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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Arab labour migration: a review of trends and issues.

"The objectives set for this paper are to: provide an analysis of volume and trends in labour migration within the Arab region; discuss the major characteristics of the migrants, including demographic features, types of economic activity, wage levels and duration of stay in host countries; [and] outline and discuss the major issues in labour migration both from the sending and receiving countries. The time period covered by the study is from the mid 1970s to the present." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Demography↗
PubMed1996

Labour crunch, foreign workers and policy responses: the experience of Japan.

"Japan has experienced labour shortages since the late 1960s....The present study is an attempt to analyse the Japanese government's response to circumvent labour shortages. It focuses on two aspects: perception of Japanese society towards the increasing presence of foreign workers in Japan and associated problems; and measures taken by the government to overcome labour crunch. These aspects are examined within the [framework of an] increasing flow of foreigners to Japan during the past decades." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1996

An optimized model for substitution of expatriate workforce in a Gulf-Council country: the Kuwaiti case.

"This article is based on data from a research project carried out during 1992-1994 to achieve a replacement mechanism and a model for the substitution of expatriate labour by Kuwaiti nationals. Since Kuwait can readily enforce its Kuwaitization policy in the public sector, the presented model aims at reducing the share of non-Kuwaitis in that sector over five years. Published data on distribution of the workforce in the public sector by nationality indicate that the non-Kuwaiti share of the total workforce is 38 per cent. The majority of [migrant] workers are unskilled or semi-skilled and engaged in production, commerce and services. Sex ratios are unbalanced and workers exhibit a high rate of literacy...." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Illegal immigration and local labour markets: the case of northern Greece.

"The purpose of the present study is to enhance knowledge on the impact of illegal immigrants in Greece from both Eastern European and other developing countries. Our analysis is based on direct survey information from the four regions in Greece which employ considerable numbers of illegal aliens." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Demography↗
PubMed1996

A case study of the labour market status of recent mainland Chinese immigrants, metropolitan Toronto.

"This article focuses on an analysis of the labour market status of recent MCIs [mainland Chinese immigrants to Canada], taking into account such factors as gender, educational attainment, language proficiency and period of arrival (or length of residence in Canada), and uses Metropolitan Toronto as a case study. The effect of each factor on MCIs' labour market status will be analysed separately, followed by two logit models examining the simultaneous effects of the factors and their relative importance." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed2006

The effect of private insurance on the health of older, working age adults: evidence from the health and retirement study.

OBJECTIVE: Primarily, to determine if the presence of private insurance leads to improved health status, as measured by a survey-based health score. Secondarily, to explore sensitivity of estimates to adjustments for endogeneity. The study focuses on adults in late middle age who are nearing entry into Medicare. DATA SOURCES: The analysis file is drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, a national survey of relatively older adults in the labor force. The dependent variable, an index of 5 health outcome items, was obtained from the 1996 survey. Independent variables were obtained from the 1992 survey. State-level instrumental variables were obtained from the Area Resources File and the TAXSIM file. The final sample consists of 9,034 individuals of which 1,540 were uninsured. STUDY DESIGN: Estimation addresses endogeneity of the insurance participation decision in health score regressions. In addition to ordinary least squares (OLS), two models are tested: an instrumental variables (IV) model, and a model with endogenous treatment effects due to Heckman (1978). Insurance participation and health behaviors enter with a lag to allow their effects to dissipate over time. Separate regressions were run for groupings of chronic conditions. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The OLS model results in statistically significant albeit small effects of insurance on the computed health score, but the results may be downward biased. Adjusting for endogeneity using state-level instrumental variables yields up to a six-fold increase in the insurance effect. Results are consistent across IV and treatment effects models, and for major groupings of medical conditions. The insurance effect appears to be in the range of about 2-11 percent. There appear to be no significant differences in the insurance effect for subgroups with and without major chronic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Extending insurance coverage to working age adults may result in improved health. By conjecture, policies aimed at expanding coverage to this population may lead to improved health at retirement and entry to Medicare, potentially leading to savings. However, further research is needed to determine whether similar results are found when alternative measures of overall health or health scores are used. Future research should also explore the use of alternative instrumental variables. Preliminary results provide no justification for targeting certain subgroups with susceptibility to certain chronic conditions rather than broad policy interventions.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1993

Health, income, and postretirement employment of older adults.

After a poor response to advertisements for employment for older adults, a community health nursing agency surveyed 216 individuals ranging in age from 60 to 96 years to examine their attitudes toward postretirement work, perceptions of barriers to and facilitators of employment, and the influence of perceived health status and income on these factors related to labor force participation. The findings are consistent with continuity theory of aging, and underscore the need for public policies aimed at supporting the decision of older persons to work or retire.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of a multidisciplinary care program for stroke patients in a day care center.

With funds received by the Rehabilitation Center at Martin Place Hospital East from the Michigan Association of Regional Medical Programs, a Rehabilitation Day Care Center was established. Initially it was called the Stroke Day Care Center (SDCC). Its purpose was to provide comprehensive care to patients with disabilities due to stroke and related diseases according to the "day at the hospital, night at home" concept. A complex of medical and allied services was furnished, based upon the patient's attendance at the SDCC from one to five days a week. The goal was to promote for the patient an earlier return of functional vocational, social and home activities by effectively providing him and his family with multidisciplinary care. In this SDCC program the main emphasis was on testing the feasibility of lowering the cost of stroke-patient care by: a) shortening the hospital stay; b) reducing the need for in-patient care in facilities for non-acute illness; c) shortening the stay in extended care facilities; d) returning younger stroke victims earlier to the labor force; e) identifying the number of stroke patients who could live at home if provided with a modified day care program; and f) assessing the need for purely recreational and social activities in future programs. The evaluation was based on a comprehensive study of 108 patients during the period February 1972 to June 1973. This project is offered as a model for the development and expansion of rehabilitation-recreation day care centers for the handicapped of all ages.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Economic and policy implications of improving longevity.

