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PubMed2004

[Study on certified reference material of iodine in kelp].

Analytical reference material of iodine in kelp was designed and prepared for accurate analysis, monitor and evaluation of iodine in trade of farming, forestry, medicine and food hygiene can be used in technical training, technical assessing, monitoring, date arbitrating and analytic method verifying for professional supervisors. This reference material was certified by neutron activation, ICP-MS, PA, GC, IC, COL method. According to Gurbb's law to judge the date of each group, it was confirmed that all of six groups certified curde date were normal distribution by checking normality D. The arithmetic mean value of all data on certified reference material of low and moderate amount was 9.3 microg/g and 85.7 microg/g respectively and, standard deviation was 0.9 microg/g and 4.9 microg/g respectively.

Iodine↗
PubMed2004

Integrating genomics into Eucalyptus breeding.

The advent of high throughput genomic technologies has opened new perspectives in the speed, scale and detail with which one can investigate genes, genomes and complex traits in Eucalyptus species. A genomic approach to a more detailed understanding of important metabolic and physiological processes, which affect tree growth and stress resistance, and the identification of genes and their allelic variants, which determine the major chemical and physical features of wood properties, should eventually lead to new opportunities for directed genetic modifications of far-reaching economic impact in forest industry. It should be kept in mind, however, that basic breeding strategies, coupled with sophisticated quantitative methods, breeder's experience and breeder's intuition, will continue to generate significant genetic gains and have a clear measurable impact on production forestry. Even with a much more global view of genetic processes, genomics will only succeed in contributing to the development of improved industrial forests if it is strongly interconnected with intensive fieldwork and creative breeding. Integrated genomic projects involving multi-species expressed sequence tag sequencing and quantitative trait locus detection, single nucleotide polymorphism discovery for association mapping, and the development of a gene-rich physical map for the Eucalyptus genome will quickly move toward linking phenotypes to genes that control the wood formation processes that define industrial-level traits. Exploiting the full power of the superior natural phenotypic variation in wood properties found in Eucalyptus genetic resources will undoubtedly be a key factor to reach this goal.

Breeding↗
PubMed2004

[Structure characteristics and health distance assessment of various disturbed communities of Korean pine and broadleaved mixed forest in Changbai Mountains].

Through samples investigation, this paper analyzed and classified the community structures of overcutting original forests, secondary birch forests and larch plantation forest under different disturbances. At the same time, some indexes which can reflect the integrity and stability of stand structure were selected. Health Distance (HD) method, a new idea, was attempted to assess ecosystem health of Korean pine and broadleaved mixed forest in Changbai Mountains. The results showed that the health degree was in order of original broadleaved stand (0.14) < structure switched stand (0.23) < structure reserved stand (0.32) < structure destroyed stand (0.33) < heavy disturbed stand (0. 44) < secondary birch stand (0.53) < larch plantations (0.68). Hopefully, it will be a helpful reference on the restoration of Korean pine and broadleaved mixed forest and on the regional forestry sustainable development.

China↗
PubMed2004

[Function and application of soil microorganisms in forest ecosystem].

Soil microorganism is an important part of forest ecosystem, and plays an important role in sustainable development of forestry. In this paper, we summarized the main functions of soil microorganisms in forest sustainable development from the aspects of 1) the role of soil microorganism and microbiomass; 2) the function of mycorrhizal fungi; 3) the impact of pathogen; and 4) the effect of PGPR. Finally, we also discussed the research trends of forest soil microorganism and its application. Some study areas which should be further studied were also proposed.

Azospirillum↗
PubMed2005

[Electrical impedance spectroscopy method for measuring cold hardiness of plants].

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a method for measuring cold hardiness of plants. It has been widely used in the fields of agriculture, forestry and horticulture. In this paper the following aspects were introduced and discussed: (1) physical and physiological factors of impedance measurements in plants, (2) suitable models for measuring EIS, and (3) method for assessing cold hardiness by means of EIS. In traditional EIS analysis, after completion of the artificially controlled freezing tests, the extracellular resistance (r(e)) is the best parameter for determining cold hardiness of plants. It has been reported recently that cold hardiness might be determined just after sampling using EIS analysis without a controlled freezing test. The relaxation time (tau(1)) is the most suitable parameter: in the rapid hardening phase, differences in the hardening patterns of various provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) could be distinguished by the relaxation time with an accuracy of +/-2 degrees C without a controlled freezing test.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed2004

[Regional spatial patterns of water circumstances in loess plateau area based GIS].

