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PubMed2005

Psychosocial aspects of mothers of children with strabismus.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate the psychological profile of mothers of children with strabismus, their attitudes to their children, and their family functioning. METHODS: This study was conducted at Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, from 2000 to 2002 and involved a series of 30 children with strabismus and 31 healthy controls. All mothers were asked to complete Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), and Family Assessment Device (FAD). RESULTS: Mothers of the children with strabismus had significantly higher depression scores ( P = 0.042) compared with mothers of the control group. They demonstrated significantly lower scores in democratic attitude, meaning that they failed to constitute a supportive and friendship relation with their children, ( P = 0.0001). These mothers had significantly higher scores in rejection of maternal role ( P = 0.017) as compared with mothers of the control group. They were nervous, distressed, and angry in the relationship with their children, with unhappiness and more dissatisfaction with respect to maternal role. Mothers of the children with strabismus had poor role functioning in the family, which is related to satisfying the food, clothing, and support needs ( P = 0.034). They also had poor affective responsiveness, which means the ability of family members to respond with appropriate emotion ( P = 0.003), and poor general functioning ( P = 0.040) as compared with mothers of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that, for mothers who have children with strabismus, strabismus had an adverse effect on their lives, and their family relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Do popular students smoke? The association between popularity and smoking among middle school students.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown an association between popularity and behavior, indicating that popular people tend to reflect the norms of their group. Among adolescents, it has been hypothesized that popular students are more likely to smoke, especially in schools with high smoking prevalence. METHODS: Data were collected on friendship patterns and smoking from 1,486 sixth and seventh graders in 16 middle schools in southern California. Susceptibility to smoke was measured as not stating a commitment not to smoke in the future, and smoking as ever taken a puff or smoked a whole cigarette. We measured popularity as the number of times a student was chosen as a friend. Multivariate logistic regression was used to correlate popularity with susceptibility to smoke and smoking at follow-up controlling for baseline outcomes, demographic characteristics, and clustering within schools. RESULTS: Popularity was associated with increased susceptibility to smoke (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 5.64, p < .001) and smoking (AOR = 5.09, p < .05) over the 1-year interval between surveys. Although the association was strongest for non-White boys, we did not find evidence of interactions between popularity and gender or ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Popular middle school students were more likely to become smokers compared to their less popular peers. Although there seems some difference in the association by gender and ethnicity, the evidence does not suggest subgroup effects in this population. Implications for the study of adolescent smoking and prevention programming are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Interpersonal correlates of generalized anxiety disorder: Self versus other perception.

The present investigation examined the interpersonal functioning of undergraduate students who met self-report criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), both as they perceive it and as perceived by their self-nominated friends. Forty-eight participants who met self-report criteria for GAD endorsed greater global severity of interpersonal problems on the 64-item version of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems [Horowitz, L. M., Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., Pincus, A. L. (2000). Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation] than 53 control participants. However, friends of GAD participants did not attribute significantly greater interpersonal problems to them than did friends of control participants. GAD participants reported less secure attachment to their parents than control participants but reported similar levels of attachment to peers and perceived social support. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the friends of the GAD participants and friends of the control participants on ratings of their friendships quality. Findings are discussed in the context of their relevance to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of GAD.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Life experiences of people who stutter, and the perceived impact of stuttering on quality of life: personal accounts of South African individuals.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of the study was to investigate the life experiences of a group of South African adults who stutter and the impact of stuttering on their quality of life. Participants were 16 adults with a mean age of 28.9 and ranging from 20 to 59 years. Methods involved individual interviews designed to explore the life domains of education; social life; employment; speech therapy; family and marital life; and identity, beliefs and emotional issues. Main findings of the study indicated that the majority of participants perceived their stuttering to have impacted on their academic performance at school, and relationships with teachers and classmates. Although their stuttering was not perceived to adversely influence their ability to establish friendships, people generally reacted negatively to their stuttering. Many felt that their stuttering did not have an adverse effect on their choice of occupation, ability to obtain work, and relationships with managers and co-workers, although it was perceived to influence their work performance and hamper their chances for promotion. Although the majority viewed their speech therapy experiences as being negative; more than half the sample believed that speech therapy had, nevertheless exerted a positive effect on their quality of life. Overall, stuttering did not appear to have influenced participants' family and marital life. Most participants felt that stuttering had affected their self-esteem and self-image, and had evoked strong emotions within them. Findings are taken to suggest the need to incorporate subjective feelings about stuttering into the clinical practice of speech-language therapy; to provide information and coping strategies for teachers and employers; and for further research. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: After completing this activity, the reader will be able to: (1) describe and explain the perceived impact of stuttering on quality of life in terms of education; social life; employment; speech therapy; family and marital life; and identity, beliefs and emotional issues; (2) to interpret and utilize the subjective meanings that individuals attach to their stuttering to improve stuttering treatment, counseling and research.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Anxiety and subjective quality of life preoperatively and 4 months after reduction mammaplasty.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of anxiety, psychological distress, and subjective quality of life on the basis of the criteria of satisfaction and expectations in a group of women who had undergone reduction mammaplasty for cosmetic reasons. METHOD: The population consisted of 20 women who had requested breast reduction treatment [mean age, 34.70 (+/-10.94)] for cosmetic reasons. After being informed of the purpose of the study and after giving their written consent, the subjects took part in a psychological examination conducted at two different times (T1, initial medical consultation; T2, 4 months after surgery). At each of these stages, the psychological evaluation consisted of a clinical interview and questionnaires: the Subjective Quality of Life Profile, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the General Health Questionnaire. RESULTS: The results showed that the subjects improved significantly between T1 and T2 in terms of state anxiety (P=.04), trait anxiety (P=.002), sleeping disorders (P=.003), difficulty in enjoying their activities (P=.008), and a number of dimensions of subjective life quality: pain (P=.009), physical appearance (P=.003), social life (P=.03), and inner life (P=.03). The study showed that satisfaction with treatment was correlated with satisfaction with medical relations (P=.05) and medical information (P=.05) at T1 and with greater satisfaction with friendship relations (P=.05), sexual relations (P=.05), and inner life (P=.05) after the operation (P=.01). Conversely, a greater level of anxiety at T3 was correlated with reduced satisfaction with the surgical treatment (P=.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the importance of evaluating surgical and cosmetic treatment in terms of psychological dimensions and emphasizes the improvement in psychological well-being during the postoperative phase.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

