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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Estrogen disrupts chemokine-mediated chemokine release from mammary cells: implications for the interplay between estrogen and IP-10 in the regulation of mammary tumor formation.

Chemokines are pro-inflammatory cytokines that function to attract immune cells to the sites of tissue inflammation, injury or infection. We have formulated the hypothesis that release of one chemokine can serve, in a local paracrine or endocrine fashion, to induce the release of other chemokines from neighboring mammary cells. We set out to investigate whether specific chemokines could promote the release of other chemokine members from mammary cells, and whether estrogen could serve to disrupt the release of these chemokines from mammary cells. We found that treatment with the chemokine IP-10 resulted in significant increases in the amount of MIP-1alpha and MCP-1/JE released from murine mammary cells. Estrogen co-treatment significantly blocked the ability of IP-10 to trigger the release of MIP-1alpha and MCP-1/JE. Suppressive effects of estrogen were reversed upon co-treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Estrogen treatment significantly decreased expression of proteins corresponding to the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 on mammary cells. Exposure of female mice to IP-10 in vivo significantly decreased the ability of estrogen to support the growth of CCL-51-based tumors in mammary tissue. Our results suggest that exposure of mammary tissue to estrogen may decrease the release of local chemokines from mammary cells, potentially increasing the risk of tumor growth through decreased immune surveillance. Ongoing studies are investigating the possible mechanisms through which IP-10 stimulates the release of chemokines from mammary cells, and how the action of IP-10 may serve to decrease mammary tumor formation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interplay between mitochondria and cellular calcium signalling.

Mitochondria are increasingly ascribed central roles in vital cell signalling cascades. These organelles are now recognised as initiators and transducers of a range of cell signals, including those central to activation and amplification of apoptotic cell death. Moreover, as the main source of cellular ATP, mitochondria must be responsive to fluctuating energy demands of the cell. As local and global fluctuations in calcium concentration are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and are the common factor in a dizzying array of intra- and inter-cellular signalling cascades, the relationships between mitochondrial function and calcium transients is currently a subject of intense scrutiny. It is clear that mitochondria not only act as local calcium buffers, thus shaping spatiotemporal aspects of cytosolic calcium signals, but that they also respond to calcium uptake by upregulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle, thus reacting metabolically to local signalling. In this chapter we review current knowledge of mechanisms of mitochondrial calcium uptake and release and discuss the consequences of mitochondrial calcium handling for cell function, particularly in conjunction with mitochondrial oxidative stress.

Calcium Signaling↗
PubMed2001

The Epstein-Barr virus and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease: interplay of immunosuppression, EBV, and the immune system in disease pathogenesis.

Transplant patients are at particular risk for developing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) following administration of immunosuppressive therapy. In many cases the PTLD lesions express Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent and lytic genes as well as elevated levels of host cytokines. An outline of the potential contributions of EBV, host cytokines and T cells, and the immunosuppressive cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, and anti-CD3 antibody in the mechanism and pathogenesis of this disease is presented and discussed.

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections↗
PubMed1991

Physical symptoms and the interplay of work and family roles.

The paradigm underlying research on the relationship between work and physical-health symptoms in men has focused on workplace stressors and has ignored men's family roles. Research on women, work, and health suggests several necessary additions to this paradigm, including (a) a focus on job rewards and job concerns and (b) attention to the impact of family roles on the relationship between job rewards and concerns and physical health. We included these variables in a study of a disproportionate random sample of 403 employed 25- to 55-year-old women. Major findings are that (a) work rewards (e.g., helping others at work) are related to reports of low levels of physical symptoms; (b) work concerns (e.g., overload) are associated with reports of high levels of physical symptoms; (c) particular work rewards, which may be different for women than for men, mitigate the negative health effects of work concerns; (d) among employed mothers, satisfaction with salary is negatively related to physical-health symptoms; and (e) women in positive marriages or partnerships were more likely to reap physical-health benefits from the rewards of helping others at work and from supervisor support.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Drug-intake regulation and the interplay between economic costs and benefits: comment on Lynch and Carroll (2001).

W. J. Lynch and M. E. Carroll's (2001) review argues against aversive effects and for satiation and direct effects as the mechanisms responsible for the descending limb of the dose-response function. Analysis is provided that suggests they may prematurely dispose of the aversive-effects account. Further analysis of the evidence for satiation and direct effects supports the authors' contention that neither can be exclusively supported. A brief behavioral-economic analysis of drug-intake regulation and the descending limb of the dose-response function is presented.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Placement into foster care and the interplay of urbanicity, child behavior problems, and poverty.