Based on the integration of GIS and geo-synthesis analysis, the water circumstances for plant growth in the Shaanxi Loess Plateau area were studied and a map reflecting regional water circumstances at the scale of 1:500,000 was made. The results showed that the water circumstances for plant growth in the Loess Plateau area were affected by the integration of precipitation soil texture, loess deposition, geomorphology and coverage, and could be measured by sub-indicators from the mentioned aspects. The index from the view point of plant development was used for the water circumstance assessment. The water circumstances of the Loess Plateau including forest zone, shrub zone and grassland zone appeared a complex spatial mosaic structure, and the main of the plateau was suitable for forestry which meant the plateau had an expected potential for eco-restoration.

China↗
PubMed2004

The macro-economic impact of a foot-and-mouth disease incursion in New Zealand.

The 2001 outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the United Kingdom heightened public concern in New Zealand about the economic consequences of an outbreak of FMD, and resulted in the Reserve Bank and Treasury conducting an assessment of the macro-economic impact of a small FMD outbreak in New Zealand. The study was based on a relatively small outbreak in which 50 properties were infected over a period of two months. Cumulative losses calculated over two years from the beginning of the hypothetical outbreak were estimated at around NZ dollars 10 billion, a figure twice as large as the initial Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry estimate. The main reason for this difference is that the Reserve Bank study included the additional macro-economic effects of a slump in domestic demand. The study also demonstrated that in New Zealand under the conditions of the current OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code for FMD, the economic impact of any programme to control FMD by vaccination in which vaccinated animals are not slaughtered, is significantly worse than rapid eradication by stamping out.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Direct determination of zinc in polymerized rosin by flame atomic absorption spectrometry].

Using 95% ethanol as the solvent, we directly determined zinc in polymerized rosin by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The recovery rate is from 100 to 103 percent. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the determination is between 1.1-4.1%. The sensitivity is high and the characteristic concentration reaches 0.0077 microg x mL(-1)/1%. The method is quite significant in forestry chemical works with its simplicity and efficiency.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2004

Industrial differences in disability retirement rates in Denmark, 1996-2000.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to identify industries associated with a high risk of disability retirement and to roughly estimate the fraction of the retirements that can be attributed to a non-optimum work environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All economically active people in Denmark, aged 20-54 years, in the beginning of 1996 (1196235 men and 1063058 women) were followed-up from 1996 to 2000. Gender stratified and age standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for disability retirement were calculated for each of 58 baseline industries. A Monte-Carlo simulation model was used to estimate attributable fractions. RESULTS: In total, we observed 17242 disability retirements among the men and 20910 among the women. The attributable fraction was 38% for the women and 40% for the men. Twenty-six of the SIR-values (13 among the men and 13 among the women) were statistically significantly high. Twenty-two of the 26 groups with a high SIR had been identified by previous research as groups at high risk of circulatory disease and/or musculoskeletal disorders. Two of the remaining four groups with a high SIR were associated with hard physical work (men and women engaged in horticulture and forestry) while the other two consisted of men in female-dominated industries (child-care and cleaning). CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified a series of high-risk industries. It also corroborated previous findings, which state that circulatory disease and musculoskeletal disorders are major risk factors and that hard physical work is an independent risk factor of disability retirement. Further research is needed to find out why men in some stereotypically feminine industries are at high risk of disability retirement.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Experience model for self-thinning process of even-aged pure stands].