My early days in photobiology with Philip Hanawalt.

Phil and I started our careers on somewhat similar scientific paths. I had an undergraduate degree in physics from Swarthmore College and a Ph.D. degree in physics from Yale for research in the field for ultraviolet spectroscopy. Phil received an undergraduate degree in Physics from Oberlin College, joined the Yale Physics Department in 1954, and transferred to the new Biophysics Department in 1955. We began our interactions then by virtue of the fact that Phil had to take a Laboratory Course in Experimental Physics, one part of which was spectroscopy in which I was the instructor. One of my principal interests was in the effects of different wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on proteins, viruses and bacterial cells. So what was more natural than for Phil to dream up a Ph.D. research project to investigate the effects of different wavelengths of UV on macromolecular synthesis in Escherichia coli. I became his mentor with expertise in UV, whereas he did most of the microbiological/biochemical work. Thus began a collaboration and a communicating friendship, the latter going on for 50 years. That communication was essential in elucidating some of the important steps in nucleotide excision repair-a field in which Phil is a pre-eminent scholar and investigator.

DNA Repair↗
PubMed2006

The premorbid adjustment scale structured interview (PAS-SI): preliminary findings.

BACKGROUND: The Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) is a widely used rating scale to assess premorbid functioning retrospectively. Despite its widespread use there is no published structured interview (SI) schedule and little is known about the reliability of the instrument. OBJECTIVE: To design and test the reliability of a structured interview schedule for the PAS, the PAS-SI, across different cultures. METHODS: Starting from PAS items and response options, questions were prepared that lead to a response option. Instructions to skip certain items, for example, quality of friendships after a person noted no friends, were provided. Additional instructions were prepared including guidelines to determine the first onset of psychotic symptoms thereby ensuring that the interview is only directed to premorbid functioning. The interview was translated from English into Hebrew, Portuguese, French, Dutch (Flemish), Turkish, Italian, Lithuanian, Greek, Russian, Ukrainian, and Romanian and tested for inter-rater reliability "in nine of these languages". Eighty-four psychiatrists from 10 different countries acted as raters in a role-play assisted training session after which they rated the PAS-SI in their native language. The intra-class correlation was computed to index reliability. RESULTS: The weighted intra-class correlation for absolute agreement and consistency was .77. CONCLUSIONS: The PAS-SI provides reliable and consistent data on premorbid functioning.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Education or degeneration: E. Ray Lankester, H. G. Wells and the outline of history.

This paper uses the friendship and collaboration of Edwin Ray Lankester (1847-1929), zoologist, and Herbert George Wells (1866-1946), novelist and journalist, to challenge the current interpretation of late Victorian concern over degeneration as essentially an intellectual movement with little influence in contemporary debates over social and political problems. Degeneration theory provided for Lankester and Wells the basis both for a personal bond and for an active programme of social and educational reform. I trace the construction of Lankester's account of degeneration, initially as empirical 'fact' and later as ideologically inflected theory, and the reciprocal relationship between this theory and his critique of the British university system. I use Wells's Outline of history (1920) to illustrate the profound influence of Lankester's degenerationist worldview on Wells's scientific and socio-political thought. Lankester's synthesis of his theory and his critique led the two men to reject eugenics as an unscientific and ideologically incompatible solution to the problem of national deterioration. Instead, they campaigned for the reform of scientific education as a means of keeping mankind from physical, intellectual and cultural degeneration.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2005

'MMR talk' and vaccination choices: an ethnographic study in Brighton.

