measles virus-infected B cell target by these T cell clones. These results demonstrate that these cytotoxic T cell clones specific for measles virus are HLA class II restricted.

Clone Cells↗
PubMed1993

Measles in pregnancy: a descriptive study of 58 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of measles in pregnancy using a large case series. METHODS: Pregnant women with measles were identified by county health department records, and their hospital and clinic records were reviewed. When available, records for the infants of case patients were also reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-eight pregnant women with measles were identified. Thirty-five (60%) were hospitalized for measles, 15 (26%) were diagnosed with pneumonia, and two (3%) died of measles complications. Excluding three induced abortions, 18 pregnancies (31%) ended prematurely; five were spontaneous abortions and 13 were preterm deliveries. All but two of the 18 pregnancies that terminated early did so within 14 days of rash onset. Two term infants were born with minor congenital anomalies, but their mothers had measles late in the third trimester. No newborns were diagnosed with congenital measles. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of death and other complications from measles during pregnancy may be higher than expected for age-comparable, nonpregnant women. Measles in pregnancy may lead to high rates of fetal loss and prematurity, especially in the first 2 weeks after the onset of rash.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1998

Measles virus RNA is not detected in inflammatory bowel disease using hybrid capture and reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction.

Recent epidemiological and immunohistochemical studies have indicated a possible link between measles virus and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to use a sensitive and robust method for the detection of measles virus RNA in IBD and control clinical samples. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and intestinal resection tissue from IBD and control patients were studied. Two methods were used to determine the presence of measles virus RNA: hybrid capture, using measles virus-specific oligonucleotides linked to paramagnetic solid-phase supports, was carried out on total cellular RNA to enrich for measles virus RNA sequences. Reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using rTth DNA polymerase was employed for amplification of measles virus N-gene sequences amongst the enriched species. Total RNA was also used for RT-PCR of a housekeeping mRNA species to assess RNA quality. RT-PCR for another region of the measles genome (the haemagglutinin (H) gene) was also undertaken in order to confirm the results obtained using N-gene primers for analysis of these samples. None of the samples were positive for measles N- or H-gene RNA using RT-PCR. Positive control samples confirmed the sensitivity of the methods employed. These results show that either measles virus RNA was not present in the samples, or was present below the sensitivity limits known to have been achieved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A search for persistent measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine virus in children with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether live measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine viruses persist after immunization of immunocompromised children with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. METHODS: Ten children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection who received measles, mumps, and rubella immunizations were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and plasma were cocultivated with primary African green monkey kidney tissue culture cells for detection of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. Antibody to measles and mumps was determined by indirect fluorescent antibody and rubella was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Children seronegative to measles were revaccinated. RESULTS: Neither measles, mumps, nor rubella virus was recovered from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or plasma in these children. No child experienced symptoms thought to be related to the vaccines. Humoral immunity after one or two immunizations was detected in 33% of the children. After vaccination, two of 10 children had IgG to measles; four of 10, to mumps; and four of 10, to rubella. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of an impaired humoral immune response, persistent viremia or infection did not occur after immunization with attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine viruses. These findings suggest that immunologic response to these viruses was sufficient to prevent persistent infection in these children immunocompromised by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Measles herd immunity. The association of attack rates with immunization rates in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between incidence of measles and immunization coverage among preschool-age children. DESIGN: An ecological study in which measles incidence was compared with immunization coverage among census tracts. The independent effects of race and population density were controlled for. SETTING: A recent measles outbreak in Milwaukee, Wis. Immunization coverage data were estimated from a retrospective, school-based survey of Milwaukee grade school students. PATIENTS: One thousand eleven persons (less than or equal to 17 years) who had confirmed measles from September 1989 through June 1990. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Confirmed measles cases grouped by census tract, corresponding census tract preoutbreak immunization coverage, racial breakdown, and population density. RESULTS: Census tracts stratified into four levels, with mean immunization rates of 50.4%, 60.2%, 69.9%, and 81.0%, had respective median attack rates of 11.6, 5.0, 1.7, and 0.0 cases per 1000 persons (P less than .01). The association between immunization coverage and measles attack rate remained significant even after controlling for race and population density. CONCLUSIONS: Modest improvements in low levels of immunization coverage among 2-year-olds confer substantial protection against measles outbreaks. Coverage of 80% or less may be sufficient to prevent sustained measles outbreaks in an urban community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Measles antibodies in women and infants in the vaccine era.

The present investigation was done to determine whether measles enzyme immune assay (EIA) absorbency values were lower in women born in the vaccine era after 1963 and their infants in an upstate New York metropolitan area, an area of low measles incidence during the past 10 years compared with women born before the measles vaccine era who had natural measles. Aliquots of 202 sera from mother-infant pairs collected for other purposes from November 1990 to June 1991 at Albany Medical Center Hospital were tested by EIA. The demographic data available for analysis were maternal age and infant gestational age. Measles mean absorbency values were analyzed according to maternal age. Of 202 mother-infant pairs, 30% of mothers and 17% of their infants were seronegative (EIA < 0.16). Mothers born before 1963 and their infants had significantly higher mean EIA absorbency values than mothers born after 1963 and their infants (P < 0.002). The percent seropositive for measles antibodies by EIA for mothers born before 1963 and their infants, 87% and 94%, respectively, was significantly higher than the percent seropositive for mothers born after 1963 and their infants, 61% and 69%, respectively (P = 0.0001). Since the mean measles antibodies as measured by EIA absorbency were significantly lower in the mothers born after 1963 and their infants compared with women born before the vaccine era, the strategy for measles control in the future may have to include lowering the age of infant immunization.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunity to measles in young adults in Israel.

The likelihood of an epidemic of measles in 1990-92 in Israel prompted us to study the immune status against measles in a random sample of 454 recruits aged 18-19 years in order to obtain data that might be used in determining vaccination policy. This cohort had received one dose of measles vaccine at 12 months of age. The measles immunity status was studied by determination of antibody values that were measured by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) IgG antibody test. Of the recruits, 84.6% were found to have positive sera for anti-measles IgG antibodies, while 13.7% had negative sera. Eight (1.7%) subjects had borderline results. The results of this study indicate the need to administer a second dose of measles vaccine at an older age in addition to the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine that is now given in Israel at 12 months of age. This step will help achieve the World Health Organization's target of complete eradication of measles.

Adult↗