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PubMed1996

Input from central nucleus of the amygdala efferents to pericoerulear dendrites, some of which contain tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity.

Light microscopic anterograde tracing studies indicate that neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) project to a region of the dorsal pontine tegmentum ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle which contains noradrenergic dendrites of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). However, it has not been established whether the efferent terminals from the CNA target catecholamine-containing dendrites of the LC or dendrites of neurons from neighboring nuclei which may extend into this region. To examine this question, we combined immunoperoxidase labeling of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) from the CNA with immunogold-silver labeling of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tryrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the rostrolateral LC region of adult rats. By light microscopy, BDA-labeled processes were dense in the dorsal pons within the parabrachial nuclei as well as in the pericoerulear region immediately ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle. Higher magnification revealed that BDA-labeled varicose fibers overlapped TH-labeled processes in this pericoerulear region. By electron microscopy, anterogradely labeled axon terminals contained small, clear as well as some large dense core vesicles and were commonly apposed to astrocytic processes along some portion of their plasmalemma. BDA-labeled terminals mainly formed symmetric type synaptic contacts characteristic of inhibitory transmitters. Of 250 BDA-labeled axon terminals examined where TH immunoreactivity was present in the neuropil, 81% contacted unlabeled and 19% contacted TH-labeled dendrites. Additionally, amygdala efferents were often apposed to unlabeled axon terminals forming asymmetric (excitatory type) synapses. These results demonstrate that amygdaloid efferents may directly alter the activity of catecholaminergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons in this pericoerulear region of the rat brain. Furthermore, our study suggests that CNA efferents may indirectly affect the activity of pericoerulear neurons through modulation of excitatory afferents. Amygdaloid projections to noradrenergic neurons may help integrate behavioral and visceral responses to threatening stimuli by influencing the widespread noradrenergic projections from the LC.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1998

Setting boundaries: a strategy for precarious ordering of women's caring demands.

Under the conditions of health care reform, women increasingly are being called upon to assume caring responsibilities. There is little research about the process of women's caring. The findings of this feminist grounded theory study of women caring in diverse situations reveal the strategies women use to manage the dissonance created by caring demands. The strategy of setting boundaries, and subprocesses of determining legitimacy and attending to one's own voice provide an explanation of the processes employed by women to limit the number and extent of caring demands and to draw on self-knowledge to order their caring. This explanatory framework has potential to guide the practice of nurses and other health professionals working with women caring for themselves and others. In addition, these findings contribute to understanding the place of reciprocity, commitment, and affection in the phenomena of caring.

Caregivers↗
PubMed2000

Morphologic responses of osteoblast-like cells in monolayer culture to ELF electromagnetic fields.

Osteoblast-like cells (MC 3T3-E1) were exposed for 24 h, immediately after plating, to a 60 Hz, 0.7 mT rms magnetic flux density, sufficient to induce an electric field of 0.5 mV/m rms, in order to investigate the influence of ELF field exposure on cell morphology. Using phase contrast images of the live cells, computerized image-analysis permitted rapid and objective quantification of cell length, width, area, perimeter, circularity and angular orientation. While the field-exposed cells were consistently smaller than sham treated cells, the morphologic alterations were not significantly different in the exposed cell population when cell orientation was not considered. When analyzed with respect to cell orientation, cells oriented parallel to the induced electric field (orthogonal to the applied magnetic field) demonstrated a significant decrease in cell length and an increase in roundness. These results confirm and extend previous studies on the morphologic adaptation of cells to low level ELF electromagnetic fields. The results suggest that the observed responses most likely depend on the induced electric field, with a field intensity threshold well below 1 mV/m. Further, these results provide important clues to the specific mechanism by which such low level fields may be capable of influencing cell behavior, and help to explain some of the difficulties in obtaining robust responses in in vitro EMF experiments.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1975

The personal values of alcoholics and addicts.

In a comparison of the personal values of male alcoholics and addicts, the major findings were: (a) the values of the two groups are quite similar; and (b) the combined values of the two groups are quite different from a sample of males from the general population. Further research to determine how many of the reported differences are a function of the Ss' drug abuse and how many are a function of their particular social background is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Assessing intertrainer effects on the Empathic Understanding Scale: training the trainer.

The purpose of this study was to develop a procedure that would provide a preliminary assessment of the level of intertrainer agreement on the Empathic Understanding scale. To illustrate the proposed procedure, a pilot study was undertaken in which 30 excerpts of helping interactions that included the client's statement, therapist response, and client's subsequent response were rated by experienced raters trained by a Carkhuff trainer and a non-Carkhuff trainer. Results indicated that raters trained by different trainers make significantly different judgments about the level of therapist empathy at high levels of empathy. Results of this study were discussed in light of possible scale reliability and construct validity problems. A detailed description and rationale of the proposed procedure was outlined.