In the context of the high-profile controversy that has unfolded in the UK around the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine and its possible adverse effects, this paper explores how parents in Brighton, southern England, are thinking about MMR for their own children. Research focusing on parents' engagement with MMR has been dominated by analysis of the proximate influences on their choices, and in particular scientific and media information, which have led health policy to focus on information and education campaigns. This paper reports ethnographic work including narratives by mothers in Brighton. Our work questions such reasoning in showing how wider personal and social issues shape parents' immunisation actions. The narratives by mothers show how practices around MMR are shaped by personal histories, by birth experiences and related feelings of control, by family health histories, by their readings of their child's health and particular strengths and vulnerabilities, by particular engagements with health services, by processes building or undermining confidence, and by friendships and conversations with others, which are themselves shaped by wider social differences and transformations. Although many see vaccination as a personal decision which must respond to the particularities of a child's immune system, 'MMR talk', which affirms these conceptualisations, has become a social phenomenon in itself. These perspectives suggest ways in which people's engagements with MMR reflect wider changes in their relations with science and the state.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Gender, cancer experience and internet use: a comparative keyword analysis of interviews and online cancer support groups.

A new method, comparative keyword analysis, is used to compare the language of men and women with cancer in 97 research interviews and two popular internet based support groups for people with cancer. The method is suited to the conjoint qualitative and quantitative analysis of differences between large bodies of text, an alternative to the 'code and retrieval' approach used in much thematic analysis of qualitative materials. Web forums are a rich source of data about illness experience and gender differences. Marked differences in the performance of gender are evident. These differences follow linguistic and other behavioural patterns (such as social network differences) established in other contexts. Men with prostate cancer indicate in research interviews that they are more likely to seek information on the internet; women with breast cancer that they are more likely to seek social and emotional support. Men's concerns cluster around treatment information, medical personnel and procedures. Their experience of disease is more localised on particular areas of the body, while women's experience is more holistic. Women's forum postings orientate much more towards the exchange of emotional support, including concern with the impact of illness on a wide range of other people. Women's use of superlatives as well as words referring to feelings indicate their enactment of greater emotional expressivity. Web forums are platforms for an intensification of men's knowledge gathering activities. Web forums, though actually quite publicly visible, appear to be subjectively experienced by both sexes as relatively private places for the exchange of intimate personal information. The 'privacy' of the breast cancer forum facilitated interactions found in other studies to be characteristic of women's friendship groups.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Promoting perioperative nursing through international cooperation.

Adequate development of human resources is a challenge facing all societies and nations, especially those in transition from one development stage to another. Through international cooperation programs, perioperative nurses can share and exchange knowledge, experience, and expertise. They also can expand their clinical horizons, fostering collegiality and friendships and further advancing nursing professionalism internationally. In Israel, we developed and implemented a special, short-term course for perioperative nurses from developing countries. Planners and participants found this course to be an outstanding experience.

Africa↗
PubMed1999

Authorship: can you claim a byline?

Decisions about bylines, although seemingly straightforward, can "breed ill-will," "wreck friendships," and "even damage careers" if decisions are not in accord with professional guidelines and common sense. Editors have attempted to promote responsible authorship by creating Uniform Requirements. According to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, each author must have made a substantial contribution to all 3 of the following conditions to qualify for authorship: conceiving and designing the work represented by the article or analyzing and interpreting data; drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and giving final approval of the version to be published. Despite these guidelines, bylines continue to include grafters and guests. Researchers believe guidelines for authorship are necessary but suggest the existing Uniform Requirements may be overly restrictive and easily misinterpreted. Editors will need to work with researchers to reach consensus on realistic and appropriate guidelines for authorship.

Authorship↗
PubMed1988

William Worrall Mayo, social-radical and civic activist.

Herein, the roots of Mayo's active radicalism on America's western frontier are traced to both his knowledge of conditions in Manchester, England during the first 26 years of his life and the impress of laissez faire in America. Books and a close friendship with the Populist and Farmer's Alliance leader Ignatius Donnelly only fortified Mayo's convictions. Mayo never flagged in his social activism nor sacrificed his radical ideology.

England↗
PubMed1999

Schizotypal personality disorder and MRI abnormalities of temporal lobe gray matter.

