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PubMed1990

[Process of the tooth brushing habit formation in children. 1. Period of the start and present circumstances classified by age].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the process by which the tooth brushing habit was formed in children. The study is based on questionnaires about the habit of tooth brushing from mothers of kindergarten pupils aged from one to six years living in Nagoya and the suburbs. The results of this study were summarised as follows: 1. Period of the start: 1) The number of children who started tooth brushing before the age of one year and six months was 75.7%, and before the age of two, 88.3%. 2) The item of "Eruption of the teeth" showed the highest ratio (49.2%) regarding the motive for the start of tooth brushing. 3) The children who started tooth brushing with the motive which construction about caries prevention with mothers as the main tended to start the earliest. 4) The ratio of persons who actually brush the children's teeth were as follows, "mother brushes (51.6%)", "mother after her child (37.1%)" and "child brushes (6.8%)". 5) The number of children who started using a tooth-brush before the age of two years was 78.8%, and before the age of two years and six months, 92.5%. 2. Present circumstances classified by age: 1) The number of children whose teeth are brushed by themselves or their mothers more than once a day before they were six years old was 61.8%. 2) In all ages, the group of once or twice a day showed a high ratio for frequency of tooth brushing. 3) "mother brushes (47.4%)" for one year olds, and "mother helps her child's brushing (85.7-53.6%)" for two to five year olds, and "child brushes (64.8%)" for six years olds were the highest ratios regarding the persons who actually brush the children's teeth. 4) Co-operative attitude of the children towards their mother's help is bad for one year olds, but good above two years old. 5) Attitude of the children towards tooth brushing is negative under three years old, and positive above four years old. 6) There is little hope that children can brush well by themselves under two years old. 7) children who have experienced guidance in tooth brushing from their mothers before they were three years old numbered 84.7%, and from a dentist or dental hygienist before they were six years old numbered 49.8%.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bad habits and dysgnathia: epidemiological study].

The authors refer about an epidemiological survey in 651 children in the school-age. The aim of study is to investigate about the frequency of the bad habits and the pathogenetic relations between these and the development of the dento-maxillo-facial deformities. They point out an incidence of these bad habits in the 35,48% with a predominance of mouth breathers (45,45%). After they discuss the necessity of an early detection of anomalous neuromuscular attitudes.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Socioeconomic status and hygiene habits of the members of a rural community from the province of Habana].

A study is made of the socioeconomic conditions, environmental sanitation, and hygienic habits in the members of a rural community in Havana province. This was compared with the results of a stool culture analysis made to all inhabitants of this locality in order to determine the degree of infestation by intestinal parasites. It was found that sanitation conditions are good, which explains the low prevalence of helminths. The greatest proportion of parasitized people show inappropriate habits of personal hygiene, which explains that most of them are due to protozoa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1968

The smoking study. A report of the attitudes and habits of California physicinas with respect to cigarette smoking.

With funds provided by the California Department of Public Health, on behalf of the Inter-Agency Council on Smoking and Health, the Bureau of Research and Planning of the California Medical Association conducted a large scale study of the professional and personal attitudes and habits of California physicians with respect to cigarette smoking. The project was initiated in the fall of 1966 with a detailed questionnaire mailed to a random sample of California physicians; the analytic phase was begun in the spring of 1967, all aspects of which are not as yet completed.This report contains highlights of the general findings of the study, as well as some detail about differences in attitudes and habits of physicians as they are related to age and medical specialty of respondents.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

On the applicability of statements on drinking and dietary habits for the calculation of risks or organ damage in chronic alcoholics.

Data from 12 alcoholics admitted to a detoxication ward on two separate occasions revealed great differences in statements on drinking and dietary habits between the two interrogations. The findings clearly demonstrate that such statements do not give reliable informations on drinking and dietary habits during prolonged periods. Furthermore, data from 61 patients show that a classification into chronic and intermitent drinkers only to some extent improves the possibilities to calculate the alcohol consumption over prolonged periods, since because of e.g. frequent or prolonged hospitalizations many chronic drinkers may be intoxicated during fewer days of the year than intermittent drinkers.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Effect of artificial gravitation during space flight on motor habit retention in white rats].

The recovery of a goal-reaching habit (food reaching) was studied in albino rats in a maze after space exposure on biosatellite "Kosmos-936". Animals which were exposed to artificial gravitation during the flight, restored the habit slightly worse than those not centrifuged. The tendency toward worsening is clearly pronounced, although the small number of animals and small changes (which to a considerable degree was due to relatively simple tasks) seem to produce insignificant differences at this stage of the study. The absence of positive effect of artificial gravitation might be connected with a negative effect of angular speeds during centrifugation.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Tongue function in the rehabilitation of speech disorders, faulty breathing habits and deglutition disorders].