With all the rhetoric surrounding the impending "entitlement crisis" produced by the "graying of America," there has been surprisingly little serious analysis of the social and economic implications of increased longevity and the doubling of the number of elderly people that will occur in this country over the next 30 years. This article identifies five critical areas in which the effect of demographic change will be significant. First, patterns of work life and labor-force participation will almost inevitably change. Second, government expenditures now financed largely by payroll and federal income taxes will increase, whereas those financed by state and local property taxes will fall, at least proportionately. Third, the post-World War II pattern of suburbanized, automobile-dependent communities will pose special challenges to serving an aging population, and new adaptations will need to be developed. Fourth, intrafamily caregiving patterns will necessarily change. Fifth, the level of disability and dependence of older people, for which the rate of change is inherently unpredictable, will have a major effect on all these and other phenomena. Whether one views the net effect of all these changes as a positive or a negative, it is necessary to begin thinking a lot harder and more systematically about all of them.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Extraordinary longevity: individual and societal issues.

The likelihood of substantial increases in average life spans and the potential for profound longevity increases (to 100, 110, or 120 years on average) raises a host of societal issues. These include huge increases in the number of old and very old persons, the likelihood of a massive increase in health expenditures for the population aged 65 and older, the potential for outliving financial resources, challenges to the viability of Social Security and pensions, concerns about quality of life, and possible intergenerational antagonisms. If marked increases occur in average life spans worldwide, several billions could be added to world population at eventual stability, and that could become a sustainability issue. To prepare for what is likely to be our demographic future requires a major shift in thinking about this type of complex issue; we must change from a simple linear to a much broader systems approach. Changes in retirement age, strengthening (but then replacing) the Social Security system, retaining older persons in the labor force, mandating retirement savings during working years, and many other actions must be considered in a debate that should start now about life span increase and the future; if we dawdle, we risk the consequences of being unprepared for the dramatic demographic changes that are likely to occur in the coming decades.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and socioeconomic variables.

OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic diseases associated with considerable morbidity. This morbidity may have an impact on the ability of patients to remain employed, on their marital status, and on their ability to complete a course of higher education. It has long been held that IBD patients are of a higher socioeconomic status and more educated than the general population. Our aim was to determine the relationship between IBD and employment, income, disability, education, and marital status in two population-based data sets based in the province of Manitoba, Canada. METHODS: Two studies are reported here. In study A, we surveyed persons with IBD, using the population-based University of Manitoba IBD Database, created in 1995-1996. We compared these IBD patients to the general population with respect to employment, education, and marital status using data from the 1996 National Population Health Survey. IBD patients were queried as to their socioeconomic status as of the time of diagnosis and also at the time of the survey (1995-1996). In study B, we used a database that linked health care and census variables to determine differences in employment, income, occupation, and marital status among individuals who met the administrative definition of IBD (created in forming the University of Manitoba IBD Database, based on ICD-9-CM codes 555 for Crohn's disease and 556 for ulcerative colitis) compared with the rest of working-age population. RESULTS: In study A we found that, compared with the general population, patients with IBD were more likely to be unemployed. Crohn's disease appeared to affect employment more than ulcerative colitis. IBD patients, however, had a low rate of reporting themselves as disabled (1.3%). Among those married when diagnosed with IBD, approximately 10% of men and up to 20% of women were no longer married 5 yr later. More patients with IBD were married in 1995 compared with the general population; however, more were also divorced. Fewer patients with IBD achieved postsecondary education. In study B, we found that individuals with IBD were twice as likely to be out of the labor force as were controls. Sedentary occupations were twice as likely to be associated with IBD. The income, education level, and marital status of IBD patients were not significantly different from those of controls. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with IBD at some time in the course of their illness are more likely not to be working than are those in the general population. Based on employment status and job classification, as well as income and education, IBD patients are not of a higher socioeconomic status as previously reported. IBD patients are at least as likely as the general population to be married.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' attitudes toward control over nursing practice.

A random sample of 323 nurses registered in Illinois was used to examine nurses' attitudes toward nurse control over nursing practice. Most supported nurse autonomy, independent practice, and third-party reimbursement, though a fairly sizable minority did not, particularly with regard to independent practice. Regression analyses found that favorable attitudes were associated with a more college-based initial nursing program, a more recent year of initial licensure, a greater attachment to the labor force, and a stronger commitment to a nursing career. Neither family status, current employment situation, nor future career plans had any significant effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Consequences of teen-age parenting.

The changing context of teen-age childbearing and current related controversies are reviewed. Recent research about the consequences of teen-age childbearing for the teen-age mother, the father, and for the children born is examined. The article also summarizes current knowledge about the consequences of teen-age childbearing with regard to the mother's educational attainment, marital experience, subsequent fertility behavior, labor force experience and occupational attainment, and experience with poverty and welfare.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Economic and health needs of Wisconsin migrant farm workers.

Migrant farm workers play an essential role in the planting and harvesting of crops in our agricultural production system. In the United States today, about 6 percent of the paid farm labor force "follow the crops" across the nation. This article reports on the economic and health care needs of migrant farm workers who travel from the border areas of Texas to Wisconsin each year. Surveys conducted in 1978 and 1989 show that this population remains in serious need of health care and access to financial assistance programs. During the 11-year interval between surveys, little change occurred in the health care status or use patterns of Wisconsin migrant workers, although housing and sanitary conditions in the work environment improved somewhat due to the passage of new federal regulations. This article discusses the problems and barriers that migrants continue to face and offers recommendations for government action.

Adolescent↗