BACKGROUND: Structural MRI data indicate schizophrenics have reduced left-sided temporal lobe gray matter volumes, especially in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and medial temporal lobe. Our data further suggest a specificity to schizophrenia spectrum disorders of STG volume reduction. Interpretation of research studies involving schizophrenics may be complicated by the effects of exposure to neuroleptics and chronic illness. Sharing the same genetic diathesis of schizophrenics, subjects with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) offer a unique opportunity to evaluate commonalities between schizophrenia and SPD, particularly as SPD subjects are characterized by cognitive and perceptual distortions, an inability to tolerate close friendships, and odd behavior, but they are not psychotic and so have generally not been prescribed neuroleptics nor hospitalized. Evaluation of brain structure in SPD may thus offer insight into the "endophenotype" common to both disorders. In addition, differences between groups may suggest which are the brain structures of schizophrenics that contribute to the development of psychosis. METHODS: To test the hypothesis of whether SPD subjects might show similar STG abnormalities, STG and medial temporal lobe regions of interest (ROI) were manually drawn on high resolution coronal MRI 1.5 mm thick slices. Images were derived from 16 right-handed male SPD subjects, without regard to family history, and 14 healthy, right-handed, comparison males who did not differ from the SPD group on parental socio-economic status, age, or verbal IQ. RESULTS: As predicted, SPD subjects showed a reduction in left STG gray matter volume compared with age and gender matched comparison subjects. SPD subjects also showed reduced parahippocampal left/right asymmetry and a high degree of disordered thinking. Comparisons with chronic schizophrenics previously studied by us showed the SPD group had a similarity of left STG gray matter volume reduction, but fewer medial temporal lobe abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: These abnormalities strengthen the hypothesis of a temporal lobe abnormality in SPD, and the similarity of STG findings in schizophrenia and SPD suggest that STG abnormalities may be part of the spectrum "endophenotype." It is also possible that presence of medial temporal lobe abnormalities may help to differentiate who will develop schizophrenia and who will develop the less severe schizophrenia spectrum disorder, SPD.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Envy in a nurse education community.

The definition of envy is based on views of anthropology, sociology, psychology and nursing science. According to these definitions, a nurse education community consists of shared values, customs and beliefs common in the nursing community. The purpose of this paper was to describe envy in the reciprocal relations between student nurses in a polytechnic of health and welfare in Finland. The sample consisted of 110 student nurses in one faculty of health and welfare in a Finnish polytechnic. They were selected from among the available (attending classes) students, who had been studying in the same group for 1-3 years in 1996. The response percentage was 85.5 (n=94). The data were processed by various statistical methods. The findings of envy in a nurse education community were defined through the student nurses' views of their sense of self, their relations with their fellow students, the objects of envy and also the influence of the lecturers. The ways of coping with envy were also identified. The most common object of envy was a fellow student who worked part-time while studying. Another object of envy consisted of fellow students successful in examinations and skills, such as listening, friendships and good ideas. The students coped with their envy by sharing their own success and by denying envy. These results highlight some essential points of envy in a nurse education community and underline the need for open discussion, as emotions and envy are important to understand as part of nurse education. If envy is not identified, it may cause learning problems and even problems in patient care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Furthering the profession: the early years of the American Gynecological Club and its first European tours.

Beginning early in the 20th century, a group of North American leaders in obstetrics and gynecology met annually to promote the furtherance of the specialty. The American Gynecological Club held its meetings at academic medical centers, spending 2 to 4 days viewing the latest diagnostic and operative techniques and hearing presentations by investigators at that institution. On several occasions, club members spent 1 month visiting the foremost medical centers in Great Britain and continental Europe, where they observed surgical procedures, attended clinics, and established friendships that transcended national boundaries. The early years of the American Gynecological Club represent a somewhat idyllic and bygone era in medicine and obstetrics and gynecology.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Interpersonal disabilities: social skill deficits in older children and adolescents. Their description, assessment, and management.

Good social skills are critical for peer acceptance and friendship formation, which are developmental missions for the older child and adolescent. Good social skills can be developed and can favorably influence other domains of function. A sensitive and comprehensive assessment and management plan is essential. Pediatricians have a unique vantage point because of their familiarity with a child, the family, the school and community, and their knowledge of child development and behavior. Pediatricians can therefore play a central role in the assessment, management, and follow-up of social skills problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regina Salomea Pilsztynowa, ophthalmologist in 18th-century Poland.

Regina Salomea Rusiecki (later Pilsztynowa) was a young, poorly educated Polish Catholic woman in the 18th century who became well known in Eastern Europe and the Ottoman Empire because of her skill in the treatment of cataracts and some other medical problems. She was born in 1718, and at the age of 14 she married an experienced, but significantly older, German Lutheran physician and ophthalmologist, Jakob Halpir. By helping him eagerly in his work, Pilsztynowa learned a great deal of her husband's way of treating cataracts and other ailments, and she ambitiously made use of the friendship and help of other physicians whom she met on her travels. Although there are some occurrences that could lead one to question aspects of Pilsztynowa's straight and honest character, one has also to point to her readiness to help where she could.

History, 18th Century↗