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PubMed2005

Repellent efficacy of four commercial DEET lotions against Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae), the principal vector of Rickettsia africae in southern Africa.

African tick bite fever, caused by Rickettsia africae, is an emerging zoonotic infection in rural sub-Saharan Africa and the French West Indies. We tested the repellent efficacy of four commercial diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) lotions against Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, the principal vector of R. africae in southern Africa, by using a human bioassay in which repellent-treated fingers were presented to questing tick nymphs hourly for 4h. Three lotions with 19.5, 31.6 and 80% DEET concentrations, respectively, had a repellent efficacy of > or =90% at 1h post-application, of > or =77% at 2h post-application and of <70% during the rest of the experiment. By contrast, a lotion with 2% DEET plus 1% citronella oil provided only a 59% repellency at 1h post-application, with a drop to <22% during the following hours. Hourly negative control trials repelled <5% of tick attacks. Our results suggest that commercial repellents containing > or =19.5% DEET provide a significant but short-lasting protection against questing A. hebraeum ticks.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1998

Use of odour-baited sticky boards to trap tabanid flies and investigate repellents.

Tabanid flies were captured in a sheep pasture in Hungary using black plastic boards (30 x 30 cm), coated with an adhesive sheet, which were either unbaited or baited with ethane-ethiol or Swormlure-4. Five species of tabanid were caught, of which Tabanus tergestinus was caught in the greatest number (87% of 192). The sex ratio of T. tergestinus on unbaited boards was not statistically significantly different to equality. However, on baited boards, males were significantly more numerous, probably due to a repellent effect of the odours on female tabanids. Because of the importance of repellents in tabanid control, this result encourages the exploration of a wider range of compounds as tabanid repellents than are used at present. Sticky boards offer a simple technique for trapping both sexes of tabanids, especially males, which are poorly represented in many tabanid traps.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Comparative sensitivity of four Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) to five repellents.

Five repellents were evaluated against Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann An. freeborni Aitken, An. gambiae Giles, and An. stephensi Liston, using a "free choice," dose-response testing procedure on rabbits. Overall, deet was the most effective repellent based on effective dosages (ED50's and ED95's), except against An. albimanus. An. albimanus was significantly more tolerant to deet compared with dimethyl phthalate or ethyl hexanediol. Permethrin was effective against all four anopheline species at the ED50 levels; however, the ED95 values were higher compared with the other repellents. There were significant differences in sensitivity of some of the four species to all the repellents tested, except dimethyl phthalate and indalone. The variability in the response of these anopheline species to repellents confirm that the extrapolation of repellent data from one anopheline species to another is unreliable and that comprehensive tests are needed for each species.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Efficacy of repellent products against caged and free flying Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.

The efficacy of 9 repellents (8 commercial repellents and one product under development) was evaluated on the skin at dosages of 0.65 and 1.7 mg of product/cm2, the latter dosage being the industrial standard for deet based repellents. The repellents were applied to the arm or lower leg of a human subject and tested against Anopheles stephensi in a cage or flying freely in a mosquito-proof room. In the cage tests, a product with 20% p-menthane-3, 8-diol (PMD) active ingredient provided complete repellency for 7-8 hours, while with 10% PMD had complete repellency for only 30 minutes. The natural oils of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) (10% active ingredient) plus makaen (Zanthoxylum limonella) (10% active ingredient) gave protection for 4-5 hours. In the case of free flying mosquitoes, products with 20% and 30% PMD gave complete protection for 11-12 hours at a dosage of 1.7 mg/cm2 or 6 hours at half the dosage, while the product with 10% PMD afforded protection for less than 2 hours. At the higher dosage rate 40% citronella and hydroxyethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, a new synthetic compound, provided complete repellency for 7 hours. Fifty percent deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) was effective for 30 hours if left undisturbed on the skin.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Repellents and other personal protection strategies against Aedes albopictus.

Five chemical repellents, a controlled-release repellent formulation, Avon Skin-So-Soft bath oil and permethrin-impregnated clothing fabric were assayed for personal protection against bites of Aedes albopictus. On skin the chemical repellents provided significant (P = 0.05) protection from biting; however, Ae. albopictus was more sensitive to the repellents than the standard, Ae. aegypti. Two experimental repellents provided 6-7 h protection from bites, 25% deet in ethanol provided greater than 8 h protection, a controlled-release formulation containing 35% deet provided greater than 10 h protection, and the Avon product provided 0.64 h protection from bites. Permethrin-treated fabric provided complete protection from mosquito bites through 0-5 washings. Repellent products containing greater than or equal to 12% deet should provide satisfactory protection against Ae. albopictus; the use of permethrin-impregnated clothing should provide additional protection.