The tongue is as an organ of speech and articulation not as indispensable as the soft palate. The recovery of speech after extirpation of the tongue is usually satisfactory, and the intelligibility of patients with microglossia compares favourably with the speech of an untreated cleft palate patient. Hypernasality and nasal escape of air are typical also for the congenital short palate (in the absence of a cleft); syndromes with a congenital short palate are often misdiagnosed as suprabulbar paralysis. The function and involuntary usage of the tongue e.g. in swallowing, influence the growth and development of the surrounding bony structures and the teeth. A frontal open bite due to the tongue thrust habit is a popular example. A case if made for the notion that the mouth-breathing habit has grave consequences such as nasal obstruction, adenoids and glue ears. Mouth breathing should not be looked upon as a trivial accessory phenomenon, but as a behaviour that needs systematic reeducation treatment. Rehabilitative procedures are pointed out for patients with respiratory problems due to two-sides laryngeal nerve paralysis and patients with swallowing problems after partial extirpation of the base of the tongue.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of intraspecies isolation in adulthood on the formation of a manipulatory habit in rats].

Dynamics of manipulatory habit formation was examined in white mixed-bred male rats housed in groups or isolated from community at the age of 2 months. A month later all the animals learned to reach food in a horizontal tube using a forepaw. It was shown that the social isolation of adult animals led to slowing the motor habit formation. The effect of isolation depended on paw preference of the animal, i.e., learning was the most difficult for sinistrals and ambidextrals, while the difference between dextral isolants and grouped rats was not significant. The authors consider shown disruptions to be the result of increased negative emotionality of late isolants rather than consequence of their motor disability.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Behavioral and pharmacological treatments for tic and habit disorders: a review.

Children with tic and habit disorders are often seen by pediatricians, psychologists, or psychiatrists for evaluation and treatment. Current knowledge of the treatment-outcome research in these areas can serve as an important guide in the evaluation and treatment planning process. This article reviews the behavior therapy and pharmacological treatment of motor and vocal tic disorders, self-destructive oral habits, trichotillomania (hair pulling), onychophagia (nail biting), and thumb sucking. The research evidence indicates that all of these disorders can be effectively treated with behavioral or pharmacological approaches.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[EEG of 6-7-year-old children during formation of a complex motor-visual habit].

Correlations between cortical biopotentials were determined in six- to seven-year old children during the formation of a complex motor-visual habit, namely the assembly of a dismountable toy. Assembling activity intensifies the spatial synchronization of biopotentials. Localization of the site of greatest activity is connected with the techniques of assembling the toy: in stereotype activity the site is localized in the inferior parietal areas, and in the case of variable activity, in the anterior parts of the cortex. As the habit is stabilized, the number of interhemispheric correlations increases, which testifies to the enhancement of the paired function of the cerebral hemispheres. The topography of these correlations differs. When the task is fulfilled in a stereotype way, the left motor and the right inferior parietal areas are most closely interrelated; in the case of a variable fulfilment the closest interconnection takes place between the left motor and right frontal areas.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1999

Direct observation of health-habit counseling of adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of health-habit counseling of adolescents seeing community family physicians and to identify the factors associated with the delivery of recommended preventive counseling services. DESIGN: Cross-sectional multimethod study emphasizing direct observation of patient visits. SETTING: Community family practices in northeast Ohio. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents (n = 445) aged 11 to 21 years who were being seen for outpatient visits to community family physicians (n = 119) during 2 days of observation by trained research nurses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Direct observation of the delivery of clinical preventive counseling services recommended by the Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services. RESULTS: During the 445 visits made by adolescents, the most frequently delivered counseling service was exercise advice (13%). At least 1 health-habit counseling service was delivered during 38% of visits. In multivariable analyses, older patient age was strongly associated with increased service delivery. Visits for well care, longer visits, and new patient visits were also associated with the provision of counseling. Visits including preventive counseling services were on average 2.5 minutes longer than visits without preventive counseling. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of delivery of preventive counseling services in clinical practice were low, raising concern about the feasibility of current recommendations. The practical implementation of prevention guidelines may require a greater use of well-care visits and longer patient visits than are currently used in community family practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Children's television-viewing habits and the family environment.

Pediatricians are encouraged to modify the impact of television on children, based on the assumption that parents mediate children's viewing habits through the home environment. Sixty-six parents of children aged 3 to 8 years responded to an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Responses to questions on family environment were compared with reported childhood viewing of educational programming (Public Broadcasting Service) and the child's television-viewing hours. Most homes surveyed had a videocassette recorder, cable television, and more than one television set. Frequent parental discussion of program content with children was reported by 38% of respondents. Availability of television and parent-child discussion of content were not correlated with viewing hours or viewing Public Broadcasting Service. Frequent use of television as a distraction for the child correlated positively with viewing hours. Viewing Public Broadcasting Service correlated negatively with parent-child coviewing and with use of television as a form of entertainment. Children's own television viewing content correlated positively with viewing Public Broadcasting Service. Of all measured factors in the home environment, parental attitudes were most closely associated with children's viewing habits.

Attitude↗
PubMed1997

Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer: no relation with six measures of lifetime smoking habits in a large case-control study among U.S. whites.