Empathy↗
PubMed1986

College student mental health: a person-environment interactional analysis.

The interactional effects of person characteristics (stimulus screening tendency, self-disclosure tendency, locus of control, and integration of self with other students and the college) and environmental factors (life events) on psychological distress were studied in the comparison of a group of college students who sought help (N = 70) from a student counseling service with a group that did not seek help (N = 70). The results confirmed the importance of social support on the psychological effects of stress. Stimulus screening and locus of control also were related to psychological strain. The pattern of the relationships depended upon whether mood disturbance or help seeking behavior was targeted.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A critique of the grandmother hypotheses: old and new.

The singularity of reproductive senescence in human females has led many investigators to consider menopause an adaptation permitting increased maternal investment in existing progeny. Much of the focus has been on the grandmother hypothesis-the notion that aging women gain an inclusive fitness advantage from investing in their grandchildren. This hypothesis has evolved from an explanation for menopause into an explanation for the exceptionally long postreproductive lifespan in human females. In the old grandmother hypothesis, menopause is an adaptation facilitating grandmothering; it is about stopping early in order to create a postreproductive lifespan. In the new grandmother hypothesis, grandmothering is an adaptation facilitating increased longevity, and menopause is a byproduct. This paper reviews and critically evaluates the evidence for and against both hypotheses, focusing on key predictions of each. If menopause is the result of selection for increased maternal investment, this involved mainly mothers, not grandmothers.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Impact of the diagnostic label of osteoarthritis on perceptions of disability and willingness to help a parent in African Americans and whites.

OBJECTIVE: Family members are central to arthritis care, but little is known about public perceptions of osteoarthritis (OA) and how cultural diversity affects these perceptions. We examined the effects of participant race and diagnostic label of OA on family members' perceptions and willingness to help a parent with OA. METHODS: A total of 105 young adult African American and 308 young adult white participants were randomly assigned to read 1 of 2 vignettes (OA label versus no label) describing an older mother with marked pain and disability. Effects for race and diagnostic label were examined. RESULTS: Participants who were told that the mother had OA were more likely to believe the mother's problems were due to illness, but were less likely to believe that better health care would improve her condition than participants not told a diagnosis. African Americans attributed less blame to the mother, showed less anger, more sympathy, and were more willing to help compared with whites. CONCLUSION: The finding that the OA label leads to pessimism concerning the benefits of health care for a parent suggests a need for public education on the effectiveness of arthritis care. Race differences in perceptions of the parent and willingness to provide care are consistent with previous literature on race and family caregiving, and indicate that cultural values regarding family caregiving may be important in arthritis care. Family members could serve as important allies for elderly individuals with OA, and public health efforts should not just target older adults but should also provide information on arthritis care for families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Abusive help-- helping abuse: the psychodynamic impact of severe personality disorder on caring institutions.

Personality-disordered patients have invariably suffered abuse at the hands of carers when young, and they tend to repeat an abusive relationship when they encounter care in later life. The provision of care in psychiatric, forensic, penal and other institutions may degenerate into a form of unconscious abuse perpetrated against those in care. This is almost always unrecognized and the experience of carers is often to mismanage their own frustrated inability to understand what is happening to them, their charges and the institution.

Attitude↗
PubMed2003

Skin picking and sleep disturbances: relationship to anxiety and need for research.

Pathological excoriation (PE) or skin picking is seen in nearly 2% of patients attending dermatology clinics and is often associated with anxiety, stress and frequent help-seeking behaviors. While anxiety and stress are thought to cause poor sleep in the general population, not all anxious people, even those with disabling anxiety disorders, necessarily suffer from insomnia or other sleep problems. The relationship between anxiety symptoms and poor sleep, therefore, remains unclear and sleep quality in PE is unknown. We examined the sleep quality and levels of anxiety in dermatological patients with PE. Dermatological patients with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) PE and healthy controls (n = 10) were assessed on standardized and validated measures of subjective sleep quality [Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)], anxiety (Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory; modified Zung Anxiety Scale), stress (Perceived Stress Scale) and work and social disability [Sheehan Disability Inventory subscale (SDI-4)]. Patients with dermatological complaints as a group reported poorer sleep quality, higher scores on Spielberger State and Zung anxiety, perceived stress, and SDI-4. Among both groups of dermatological patients, only the PE group had significantly poor sleep, high anxiety, and perceived stress compared to healthy controls. In the dermatological patients with PE, PSQI-global scores were significantly positively correlated to Spielberger State and Zung Anxiety scores. Dermatological patients with PE are more anxious and have poorer subjective sleep compared to dermatological patients without PE and healthy. Future research is needed to elucidate these relationship factors and to develop new behavioral and drug treatments for the management of PE.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A community-based telephone survey of panic disorder in Hong Kong.