Aedes↗

PubMed2006

Effectiveness of Zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil as an alternative repellent under laboratory and field applications.

Recently, there were considerable efforts made to promote the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides and repellents, particularly from botanical sources. In this study, Zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil isolated by steam distillation was investigated and compared to the standard synthetic repellent, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), for repellency against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. The oil of Z. piperitum alone and also with 5% vanillin added repelled laboratory-reared female Aedes aegypti with the median protection times of 1.5 and 2.5 h, respectively. These repellency times were proven to be significantly lower than those of DEET-based products: 25% DEET and 25% DEET + 5% vanillin demonstrating 3.5 and 5.5 h, respectively. However, when applied under field conditions, Z. piperitum oil + 5% vanillin was found to provide better protection against a wide range of natural mosquito populations than 25% DEET + 5% vanillin. While the product of DEET was effective in reducing bites with 99.7% protection, the protective effect of Z. piperitum oil product appeared complete (100%). It had a protective effect against Aedes gardnerii, Anopheles barbirostris, Armigeres subalbatus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex gelidus, Culex vishnui group, and Mansonia uniformis. The better repellency against a wide range of field mosquitoes derived from Z. piperitum oil products suggested an advantage of efficacy by providing a broad spectrum of activity. Therefore, Z. piperitum could have potential for use in the development of combined repellents as a natural active ingredient, synergist, or additive to conventional synthetic chemicals, particularly in situations when DEET is ineffective and impractical.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A novel long-chained acetate in the defensive secretion of thrips.

Defensive secretions of adult and larval Suocerathrips linguis (Phlaeothripidae, Thysanoptera) were found to contain a long-chained acetate, (11Z)-11,19-eicosadienyl acetate, that was not previously known to occur naturally. This substance occurred together with octadecyl acetate and other long-chained acetates. The eicosadienyl acetate repels ants and spreads on the surface of such potential predators. The mixture can provide a long-lasting surface coating.

Acetates↗

PubMed1990

N,N-diethylphenylacetamide--a new repellent for Periplaneta americana (Dictyoptera: Blattidae), Blattella germanica, and Supella longipalpa (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

The residual repellency of N,N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA) was studied against American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.); German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.); and brownbanded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (F.) at various concentrations. DEPA exhibited residual repellency for 4, 3, and 2 wk against American, German, and brownbanded cockroach, respectively, at a concentration of 0.5 mg/cm2.

Acetamides↗

PubMed1998

Mediation of deet repellency in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) by species, age, and parity.

Laboratory bioassays assessed differences in the protection time provided by the repellent deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) against 5-d-old nulliparous and 10-, 15-, and 20-d-old nulliparous and parous female Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles albimanus (Weidemann), and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say sensu lato. Mean protection time was shortest against An. albimanus (1.6 h) and An. quadrimaculatus (1.5 h) and longest against Ae. aegypti (6.5 h), but was not significantly influenced by mosquito age or parity. Mean percentage of biting at repellent failure time was highest in An. albimanus (14.2%), followed by An. quadrimaculatus (7.0%) and Ae. aegypti (2.9%), was higher in parous females (10.8%) than in nulliparous females (5.9%), and was highest overall (35%) in 20-d-old parous An. albimanus. Interaction between mosquito species and parity and between parity and age factors, respectively, resulted from a significant decrease in percentage of biting by parous An. quadrimaculatus compared with other females, and a significant increase in biting by 20-d-old parous females compared with other females. The main finding of this study is that repellent protection time is unaffected by parity; this is important because parous mosquitoes are the primary target of personal-protection measures in disease-endemic areas. When repellent failure did occur, there was a higher risk of bite by old, parous An. albimanus than for any other species, age, or parity grouping of females.

Aedes↗

PubMed2006

Repellency of oils of lemon eucalyptus, geranium, and lavender and the mosquito repellent MyggA natural to Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field.

