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PubMed1997

[Osteosynthesis of internal malleolar fracture by staplers].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Rigid medial and lateral fixation should stabilize the syndesmosis without further additional supplementation. We used Titanium staples for medial malleolar fixation. MATERIAL: This study included 21 medial malleolar fractures (6 isolated medial malleolar fractures). Ankle fractures were classified according to Weber's system for lateral malleolar fracture. TECHNICAL: Tension band was used for Weber A lateral malleolar fracture and a plate for Weber B and C. One Weber A fracture was stabilized by staples. After reduction with clamps, three staples are placed perpendicular to the fracture line. All medial malleolar fractures were treated by staples including comminutive fractures or fractures who extended proximally into the tibia pilon. Only three transversal fractures of the anterior rim were treated by staples. Closure was made without any drainage. A below the knee cast was placed for 6 weeks. RESULTS: All fractures healed without further displacement. According to Weber Score, eleven ankle had an excellent result, seven a good result and three a bad result. We never removed the staples except in one case of technical error. DISCUSSION: Titanium staple present an attractive alternative for medial malleolar fixation. Plaster cast don't impair ankle function. Titanium staples are easy to use, are of little bulk and removal is not necessary. Skie et al. described three types of anterior rim fracture: one transversal and two oblique. The small size of the fragment makes reduction difficult to maintain, and impacted staple tends to displace laterally this small fragment. In this series we stapled only transverse fracture of the anterior rim (three times). But even in this case, it is difficult to maintain reduction during stapling. In case of lass of reduction, removal of the staple is responsible for fragmentation of the small fragment. Excluding the anterior rim fracture, other fractures, including T fractures and fractures who extend to the tibial pilon can be treated by this technique. CONCLUSION: Titanium staple is easy to use in medial malleolar fractures excluding anterior rim fractures.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Multiple functions of a Zic-like gene in the differentiation of notochord, central nervous system and muscle in Ciona savignyi embryos.

Multiple functions of a Zic-like zinc finger transcription factor gene (Cs-ZicL) were identified in Ciona savignyi embryos. cDNA clones for Cs-ZicL, a beta-catenin downstream genes, were isolated and the gene was transiently expressed in the A-line notochord/nerve cord lineage and in B-line muscle lineage from the 32-cell stage and later in a-line CNS lineage from the 110-cell stage. Suppression of Cs-ZicL function with specific morpholino oligonucleotide indicated that Cs-ZicL is essential for the formation of A-line notochord cells but not of B-line notochord cells, essential for the CNS formation and essential for the maintenance of muscle differentiation. The expression of Cs-ZicL in the A-line cells is downstream of beta-catenin and a beta-catenin-target gene, Cs-FoxD, which is expressed in the endoderm cells from the 16-cell stage and is essential for the differentiation of notochord. In spite of its pivotal role in muscle specification, the expression of Cs-ZicL in the muscle precursors is independent of Cs-macho1, which is another Zic-like gene encoding a Ciona maternal muscle determinant, suggesting another genetic cascade for muscle specification independent of Cs-macho1. Cs-ZicL may provide a future experimental system to explore how the gene expression in multiple embryonic regions is controlled and how the single gene can perform different functions in multiple types of embryonic cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

[Ependyma in sheep. 5. Ependymal lining of the cerebral ventricles using scanning electron microscopy].

In 10 ewes and 10 rams the ependymal surface of the brain ventricular system was examined by the scanning electron microscope. The surfaces of the ependymal cells in the upper third of the suprachiasmatic and infundibular regions of the III-rd, partly in the lateral ventricles are covered with dense cilia. A great part of the ventricular surface is covered with microvilli and thin cilia, which are formed into bundles. At certain sites e.g. on the cornu ammonis, suprachiasmatic and infundibular recesses, on the bottom of the aquaeductus mesencephali small foci without microvilli and cilia ("bare") can be observed. In the upper half of the suprachiasmatic region some of the cilia have button-like and in the cornu temporale in the lateral ventricle club-like terminations. The building of the ependymal surface in the infundibular recess in sheep depends on the sex; in the ewes it altered in correlation to the stage of the ovarian cycle and in the rams according to the season. Supraependymal cells were found only in ewes during estrus, in rams they were not found. According to the external morphology the supraependymal cells are divided into three groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

In vitro replication of simian virus 40 DNA in a nucleoprotein complex.