Panic disorder (PD) is prevalent, impairing, under-recognized, and often mistreated. Previous surveys in Chinese communities indicate very low prevalence estimates and provide limited information about its clinical characteristics. A random telephone survey of the general population (age range, 15-60 years) in Hong Kong was conducted using a questionnaire that generated the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV-based diagnosis of PD, its symptom profile, help-seeking behavior, and health visit expenditure. Of 3,004 interviews successfully completed, 3.89% of participants (n=117) met criteria of PD in the previous 6 months. Their demographic and clinical profile resembled that of their Western counterparts. Excessive physical investigations and under-treatment were common. Participants with subthreshold PD (14.9%; n=449) exhibited a similar but attenuated clinical profile. We conclude that PD may be more common in Chinese people than what previous epidemiological surveys suggest. The present study is limited by the lack of clinical reappraisal, examination of comorbidity, and a low overall response rate. Nonetheless, it suggests that telephone interviews may provide a cost-effective alternative to large-scale epidemiological surveys for communities with limited resources for mental health research and high unmet needs for treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Ethnicity and differential access to care for eating disorder symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of ethnicity on access to health care for eating disorder symptoms among participants in the 1996 National Eating Disorders Screening Program (NEDSP) was examined in two studies. METHOD: Self-report and clinician-assessed data were analyzed from 9,069 participants in an educational and two-stage screening program for eating disorders in Study I. In Study II, both cross-sectional and prospective data from a randomly selected sample of 289 participants from the same program were analyzed to investigate the impact of ethnic minority status on both help-seeking patterns and clinician referral patterns for eating disorder symptoms. RESULTS: Even after controlling for severity of self-reported eating disorder symptoms, both Latino and Native American participants in the NEDSP were significantly less likely than Whites to receive a recommendation or referral for further evaluation or care. Ethnic minority subjects with self-acknowledged eating and weight concerns were also significantly less likely than non-minority participants to have been asked by a doctor about eating disorder symptoms. Only one marginally significant difference was found between ethnic minority and non-minority respondents with respect to their help-seeking behaviors, namely, ethnic minority subjects were less likely (at the level of a trend) to seek eating disorders treatment within 1(1/2)-2 years following the NEDSP. DISCUSSION: These data suggest that clinician bias may be an important barrier to access to care for eating disorder symptoms in ethnic minority populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of aesthetic knowledge in the management of brain injury patients.

A patient's recovery from a brain injury (BI) is unpredictable and requires flexible nursing strategies for each stage of recovery. Empirical knowledge provides a framework for delivering nursing care based on scientific principles. Aesthetic knowledge, including intuition, provides a further opportunity to know and understand BI patients and their responses as they progress along the trajectory of recovery. Incorporating both empirical and aesthetic knowledge into the nursing plan of care for this population affords on opportunity for nurses to help patients and their families negotiate the course of recovery with greater success.

Art↗
PubMed2006

Substrate porosity enhances chondrocyte attachment, spreading, and cartilage tissue formation in vitro.

Tissue engineering is being explored as a new approach to treat damaged cartilage. As the biomaterial used may influence tissue formation, the effects of substrate geometry on chondrocyte behavior in vitro were examined. Articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured on the surface of smooth, rough, porous-coated, and fully porous Ti-6Al-4V substrates. The percentage of chondrocytes that attached to each substrate at 24 h was determined. After 24 and 72 h, chondrocytes were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and cell areas were measured. Collagen and proteoglycan accumulation within the first 24 h was determined by incorporation with [3H]-proline and [35S]-SO4, respectively. Chondrocyte attachment as well as matrix accumulation was enhanced as substrate surface area increased. Cell areas on the fully porous substrate were over four times greater than on any other substrate by 72 h in culture. After 8 weeks in culture, a continuous layer of cartilaginous tissue formed only on the surface of the fully porous substrate. This suggests that fully porous Ti-6Al-4V substrates provide the conditions that favor cartilage tissue formation by influencing cell attachment and extent of cell spreading. Understanding how substrate porosity influences chondrocyte behavior may help identify methods to further enhance cartilage tissue formation in vitro.

Alloys↗