MyggA Natural (Bioglan, Lund, Sweden) is a commercially available repellent against blood-feeding arthropods. It contains 30% of lemon-scented eucalyptus, Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson (Myrtaceae), oil with a minimum of 50% p-menthane-3,8-diol. MyggA Natural also contains small amounts of the essential oils of lavender, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae), and geranium, Pelargonium graveolens L'Her. (Geraniaceae). In laboratory bioassays, MyggA Natural and C. citriodora oil exhibited 100% repellency against host-seeking nymphs of Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae). Lavender oil and geranium oil, when diluted to 1% in 1,2-propanediol, had weak repellent activities on I. ricinus nymphs, but when diluted to 30% in 1,2-propanediol had 100% repellencies. 1,2-Propanediol (100%) had no significant repellent activity in comparison with that of the control. In field tests in tick-infested areas in central Sweden, tick repellency of MyggA Natural and C. citriodora oil was tested by the blanket-dragging technique for 4 d during a 6-d period. The repellencies (74 and 85%, respectively) on day 1 are similar (89%) to that of blankets treated in a similar manner with 19% diethyl-methyl-benzamide, based on previous work. Repellencies declined significantly from day 1 to day 6 (74 to 45% for MyggA Natural; 85 to 42% for C. citriodora oil).

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Permethrin as a clothing treatment for personal protection against chigger mites (Acarina: Trombiculidae).

A study was done to evaluate the personal protection afforded by uniforms treated with permethrin (0.125 mg/cm2) against natural infestations of chigger mites, Trombicula spp. The study utilized human test subjects taking part in a military field training exercise. At the end of the 3-day period, there was 74.2% increase in protection provided by the treated uniforms compared to an untreated uniform and the use of repellent. The increased protection amounted to ca 60 fewer mite attachments per treated subject. The treated uniforms were also found to be nonirritating and nonodorous.

Clothing↗

PubMed1994

Smoke as a form of personal protection against mosquitos, a field study in Papua New Guinea.

Smoke from burning different kinds of vegetation or wood is often used as a cheap personal protection measure against mosquitos during the evening. To test the efficacy of smoke, a comparative field trial was conducted in the Wosera District, Papua New Guinea. Repellency of smoke from burning wild mango wood (Mangifera spp), leaves from betelnut (Areca catechu), wild ginger (Alpinia spp) and coconut husks (Cocos nutifera) was assessed using man-biting catches. A mosquito species and smoke specific repellency was found. An. karwari was repelled by coconut husks (66% CI 17-86%), ginger (69% CI 25-87%) and betelnut (84% CI 62-94%) leaves. Culicines were repelled by mango wood (57% CI 6-80%), coconut husks (62% CI 18-83%), ginger (75% CI 45-88%) and betelnut (64% CI 22-84%) leaves. For An. koliensis no repellency due to smoke was found. In combination with untreated or impregnated bed-nets, smoke may contribute to a reduction of mosquito transmitted diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Comparative repellent properties of certain chemicals against mosquitoes, house flies and cockroaches using modified techniques.

Several terpenoids were assessed for their repellent/toxic properties against mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), house flies (Musca domestica) and cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). Impregnated wide mesh netting was used in the case of the Dipterans, while treated filtered paper was employed for the bioassays with cockroaches. Persistence of the repellent chemicals was studied. Doses ranged from 5-20 gm/M2 for the Dipterans and 25-100 mg per 4 x 4 cm filter paper for the cockroaches. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) offered the maximum protection of the chemicals tested against mosquitoes but was not so effective against house flies and cockroaches. Citral and Eugenol were effective against all the three test insects. Other test compounds afforded varying degrees of protection. Application strategy and utility of the findings are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Hydrolysis of glycosidically bound volatiles from apple leaves (Cv. Anna) by Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidase affects the behavior of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.).

Glycosidically bound volatiles released from apple leaf extracts (cv. Anna) were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and their behavioral effects on codling moth (CM) adults were evaluated in cage bioassays. The levels of 1-octanol, linalool, geraniol, benzyl alcohol, methyl salicylate, (2R,5R)-theaspirane, and (2S,5R)-theaspirane were significantly increased in the leaf extracts containing the Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidase (BGL1) compared to the extracts containing the glucoimidazole. The attractiveness of individual compounds to CM adults was found in the following decreasing order: methyl salicylate and mixture of two theaspirane isomers, followed by linalool and benzyl alcohol. Geraniol was found to be repellent to CM adults. The addition of geraniol (39.4 ng mL(-1)) to any of the individual volatiles or to a mixture of these attractants eliminated their attractiveness. Our data suggest the possible application of geraniol as a repellent and methyl salicylate or theaspiranes as attractants for the integrated control of CM in apple orchards.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMed2002

[Variability according to the individual of the efficacy of repellents with a base of vegetable oils in the individual protection against Simulium damnosum s. l. bites].