A simian virus 40 (SV40) nucleoprotein complex, extracted from nuclei isolated from a monkey cell line infected with SV40, continued DNA replication in the presence of a nuclear extract, cytosol, ATP, and ATP-regenerating system, and the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. The DNA products of replication were also found as nucleoprotein complexes. Forty percent of the replicating viral DNA, labeled in vivo, was converted into covalently closed, superhelical DNA during incubation in vitro. Although the remaining labeled DNA was not converted into mature viral DNA, it was elongated to its full genome length. Failure to terminate replication successfully was not caused by endonuclease activity, since covalently closed DNA, labeled in vivo, was not damaged during incubation in vitro. When [alpha-32P]dATP was present during the incubation, the label appeared first in replicating DNA and later in mature DNA; no unusual products were labeled in vitro. The covalently closed SV40 DNA made in vitro had the same superhelical density as viral DNA made in vivo. These data demonstrate that viral nucleoprotein complexes ("minichromosomes") are able to continue DNA replication outside of the nucleus.

Cell Line↗
PubMed2003

Development of a biohybrid simulator for absorption and biotransformation processes in humans based on in vitro models of small intestine and liver tissues.

The scope of conventional cytotoxicity tests does not usually include various metabolic processes in humans. We therefore developed a physiologically based multicompartment perfusion coculture system (biohybrid simulator) using a Caco-2 cell monolayer on a semipermeable membrane and a microcarrier-based three-dimensional culture of Hep G2 cells to mimic absorption across the small intestine and biotransformation in the small intestine and the liver. Stable operation enabled the maintenance of various activities of both cell types for at least 4 days. Cocultivation improved the growth of Hep G2 cells and enhanced the cytochrome P450 1A1/2 capacities of both cell lines. When benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was introduced to the apical side of the Caco-2 cell layer, the enhanced P450 capacities produced a larger amount of BaP-7,8-hydrodiol, an immediate precursor to the highly reactive ultimate toxicant of BaP, BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide. This led to initially retarded and later stronger expression of BaP toxicity in the coculture system than in pure culture, which agreed well with the largest time integral of the concentration (area under curve) of BaP-7,8-hydrodiol in the Hep G2 cell compartment of the coculture system. Because this kind of system can reproduce such complicated phenomena, including those derived from organ-to-organ interactions, it is useful as a new in vitro experimental system to help elucidate unknown mechanisms involved in final toxicity in humans and to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic numerical simulation models.

Absorption↗
PubMed1976

The mammalian rete testis--a morphological examination.

The fine structure of the rete testis was examined in several primates, domestic animals and rodents. The rete testis consists of a series of interconnected wide channels lined with a simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium, resting on a thick basal lamina. Beneath the basal lamina dense bundles of collagen fibrils and a few blood vessels, lymphatics or nerve tissue are found. The epithelial cells are characterized by large, deeply indented nuclei, spherical or short rod-shaped mitochondria, supranuclear Golgi profiles, some cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and numerous micropinocytotic vesicles in the ectoplasmic regions. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, lysosomes or other types of dense bodies are rarely seen. The apical surface of the cells bears numerous microvilli and a single very long flagellum which is presumed to be motile. Ajoining lateral cell membranes exhibit a juxtaluminal tight junction, elaborate interdigitations and desmosomes. The basal plasma membrane is highly irregular greatly increasing its surface area of contact with the underlying interstitium. The nuclei of the rete epithelial cells contain pale-staining, spherical structure, 2 mum in diameter, composed of circularly oriented fine filaments. The significance of the nuclear structures remains unknown. Thorotrast was injected into the lumen of the hamster and rat rete testis and 30 minutes later the proximal portion of the excurrent duct system of the testis was prepared for electron microscopy. Whereas the ductuli efferentes and first part of the epididymis possessed numerous apical vesicles filled with the thorotrast, this electron opaque substance was rarely found in the epithelium of the rete testis. Thus, incorporation of particulate matter into the lining cells of the rete from its lumen is apparently less active than in the epithelium of the ductuli and epididymis. Vascularly introduced intercellular tracer compounds such as lanthanum nitrate or horseradish peroxidase did not enter the lumen of the rete testis from the interstitium. The tracer molecules appeared to be blocked by the juxtaluminal tight junction separating adjacent epithelial cells. This latter observation suggests that a blood-testis barrier exists at the level of the rete testis epithelium. Although physiological studies have indicated that the composition of fluid secreted in the seminiferous epithelium is considerably modified in the rete testis, the present morphological study does not provide additional evidence to support a secretory or absorptive function for this region of the excurrent duct system of the testis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Aural intensity for a moving source.