BACKGROUND: The study was undertaken to describe the association between lifetime cigarette smoking habits and prostate cancer. Whereas most case-control and cohort studies report no association, the positive findings from some large cohort studies are difficult to ignore. The available information on lifetime smoking habits from most studies is limited however. METHODS: In a study of 1,097 prostate cancer cases and 3,250 matched controls, admitted between 1969 and 1991 to U.S. hospitals, several ordinal measures of lifetime smoking were compared to look for dose-response or threshold associations. RESULTS: No association was seen between prostate cancer and former or current smoking, age started smoking, number of years smoked, cigarettes per day smoked, the number of years since quitting, and lifetime tar exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide the most complete dose-response smoking information to date, and support the findings from the majority of studies that prostate cancer is not associated with cigarette smoking.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cadmium and selenium in blood and urine related to smoking habits and previous exposure to mercury vapour.

The object of this work was to investigate possible interactions of mercury, cadmium and selenium in humans. Selenium and cadmium in blood and urine were determined in this cross-sectional study of 130 males, of whom 77 had been previously exposed to mercury vapour at a chloralkali plant. Of the participants, 61.5% were smokers and 16.2% were never-smokers. The concentration of selenium in blood (B-Se) was significantly lower in subjects currently smoking more than 50 g of tobacco per week compared to never-smokers, whereas the concentration of cadmium in blood (B-Cd) was significantly higher in all categories of current smokers. In the multiple linear regression analysis, B-Se as a dependent variable was negatively associated with B-Cd, whereas current smoking habits were not included in the model as a predictor variable. In contrast, B-Cd as a dependent variable was positively associated with current as well as previous smoking habits, and negatively with both B-Se and the 'cumulative dose' of previous mercury vapour exposure. The concentration of selenium in blood was also negatively associated with B-Cd in the group of never-smokers (Spearman's r = -0.80; P < 0.001). In conclusion, these results suggest a depressive effect of cadmium on the concentration of selenium in blood, while smoking alone did not operate as a true predictor for this effect. Furthermore, previous exposure to mercury apparently modifies the concentration of cadmium in blood.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Asbestos exposure, smoking habits, and cancer incidence among production and maintenance workers in an electrochemical plant.

The incidence of cancer was studied in a cohort of 287 men who were exposed to asbestos at a nitric acid production plant from 1928 onwards. During the observation period from 1953 through 1980 all cancer cases among the cohort members were identified in The Cancer Registry. For the whole cohort 42 cases of cancer were observed versus 30.6 expected. The figures for cancer of the lungs and pleura combined were 17 observed versus 3.7 expected. The corresponding figures for a heavily exposed subcohort were 11 observed and 1.2 expected. In that group there was also an increased incidence of colon cancer with 3 cases observed against 0.8 cases expected. Within the whole cohort four cases of pleural and one case of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma were found. There was also an increased incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin with 3 cases observed against 0.6 expected. For cancer cases that were registered as of unknown origin there were 7 cases observed and 1.4 expected. There was no increased rate ratio for cancer at any site before 20 years after the first asbestos exposure. The smoking habits of all cohort members were recorded and the relative rates for lung cancer were calculated in relation to smoking habits. In common with previous studies the results indicate a multiplicative model for the interaction between asbestos exposure and smoking in regard to lung cancer risk.

Asbestos↗
PubMed1989

Gender differences in visual habit formation in 3-month-old rhesus monkeys.

The rate of learning concurrent visual discriminations with 24-hr intertrial intervals, a measure of habit formation, was assessed in infant monkeys of both sexes and compared with the rate of learning in adults. In two separate series of animals, 3-month-old male monkeys learned an initial set of discriminations (but not later sets) more slowly than 3-month-old females. This gender difference was absent in 6-month-old monkeys and in adults, both of which learned the initial set at the same rate. Determination of plasma gonadal hormone levels at the time of testing revealed a significant correlation (rs = 0.95) between testosterone levels and learning scores on the initial set in the 3-month-old male monkeys (i.e., the higher the level the poorer the score). No such correlation was found in the 3-month-old female monkeys or in the 6-month-olds of either sex. These results suggest that high testosterone levels found perinatally in male monkeys temporarily slows maturation of the neural system underlying visual habit formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Parents' reports of the body shape and feeding habits of 36-month-old children: an investigation of gender differences.

OBJECTIVE: The current study examined parental perception of offspring body shape, differential reporting of offspring eating behaviors by mothers and fathers, and gender-specific patterns of offspring feeding habits. METHODS: Parents of a community sample of 36-month-old children (N = 93) completed measures regarding their offspring's feeding patterns and body shape. RESULTS: Results revealed noteworthy correlates (e.g., concerns about their child's appetite) of parental perception of offspring weight status. They further suggested that mothers and fathers often differed in their accounts of their child's eating habits, and that parents report certain eating behaviors differently depending on the gender of their child. CONCLUSION: Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Body Image↗
PubMed1989

[Stability of changeability of food habits].

Theoretic reflections were made about the relation between turning points in individual life and food habits. Interviews of 439 people indicate a flexible-exploratory attitude of young adults concerning problems of nutrition, while food habits become more stable with increasing age.

Adult↗