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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency: a review of 219 modified pharyngoplasties].

OBJECTIVE: Two-hundreds and nineteen velopharyngeal insufficiency cases treated with a modified pharyngoplasty were retrospectively analyzed, the effectiveness of the surgery was studied. METHODS: Two-hundreds and nineteen patients (111 males, 108 females, range from 4 to 33 years, mean age 14.2 years) with velopharyngeal insufficiency were studied. Among 219 patients, 44 with congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency, 21 with fistula after palatoplasty and 154 with velopharyngeal insufficiency after primary palatoplasty. All cases had special examination, Chinese speech intelligibility test and blowing test before and after modified pharyngoplasty. RESULTS: Hypernasality in all cases were reduced and blowing test increased with various degrees. The Chinese speech intelligibility rose from 41% to 63%. CONCLUSIONS: The modify pharyngoplasty is a safe and effective method for velopharyngeal insufficiency of patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of noise reduction systems for cochlear implant users in different acoustic environment.

Evaluation of two different noise reduction algorithms for speech intelligibility enhancement in cochlear implant (CI) users is described in this report. The algorithms accomplish sophisticated interchannel processing of the noisy speech signals, picked up with two microphones, to form an improved monaural output signal, which is directly fed into the auxiliary input of the CI speech processor. Speech intelligibility tests were carried out in different realistic everyday life listening conditions to provide general and expressive performance assessment. Extensive tests in four CI users showed considerable speech intelligibility improvement using these noise reduction systems in adverse everyday life listening conditions.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1996

Breastfeeding, dummy use, and adult intelligence.

BACKGROUND: Several studies show that children who were breastfed as babies gain higher scores on intelligence tests than those who were bottlefed. Although these findings suggest that breastfeeding in early life may promote cognitive development, their interpretation is complicated by the current association between breastfeeding and higher social class. We investigated the relation between method of feeding in infancy and adult intelligence in a setting where breastfeeding was not linked with socioeconomic advantage. METHODS: We followed up 994 men and women, born between 1920 and 1930 in Hertfordshire, UK, for whom information on infant feeding had been recorded by health visitors. Intelligence was measured by the AH4 IQ test, taken on a computer. Factors significantly linked with IQ were investigated by multivariate analysis. FINDINGS: Study participants who had been exclusively breastfed gained slightly higher scores on the IQ test than those who had been exclusively bottlefed, or fed with both breast and bottle. IQ was lower in participants who had used a dummy (pacifier) in infancy, in those whose fathers were in manual occupations at the time of their birth, and in those whose mothers were young at the time they were born. Scores on the IQ test fell as the number of older siblings increased. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for the effect of all other variables, no association was found between adult intelligence and method of feeding. Dummy use in infancy, number of older siblings, maternal age at birth of the participant, and father's occupational class remained independent predictors of adult intelligence. INTERPRETATION: The mechanisms that link type of feeding in early life with later intelligence may have more to do with the child's social environment that with the nutritional qualities of the milk.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Lateral preference and style of cognition.

The relationship between cognitive ability and laterality was examined in terms of the relation of intelligence test scores to lateral preference. The factor analysis was performed on the variables of 12 tasks of the intelligence scale and total lateral preference. A slight relation was found between lateral preference and figure combination task. To clarify the relationship, the mean scores of tasks were tested for subjects who preferred the right and left on each preference item. Some significant differences were found. On some items, the mean scores of subjects with left preferences were inferior to those of subjects with right preferences on the figure-combination task. The result confirmed Levy's finding (1969). But cross-validation on a large sample is required.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

Articulatory function in patients who have undergone glossectomy with use of an artificial graft membrane.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate, by assessing speech intelligibility, the long-term usefulness of an artificial bilayer membrane as a mucosal substitute after glossectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Artificial membranes were grafted in 8 patients with intraoral defects after glossectomy. Five patients served as a control group and received only standard closure by suture after glossectomy. Speech intelligibility was evaluated by means of a standardized Japanese speech intelligibility test 6 months or more after the operation. RESULTS: The postoperative courses of all 13 patients were uneventful. Intelligibility scores of those who received grafts were better than those of the control group in the overall score, the glossal sounds score, and the rear portion sounds score. CONCLUSION: The artificial membrane was useful for the glossectomy as a long-term mucosal substitute, as well as for the short-term.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluating the relation between memory and intelligence in children with learning disabilities.