Considerable, highly specific information is available to the auditory system concerning the trajectory of a moving sound source. This paper delineates the set of stimuli that motion-sensitive systems might use. General expressions for the sound intensity, the interaural intensity difference, and their first time derivatives, are derived for a source moving along an arbitrary trajectory. The general expressions are then made explicit for three special cases of motion of an omnidirectional constant level source: a source moving directly away from or toward the observer, a source moving around the observer's head, and a source moving in a straight line across the auditory field of the observer. The later special case combine characteristics of the two first ones. The functions are plotted and their characteristics compared. The combination of all four functions provides a unique signature for each source trajectory. The first time derivative of the monaural spectrum level function is found to be directly proportional to the velocity scaled by the distance of the source for omnidirectional sources of constant intensity. This makes the first time derivative of the spectrum level especially attractive as a component of a specialized source detection system in the brain.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2001

Effect of overexpression of wild-type and mutant Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutases on oxidative damage and antioxidant defences: relevance to Down's syndrome and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Patients with Down's syndrome (DS) show elevated levels of copper, zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and appear to have increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to DNA as well as elevated glutathione peroxidase activity. Increasing SOD1 levels by gene transfection in NT-2 and SK-N-MC cell lines also led to a rise in glutathione peroxidase activity, but this was nevertheless accompanied by decreased proliferation rates, increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls, and a trend to a rise in 8-hydroxyguanine and protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine. Transfection of these cell lines with DNA encoding two mutant SOD1 enzymes (G37R and G85R) associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), produced similar, but more severe changes, i.e. even lower growth rates, higher lipid peroxidation, 3-nitrotyrosine and protein carbonyl levels, decreased GSH levels, raised GSSG levels and higher glutathione peroxidase activities. Since G85R has little SOD activity, these changes cannot be related to increased O(2)(-) scavenging. In no case was SOD2 (mitochondrial Mn-SOD) level altered. Our cellular systems reproduce many of the biochemical changes observed in patients with DS or ALS, and in transgenic mice overexpressing mutant SOD1. They also show the potentially deleterious effects of SOD1 overexpression on cellular proliferation, which may be relevant to abnormal development in DS.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1985

Induction of early mitotic events in a cell-free system.

Maturation promoting factor (MPF) has been shown to induce meiosis or mitosis when injected into Xenopus oocytes and embryos. We show here that early events of mitosis, chromatin condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown, are induced by MPF in somatic interphase nuclei incubated in a cell-free extract of Xenopus eggs. These events occur rapidly and synchronously in response to MPF and are reversed when MPF activity is diminished. Using this cell-free system, we show that major structural proteins of the nuclear lamina, lamins A and C, are hyperphosphorylated within 15 min after addition of MPF, followed by a gradual depolymerization of the nuclear lamina until the nuclear envelope breaks down 30 min later. These results show that MPF induces mitotic events in vitro, and that phosphorylation of the lamins precedes disassembly of the nuclear lamina and could act to trigger nuclear envelope breakdown.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Naming and knowing in dementia of Alzheimer's type.

We studied the relationship between naming and the integrity of physical and associative knowledge in a group of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and matched normal controls. All subjects named 48 line drawings and later generated verbal definitions in response to the names of a subset of the 48 items, which included a minimum of six definitions for correctly named objects and six definitions for items that the subject failed to name. A comprehensive scoring system was designed for the definitions, including physical and associative features of a general and a specific type, a superordinate label, the core concept, and various categories of errors. The definitions generated by the DAT patients, even those in the minimal group, contained significantly less correct information than those of normal subjects, and definitions corresponding to unnamed items were more impoverished than those for named items. Particularly striking was the loss of core concept for unnamed items. There was also a disproportionate reduction in physical information on unnamed compared to named items. We conclude that quantitative assessment of verbal definitions is a sensitive index of semantic memory breakdown. Our findings offer some support for the hypothesis that successful naming depends upon integrity of the subset of semantic knowledge comprising physical features.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Influence of shock on development of infection during acute pancreatitis in the rat.