Child welfare involvement is related to involvement with poverty, but the dimensions of that relationship have not been fully explored. Data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being were used to test the relationship between poverty indicators and placement into foster care. Poverty, ages of children, urban or nonurban settings, and the presence of mental health disorders interact to contribute to placement decisions. In urban areas, poverty is strongly associated with involvement with child welfare services, but children's mental health problems are not. In nonurban areas, children's mental health problems are a far greater contributor to child welfare involvement than poverty. Implications for understanding the dual functions of child welfare placements are provided. Child welfare services continue to address the needs of families with children with substantial behavioral problems--yet, federal child welfare policy includes no recognition of this important role.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and control capacities.

This study examined whether child temperamental approach reactivity moderated the association between 2 factors, parenting and child control capacities and child emotional self-regulation. Participants (N = 113) were 3- and 4-year-olds (M = 48 months, SD = 5.78) and their mothers. Emotional self-regulation was measured as observed persistence and frustration and as maternal report of compliance. Parental approach, avoidance, control, and warmth were observed during play and a frustrating wait. Child approach reactivity and control capacities (inhibitory control and soothability) were assessed via maternal report. Results suggested that maternal approach during the wait was associated with persistence and frustration, whereas maternal warmth during the play was associated with compliance. These effects, and those of child control capacities, depended on the level of child approach. The implications of reactivity-control interactions and parent-child goodness-of-fit for emotional self-regulation are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Do not prime hawks with doves: the interplay of construct activation and consistency of social value orientation on cooperative behavior.

Low and high consistent pro-socials and pro-selfs were primed with neutral, morality, or might concepts in mixed-motive situations. The authors expected participants' social value orientation to influence cooperative behavior among (a) high consistent individuals in all prime conditions and (b) low consistent individuals in the neutral prime condition only. The authors also expected the primes to influence cooperative behavior more among low than high consistent individuals. Four experiments using supra-liminal (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) or subliminal (Experiment 3) priming and 2-person (Experiments 1-3) or N-person (Experiment 4) social dilemmas partially supported these initial predictions. One intriguing exception was that morality primes reduced cooperation among high consistent pro-selfs. Experiments 2-4 allowed testing for the potential role of expectations in shaping participants' cooperative behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

We can do it: the interplay of construal orientation and social comparisons under threat.

The authors investigated how a collective self-construal orientation in combination with positive social comparisons "turns off" the negative effects of stereotype threat. Specifically, Experiment 1 demonstrated that stereotype threat led to increased accessibility of participants' collective self ("we"). Experiment 2 showed that this feeling of "we-ness" in the stereotype threat condition centered on the participants' stereotyped group membership and not on other important social groups (e.g., students). Experiment 3 indicated that in threat situations, when participants' collective self is accessible, positive social comparison information led to improved math test performance and less concern, whereas in nonthreat situations, when the collective self is less accessible, positive comparison information led to worse test performance and more concern. Our final experiment revealed that under stereotype threat, only those comparison targets who are competent in the relevant domain (math), rather than in domains unrelated to math (athletics), enhanced participants' math test performance.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

The interplay of meaning, sound, and syntax in sentence production.

A discussion of modularity in language production processes, with special emphasis on processes for retrieving words and building syntactic structures for a to-be-uttered sentence, is presented. The authors' 1st goal was to assess the extent to which information processing is encapsulated between different processing stages. In particular, they assessed whether the input from one processing stage to the next is minimal and whether the flow of information in the system is strictly unidirectional. On the basis of the reviewed evidence, they conclude that both assumptions have to be revised. Their 2nd goal was to propose an altemative framework that does not assume strict encapsulation but that maintains multiple levels of integration for production.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Biocultural orchestration of developmental plasticity across levels: the interplay of biology and culture in shaping the mind and behavior across the life span.

The author reviews reemerging coconstructive conceptions of development and recent empirical findings of developmental plasticity at different levels spanning several fields of developmental and life sciences. A cross-level dynamic biocultural coconstructive framework is endorsed to understand cognitive and behavioral development across the life span. This framework integrates main conceptions of earlier views into a unifying frame, viewing the dynamics of life span development as occurring simultaneously within different time scales (i.e., moment-to-moment microgenesis, life span ontogeny, and human phylogeny) and encompassing multiple levels (i.e., neurobiological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural). Viewed through this metatheoretical framework, new insights of potential interfaces for reciprocal cultural and experiential influences to be integrated with behavioral genetics and cognitive neuroscience research can be more easily prescribed.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

The interplay of memory and judgment processes in effects of aging on hindsight bias.