Based on the famous -3/2 power rule and generalized Schumacher growth equation, a mathematical model for the density change of even-aged pure stands with time during self-thinning process was presented, and the genetic algorithms was used to fit this nonlinear model. With the collected data from Populus tremula var. davidiana, Pinus yunnanensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata even-aged pure stands, the new model was verified and compared with other models. The results showed that the new model could fit observed data very well, and was very useful in practice. The surplus square, mean relative error, mean absolute error and surplus standard deviation of the new model were all smaller than those of other models, indicating its good qualification in describing stand density change during self-thinning process and its useness in studying forest self-thinning rules. The study also showed that genetic algorithms could give a better global convergence, and be used to estimate the parameters of nonlinear models in ecology, biology and forestry.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Graviregulation mechanism of woody stem growth on earth.

We have been studied the weeping habit of Japanese flowering cherry tree in the field of Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute at the foot of Mt. Takao. Since cherry trees at various age were the materials for our plant physiology experiments, our studies were conducted in the fields where we experienced certain difficulties. Even under such difficult environment that was rather unexpected and uncontrollable, we could obtain fruitful results on the growth of cherry tree, and found them scientifically significant, especially in terms of biological effects of gravity on earth. Moreover an interesting interaction of cherry tree with various kinds of birds was also observed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between the visiting birds and nectar secretion in the cherry tree.

The flying birds to cherry tree, Prunus campanulata, are well known. However since their relationship has not yet been examined, then the present study elucidated their relationship at Tama Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute. The observation of flying birds was carried out on their species, number, attitude and visiting time, with naked eye, a video camera, and a camera from the blind. The observations were carried out every 15 minutes during 5 to 12 hours per day. The efflorescence grade was divided into 4 stages. Bulbul visited most frequently to the tree among visiting birds, on the other hand white-eye visited hardly due to the disturbance by bulbul. The nectar grade gradually increased together with the efflorescence grade, then reached 30% at the 4th stage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genotoxic effects of pentachlorophenol, lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum on human mucosal cells of the inferior and middle nasal conchae.

BACKGROUND: Animal experiments and epidemiological studies suggest that pentachlorophenol (PCP) and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) should be classified as possible human carcinogens. In the past, both have had a variety of applications in the civilian and military sectors and in forestry. They have, e.g., been used to impregnate and treat uniforms and other fabrics and to control human lice. Animal experiments indicate that PCP in particular causes mutations and chromosome aberrations and thus DNA damage. Studies on whether or not this also applies to newer substances and especially to natural type I and type II pyrethroids still are not available. What is particularly lacking are data on the genotoxic effects of these substances on human target cells. Our study describes the genotoxic effects of PCP, lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum on human mucosal cells of the inferior and middle nasal conchae. METHODS: Epithelial cells were isolated from nasal mucosa, which was removed in the surgical treatment of chronic sinusitis and nasal concha hyperplasia. After the cells had been tested for vitality using the trypan blue exclusion test, the short-term culture method was used. The material was incubated with PCP (0.3, 0.75, and 1.2 mmol), lindane (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mmol), transfluthrin (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mmol), cyfluthrin (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mmol), natural pyrethrum (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mmol), and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine for 60 minutes. Substance-induced DNA damage (single-strand and double-strand breaks) were determined using single-cell microgel electrophoresis. A fluorescence microscope was used together with an image processing system to analyze the results obtained. RESULTS: After exposure to all tested substances, a high percentage of the cells of the middle nasal concha in particular were found to have severely fragmented DNA as a result of strong genotoxic effects. Although the reaction of the cells of the inferior nasal concha was significantly less strong (p < 0.001), the tested substances were nevertheless found to have a notable genotoxic effect on these cells too. CONCLUSION: Our study strongly suggests that exposure to PCP, lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum has a genotoxic effect on the epithelial cells of human nasal mucosa. In addition, we have shown that nasal structures differ in susceptibility to the various pesticides used in the tests. Thus, the study provides new evidence supporting the biological plausibility of PCP- and lindane-induced effects, thereby helping evaluate potential PCP- and lindane-induced mucous membrane carcinomas of these parts of the nose. In addition, our study shows that other substances that today are widely used for controlling pests have a considerable genotoxic effect on human target cells. The results obtained indicate the need for additional studies on the genotoxicity of these substances and their adverse effects on human health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Alien species invasion in Southern China and its countermeasures].