This study tested the hypothesis that hypovolemic shock elicits or promotes the development of infection during acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced in rats by ligation of the common biliopancreatic duct; nonlaparotomized animals served as controls. After 24 hr, the animals were subjected to either sham-shock (instrumented only) or to shock by withdrawal of blood through a femoral artery line by maintaining the mean arterial blood pressure at 30 mm Hg for 1 or 2 hr. After completion of the shock period, the shed blood was returned to the animal. All animals were sacrificed 24 hr later and specimens obtained from portal and systemic blood, liver, spleen, pancreas, and mesenteric lymph nodes for bacteriologic culture using standard techniques. The pancreas was also analyzed by morphometric techniques. The histologic changes of pancreatitis induced by biliopancreatic obstruction were characterized by marked edema with accompanying mild inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis. Concomitant with these morphologic findings was an associated translocation of enteric organisms to the mesenteric lymph nodes without spread to distant organs. Shock by itself induced only a mild edema in the pancreas and did not cause bacterial translocation. Furthermore, shock failed to aggravate the morphologic alterations of acute pancreatitis and did not promote bacterial spread to mesenteric nodes over that observed with pancreatitis alone. Thus, we conclude that periods of severe shock lasting up to 2 hr do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of infection in our model of pancreatitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines after cardiac operation: different cellular sources at different times.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac operation produces substantial alterations within the immune system, which possibly predispose postoperative complications. However, the interplay between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory reactions and the cells involved in this process are not completely clear. Therefore, we investigated serum levels, as well as synthesis patterns, of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. METHODS: Serum levels and production of interleukin (IL) IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma, using a mixed cell culture, (ie, monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes), as well as a purified lymphocyte culture were measured preoperatively (day 0), on postoperative day 1, on postoperative day 3, and on postoperative day 5 in 25 patients undergoing cardiac operations and were compared with 10 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Serum level and mixed cell culture, production of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-10 increased on postoperative day 1, but decreased in lymphocyte culture. Base line values were reached on postoperative day 5. Interferon-gamma serum levels remained unchanged, whereas IL-5 serum levels increased on postoperative days 3 and 5. Cell culture synthesis showed a significant suppression for both mediators in both cell cultures, which returned to baseline on postoperative day 3 in mixed cell culture. Interferon-gamma production by lymphocytes was suppressed until postoperative day 5, whereas IL-5 returned to preoperative values on postoperative day 5. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac operation induces a biphasic immune response. The first phase (postoperative day 1) appears to represent the proinflammatory and antiinflammatory reaction of the innate immune system returning to base line on postoperative day 3. The second phase (postoperative day 5) may represent the response of the adaptive immune system and is characterized by an antiinflammatory type of reaction. This may explain why the systemic inflammatory response occurs immediately after cardiac operation, whereas infections occur later.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2004

MicroPET-compatible, small animal hyperthermia ultrasound system (SAHUS) for sustainable, collimated and controlled hyperthermia of subcutaneously implanted tumours.

An external ultrasound system was developed for the heating of subcutaneously implanted tumours in small animals. This small animal hyperthermia ultrasound system (SAHUS) was designed to be compatible with a microPET (small animal positron emission tomography) scanner to facilitate studies of hyperthermia effects on tumour hypoxia. Collimation and localization of energy deposition, a specific goal for the new device to avoid regional and/or systemic heating of small animals, was demonstrated using thermoradiography following high-power short-time heating of a layered gel phantom. The in vivo heating capabilities of the SAHUS were tested using PC3 cell line tumours (2000-2700 mm(3)) grown in the lateral proximal thighs of Nu-/Nu- nuBR nude mice. Intratumour temperatures were recorded during heating trials with deep and superficial interstitial thermocouples. The experimental data showed that the SAHUS could produce hyperthermia in 8 +/- 2 mm diameter tumours in small animals to a target temperature of 41.5 degrees C and maintain it within a narrow temperature range (+/- 0.3 degrees C) for up to 4 h without raising the core temperature of the animals. PET imaging studies, data to be published separately, were conducted before and during SAHUS-induced hyperthermia. Both devices performed as expected and there was no significant decrease in image quality. In this paper, the new SAHUS is described and data from phantom and in vivo experiments presented.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1981

Syringoencephalomyelia (syringocephalus).

This is the fourth recorded patient with extension of syringomyelia into the brain rostral to the mesencephalon verified at autopsy. A syrinx was demonstrated from the low thoracic segments of the spinal cord to the cervico-medullary junction, where a fibrovascular malformation and dural-arachnoid adhesions deformed the pyramids. Cavities in the spinal cord were continuous, with rostral glial-lined cavities in both corticospinal tracts through a system of sponge-like tubes. The rostral extent of these cavities on the right was the centrum semi-ovale above the neostriatum; on the left, the cavities extended to the diencephalon. A classical lateral-dorsal syringobulbia in the right medulla accompanied the syringoencephalomyelia (syringocephalus).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anatomic and electrophysiologic evaluation of a right lateral atrioventricular Mahaim fiber.

We report a patient who underwent an electrophysiologic study and radiofrequency catheter ablation for a right lateral Mahaim fiber. During sinus rhythm with overt preexcitation, propagation mapping was performed in the right ventricle using a three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping system (CARTO). Small discrete potentials, which reflected the excitation of the Mahaim fiber, could be recorded along the line from the vicinity of the parental tricuspid annulus to approximately one-third of distal site from the base to the apex. The relationship of the timing of its potential to the anatomical location could be disclosed on recordings of the local electrogram and anatomical map.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Correlation of regional breath sound with regional ventilation in emphysema.