Hindsight bias is the phenomenon that after people are presented with the correct answer to a question, their judgment regarding their own past answer to this question is biased toward the correct answer. In three experiments, younger and older adults gave numerical responses to general-knowledge questions and later attempted to recall their responses. For some questions, the correct answer was provided during recall (Experiment 1) or before recall (Experiments 2 and 3). Multinomial model-based analyses show age differences in both recollection bias and reconstruction bias when the correct judgment was in working memory during the recall phase. The authors discuss implications for theories of cognitive aging and theories of hindsight bias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Interplay between environmental and genetic factors in temperament/personality traits in horses (Equus caballus).

The aim of the present study was to broach the question of the relative influence of different genetic and environmental factors on different temperament/personality traits of horses (Equus caballus). The researchers submitted 702 horses to standardized experimental tests and investigated 9 factors, either genetic or environmental. Genetic factors, such as sire or breed, seemed to influence more neophobic reactions, whereas environmental factors, such as the type of work, seemed to play a more dominant role in reactions to social separation or learning abilities. Additive effects were evident, showing how environmental factors may modulate behavioral traits. This study constitutes a first step toward understanding the relative weights of genetic factors and how the environment may intervene in determining individual behavioral characteristics.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Interplay of p53 and DNA-repair protein XRCC4 in tumorigenesis, genomic stability and development.

XRCC4 is a non-homologous end-joining protein employed in DNA double strand break repair and in V(D)J recombination. In mice, XRCC4-deficiency causes a pleiotropic phenotype, which includes embryonic lethality and massive neuronal apoptosis. When DNA damage is not repaired, activation of the cell cycle checkpoint protein p53 can lead to apoptosis. Here we show that p53-deficiency rescues several aspects of the XRCC4-deficient phenotype, including embryonic lethality, neuronal apoptosis, and impaired cellular proliferation. However, there was no significant rescue of impaired V(D)J recombination or lymphocyte development. Although p53-deficiency allowed postnatal survival of XRCC4-deficient mice, they routinely succumbed to pro-B-cell lymphomas which had chromosomal translocations linking amplified c-myc oncogene and IgH locus sequences. Moreover, even XRCC4-deficient embryonic fibroblasts exhibited marked genomic instability including chromosomal translocations. Our findings support a crucial role for the non-homologous end-joining pathway as a caretaker of the mammalian genome, a role required both for normal development and for suppression of tumours.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Interplay of magnetism and high-Tc superconductivity at individual Ni impurity atoms in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta.

Magnetic interactions and magnetic impurities are destructive to superconductivity in conventional superconductors. By contrast, in some unconventional macroscopic quantum systems (such as superfluid 3He and superconducting UGe2), the superconductivity (or superfluidity) is actually mediated by magnetic interactions. A magnetic mechanism has also been proposed for high-temperature superconductivity. Within this context, the fact that magnetic Ni impurity atoms have a weaker effect on superconductivity than non-magnetic Zn atoms in the high-Tc superconductors has been put forward as evidence supporting a magnetic mechanism. Here we use scanning tunnelling microscopy to determine directly the influence of individual Ni atoms on the local electronic structure of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. At each Ni site we observe two d-wave impurity states of apparently opposite spin polarization, whose existence indicates that Ni retains a magnetic moment in the superconducting state. However, analysis of the impurity-state energies shows that quasiparticle scattering at Ni is predominantly non-magnetic. Furthermore, we show that the superconducting energy gap and correlations are unimpaired at Ni. This is in strong contrast to the effects of non-magnetic Zn impurities, which locally destroy superconductivity. These results are consistent with predictions for impurity atom phenomena derived from a magnetic mechanism.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

The interplay between binding energy and catalysis in the evolution of a catalytic antibody.

Antibody catalysis provides an opportunity to examine the evolution of binding energy and its relation to catalytic function in a system that has many parallels with natural enzymes. Here we report such a study involving an antibody AZ-28 that catalyses an oxy-Cope rearrangement, a pericyclic reaction that belongs to a well studied and widely used class of reactions in organic chemistry. Immunization with transition state analogue 1 results in a germline-encoded antibody that catalyses the rearrangement of hexadiene 2 to aldehyde 3 with a rate approaching that of a related pericyclic reaction catalysed by the enzyme chorismate mutase. Affinity maturation gives antibody AZ-28, which has six amino acid substitutions, one of which results in a decrease in catalytic rate. To understand the relationship between binding and catalytic rate in this system we characterized a series of active-site mutants and determined the three-dimensional crystal structure of the complex of AZ-28 with the transition state analogue. This analysis indicates that the activation energy depends on a complex balance of several stereoelectronic effects which are controlled by an extensive network of binding interactions in the active site. Thus in this instance the combinatorial diversity of the immune system provided both an efficient catalyst for a reaction where no enzyme is known, as well as an opportunity to explore the mechanisms and evolution of biological catalysis.

Aldehydes↗