Alien species invasion may cause serious ecological damage, resulting in ecological crisis and biodiversity comedown, and further menacing existing human environment. At present, the invasion of alien species has brought very serious damage to China's environment and society. The direct annual loss of its agro-forestry industry accounts for 574 billion RMB. Taking the alien species in Southern China as an example, this paper analyzed the bio-invasion approaches, mechanics and damages, and aiming at the characters of invaded area and concerned ecosystems and species, proposed several prevention measurements, i.e., pay attention to the phenomena of bio-invasion and to the basic researches on it; intensify the legislation and establish scientific strategies for introducing alien species; enforce the quarantine on invasive species and establish countrywide monitoring system on alien species; enhance people's defending consciousness; and strengthen international cooperation and collaboration.

Biodiversity↗
PubMed2005

Irradiation in the production, processing, and handling of food. Final rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the food additive regulations to provide for the safe use of ionizing radiation for control of Vibrio species and other foodborne pathogens in fresh or frozen molluscan shellfish (e.g., oysters, mussels, clams, etc.). This action is in response to a petition filed by the National Fisheries Institute and the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hymenoptera sting arthropathy as an occupational injury: a case report].

Hymenoptera (Apid and Vespid) sting reactions represent a specific occupational risk factor for beekeepers, farmers, floriculturists, forestry workers, gardeners, greenhouse workers, fruit dealers, fire-fighters, street sweepers, outdoor workers. As a consequence of the Hymenoptera stings it can appear: acute toxic or allergic reactions and sub-acute symptoms that involve various body systems including the joints in which a Hymenoptera Sting Arthropathy (HSA) may occur. We describe the case of a 54-year-old male farmer beekeeper who developed in 1998 a systemic reaction due to multiple bee stings while he was collecting honey. He was hospitalised at the Policlinico Gemelli in Rome because skin (prick and intradermal test) and in vitro tests had shown evidence of an allergic reaction and had required a venom immunotherapy. During the years the patient had been victim of various episodes of acute arthritis on his interphalangeal joints) and, in one occasion, on his right elbow. The symptoms were localized intense pain and a severe impairment of joint function with inability to perform the work. After 7-14 days of corticosteroid treatment the arthritis subsided. In literature there are similar cases described that, at times, assume a greater severeness and lead to significant functional outcomes. The HSA's aetiology includes pharmacologically active substances (melittin, phosfolipase A2, leukotrienes present in venom), infection, or foreign body synovitis. The relative gravity of the symptoms and the possibility of outcomes all indicate that further attempts must be made in order to prevent HSA.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

[Knowledge of the employees about biological agents in the work environment and the ways of health protection against occupational exposure to biological hazards. Part II].

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of health protection of workers occupationally exposed to biological agents is equally influenced by the workers' knowledge about the risks related to biological agents and the ways they behave at work. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this paper, the authors continue to present the results of the study covering 150 workers employed in health services, forestry, and municipal services. They were interviewed on the basis of a specially designed questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of the study population used personal protective devices in a proper way and followed the principles of occupational safety and hygiene. Only some of the workers informed occupational medicine physicians about their health problems, which they associated with occupational exposure to biological agents. CONCLUSION: The interviewed workers are actually able to sufficiently protect their health against biological hazards despite their generally low knowledge of risks related to occupational exposure to biological agents.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis.

Irritant dermatitis and eczema are the most prevalent occupational skin diseases. Less common are immediate contact reactions such as contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis. Occupational contact urticaria can be subdivided into two categories, immunological and non immunological. However, some agents can induce these two types of reactions. Contact urticaria to natural rubber latex is particularly frequent among health care personnel, but contact urticaria to a wide variety of other substances occurs in many other occupations. Among those at risk are cooks, bakers, butchers, restaurant personnel, veterinarians, hairdressers, florists, gardeners, and forestry workers. Protein contact dermatitis in some of these occupations is caused principally by proteins of animal or plant origin, especially among individuals with a history of atopic dermatitis. Diagnosis requires careful interrogation, clinical examination and skin tests (open tests and prick tests with immediate lecture) to identify a particular contact allergen.

Dermatitis, Contact↗