We measured regional breath sound intensities (Ib) by a microphone amplifier system in 8 subjects with emphysema. We also measured regional white noise transmissions (Tn) from the same areas in all subjects. The recorded areas were 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm from the apex of the lung just lateral to the right anterior midclavicular line. Xenon ventilation indexes (xenon tidal raw counts, an index of total regional ventilation; xenon equilibration raw counts, an index of ventilating lung volume; xenon ventilation per unit volume (Vr), an index of ventilation per unit volume) were also recorded from the same areas. The Ib, Tn, Ib/Tn (an index of sound generation), and xenon ventilation indexes were all expressed as a fraction of the mean value of all four recorded areas. The Ib and Ib/Tn correlated best with the xenon tidal raw counts, correlated well with the xenon equilibration raw counts, and correlated poorly with Vr. We conclude that Ib and Ib/Tn can be used to quantify regional ventilation in subjects with emphysema.

Auscultation↗
PubMed2006

Development and evaluation of a noninvasive marker cluster technique to assess three-dimensional kinematics of the distal portion of the forelimb in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a marker cluster set for measuring sagittal and extrasagittal movement of joints in the distal portion of the forelimb in ponies. ANIMALS: 4 ponies. PROCEDURES: 5 infrared cameras were positioned on a concrete walkway in a frontal-sagittal arc and calibrated. Four segments were defined: hoof, middle phalanx, proximal phalanx, and metacarpus. Rigid clusters with 4 retroreflective markers were placed on each segment. A static trial was recorded with additional anatomic markers on the medial and lateral joint lines. Those anatomic markers were removed, and kinematic data were recorded at 240 Hz during walking. An ensemble mean was computed from the 4 ponies from 5 replicates of the walks. Joint kinematic variables were calculated by use of the calibrated anatomical system technique. The design and error dispersion of each marker were evaluated. RESULTS: Marker clusters were quasiplanar, but variation in orientation error was reduced because the mean radii were > 10 times the largest error dispersion values. Measurements of sagittal rotations of the distal interphalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and metacarpophalangeal joints were similar to measurements obtained with bone-fixed triads, but larger discrepancies between the 2 methods were found for extrasagittal rotations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Development of noninvasive methods for quantifying data pertaining to 3-dimensional motion in horses is important for advancement of clinical analysis. The technique used in the study enabled identification of flexion-extension motions with an acceptable degree of accuracy. Appropriate correction algorithms and improvements to the technique may enable future quantification of extrasagittal motions.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Bone marrow regeneration after local injury: a review.

This paper is focused on a mechanically depleted medullary cavity as an experimental model for analysis of marrow regenerative programs. The reconstitution of marrow in an evacuated cavity is basically a local phenomenon in respect to the stimulus for regeneration and the origin of the responsible cells. The nature of the triggering stimulus is unknown, but it is probably related to disruption of the continuity of the marrow stroma and endosteum. The initiating cells appear to be independent lines of mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells bound to bone, most likely within the endosteum and haversian system. The mesenchymal cells form the characteristic marrow stroma. Hemic cell regeneration can occur without immigrant hematopoietic stem cells, although such cells are known to contribute to later stages of repopulation. The formation and resorption of trabecular bone appears to be intimately related to the development of a sinusoidal matrix, perhaps by serving as a callus or supporting lattice and perhaps by providing a mechanism for distribution of stromal progenitors. Hematopoiesis is initiated in sites of active bone resorptive. The interplay of events consequent to marrow removal is strikingly similar to that seen with heterotopic marrow implants. Because stromal stem cells, unlike hematopoietic stem cells, do not migrate from distant sites, marrow stroma is the limiting factor in recovery from localized injury. Stromal stem cells are fairly radiosensitive but are not as sensitive as hematopoietic stem cells. The apparent radioresistance of stromal elements in an intact marrow seems to be due to their very low turnover rate. Latent radiation damage can be readily unmasked by conditions that promote their proliferation. This no doubt accounts for the radiosensitivity of stroma in an evacuated femur or heterotopic implant in contrast to its continued functional integrity with similar irradiation of in situ marrow. Even in an intact marrow, however, exposures in the 1000 rad range can lead to slowly evolving hypocellularity associated with diminished blood flow. With higher doses, aplasia of the irradiated site becomes progressively more generalized. It remains to be seen whether this limiting condition is due to the loss of specific regulatory functions or stromal components or merely reflects sinusoidal damage.

Bone Marrow↗