Although both intelligence tests and memory tests are commonly used in neuropsychological examinations, the relationship between memory and intelligence has not been fully explored, particularly for children having learning disabilities. Memory, or the ability to retain information, was evaluated using the Test of Memory and Learning, a recently released test that gives a comprehensive measure of global memory functioning. This, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition, used to assess intelligence, were given to 80 students with learning disabilities. The correlation between a global measure of memory and a global measure f intelligence was significant (r = .59), indicating that memory should be viewed as an important component when evaluating children with learning disabilities.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Intelligence and maturity: meta-analytic evidence for the incremental and discriminant validity of Loevinger's measure of ego development.

This review examined whether Loevinger's measure of personality (ego) development is equivalent to the measurement of intelligence. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 52 correlations between ego level scores and intelligence test scores (retrieved from 42 studies involving 5,648 participants). The weighted average correlation between ego level and intelligence ranged from.20 to.34, depending on the intellectual ability assessed (e.g., verbal intelligence). Adjusting for measurement unreliability increased these values only minimally. The authors also reviewed 16 studies that examined the association between ego level and various criterion variables (e.g., aggressive behavior) after statistically controlling for the effects of intelligence. Ninety-four percent of the tests revealed significant relations between ego level and criterion variables after controlling for intelligence, indicating that ego development and intelligence are not interchangeable constructs. These findings do not support recent speculations concerning the limited value of stage models of maturity, social development, and moral reasoning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Information processing components of Koppitz errors on the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test.

Correlated performance and latencies on the Bender, Matching Familiar Figures Test and Draw-a-Person along with the Slosson Intelligence Test for 39 male and 35 female middle-class black first graders. The results suggest that the Bender may owe much of its clinical validity to loadings across all stages of human information processing. General intelligence accounted for 9% of Bender variance. With the higher order variable intelligence partialed out, the preprocessing and central processing stages accounted for 16% and the response selection and response execution stages accounted for 6% of Bender variance. Kagan's hypothesis with retard to the involvement of conceptual tempo in Bender performance was not supported. However, Kagan's contention that impulsivity is measured only in situations with high response uncertainty did receive some support.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of speech intelligibility after a secondary dehiscence operation using an artificial graft in patients with speech disorders after partial glossectomy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate speech intelligibility after a dehiscence operation using artificial grafts for patients with speech disorders after partial glossectomy that were caused by scars resulting from the primary operation. The subjects were six men and three women, who had had a partial glossectomy for tongue cancer followed by direct closure without reconstruction. They were operated on a second time operation to mobilise the residual tongue by dividing the cicatrix. An artificial graft was applied to the wound to maintain the dehiscence. Speech intelligibility was evaluated by a standardised Japanese speech intelligibility test before, and 6 and 12 months after the second operation. The intelligibility scores significantly improved during the first 6 months after the second operation, and continued to improve slightly during the following 6 months. This study suggests that the dehiscence operation using an artificial graft could improve speech in patients after partial glossectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Subtest scatter is not an indicator of inaccuracy for short-form estimates of IQ.

The range of scaled scores does not provide information about the inaccuracy of estimates of IQ based on short forms of the test. Subtest scatter on a short form of an intelligence test may justify the complete administration for elaborative or clinical reasons. The criteria for reliable and abnormal ranges of scores for estimates based on short forms are calculable and should be examined to evaluate their usefulness.

Child↗
PubMed2005

IQ stabilization in childhood-onset schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long term IQ trajectory for childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) in an expanded, prospective longitudinal study. METHODS: Seventy children meeting DSM criteria for schizophrenia were tested at 2 year intervals with age appropriate Wechsler intelligence tests and repeated administration of information and comprehension WISC subtests even after age 18. For a subgroup with 31 patients, pre-NIH IQ test administrations were available including 18 pre-psychotic and 13 post-psychotic subjects. The pattern of IQ performance over time was determined using mixed model regression analysis. RESULTS: No progressive cognitive decline was seen up to 13+ years post psychosis onset. For the subgroup of subjects with pre-illness scores, there had been an initial steep decline in IQ, from about 2 years prior to 1.7 years after onset of psychotic symptoms, as reported for adult patients. CONCLUSIONS: The level long-term trajectory of IQ measures in COS appears stable, similar to that reported for adult onset patients. For COS, level cognitive functioning extends up to 13+ years post psychosis onset, in spite of chronic illness and concomitant, progressive loss of cortical gray matter.

Child↗