In Ivory Coast, treatments against black flies larva are interrupted since December 1998 and these flies are back everywhere in abundance. They are now a severe source of discomfort, so it is therefore very important to propose to rural populations a personal protection method against their bites. This article is about the individual attraction of fly boys on the efficiency of lotions and creams of the different repellents (coconut, palm nut, gobi). Our works were carried out in savanna zone (Niakaramandougou) and in forest zone (Soubré) in Ivory Coast. The methodology consisted in capturing black flies on volunteers whose legs were rubbed with repellent. Coconut, palm nut and gobi formulas (lotions and creams) were tested on Simulium damnosum s.l. During each session, which lasted from 07:00 am to 12:00 and from 03:00 pm to 06:00 pm, one person without repellent was used as a control person. The results show that the least efficient repellent (gobi) ensures nonetheless a reduction of 90% of the number of bites that an individual would have received if he was not protected by the repellent. Experimentations allows to say that for a given repellent and formulas (lotion and cream), there is no significant difference between the number of Simulium damnosum s. l. bites received by fly boys.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Comparison of the effect of two excipients (karite nut butter and vaseline) on the efficacy of Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Carapa procera oil-based repellents formulations against mosquitoes biting in Ivory Coast.

Repellents in the form of dermal pomades are recommended as a protection against awakening and bedtime mosquito bites. If synthesis repellents are available, they are nevertheless not common and the prices remain out of reach for the communities concerned. The people therefore have to resort more and more to traditional concoctions, some of which have been shown to be effective. After demonstrating that oil-based formulations (lotions, creams, pomades) of Cocos nucifera (coconut), Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) and Carapa procera (gobi) were effective against mosquitoes, it became necessary to study the impact of the two excipients used in their manufacture, on the effectiveness of the repellents. Experiments were carried with Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti under lobaratory conditions and any other mosquitoes collected under field conditions in Ivory Coast. The laboratory results indicate that the average protection times obtained with formulations with karite nut butter as excipient (54.8 +/- 37.0 mn and 74.6 +/- 26.4 mn respectively on An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti) are higher than those recorded with vaseline as excipient (respectively 42.7 +/- 30.0 mn and 60.8 +/- 33.9 mn). On the other hand, under field conditions, the biting rate percentage reduction obtained with the products with karite nut butter and vaseline excipient were similar (respectively 29.8% and 35.9% for all mosquitoes collected and 45.7% and 47.4% against An. gambiae). Nevertheless, the use of karite nut butter on repellent products should be encouraged because its sale price is very lower (10 time less) than the vaseline's.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2005

[Historical study of moth repellent, "Fujisawa Camphor" (6) - manufacturing and selling of "Fujisawa Camphor" during World War II.].

During World War II, the amount of camphor production did not decrease, since it was used for munitions. At that time, camphor was not use for moth repellents, are not a life supporting necessity. The factory that took charge of camphor production was busy producing medicine for military use. Due to the war, an abnormal situation in the factory arose when the procurement department requested supplementation because of reinforcement of a lack of materials. Additionally, in the home, the use of moth repellent for clothing was not a concern. Of importance where was ensuring sufficient food to survive. The supply of "Fujisawa Camphor" for home use started in the post-war days, 1947.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Repellency of essential oils of some plants from the Kenyan coast against Anopheles gambiae.

Volatile oils extracted by hydrodistillation from six plant species growing in the Kenyan coast, Croton pseudopulchellus Pax, Mkilua fragrans Verdc. (Annonaceae), Endostemon tereticaulis (poir.) Ashby, Ocimum forskolei Benth., Ocimum fischeri Guerke and Plectranthus longipes Baker (Labiateae), were evaluated for repellency on forearms of human volunteers against Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. All oils were found to be more repellent (RC50 range = 0.67-9.21 x 10(-5) mg cm(-2)) than DEET (RC50 = 33 x 10(-5) mg cm(-2)). The individual components of the oils were identified by GC-MS and GC co-injections with authentic standards. The repellency of 15 of the main constituents of the different oils (which had not been previously assayed) was evaluated. Although some of these showed relatively high individual repellencies, none was comparable to the parent essential oils. Partial synthetic blends of selected constituents with moderate or relatively high individual repellency against the vector were also assayed. Four of these exhibited activities comparable to or higher than those of the corresponding parent oils, indicating interesting blend effects in the repellent action of the oils against the mosquito. The implication of these results in the utilization of the plants is discussed.

Animals↗