Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “FACE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Finding a face in the crowd: testing the anger superiority effect in Asperger Syndrome.

Social threat captures attention and is processed rapidly and efficiently, with many lines of research showing involvement of the amygdala. Visual search paradigms looking at social threat have shown angry faces 'pop-out' in a crowd, compared to happy faces. Autism and Asperger Syndrome (AS) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterised by social deficits, abnormal face processing, and amygdala dysfunction. We tested adults with high-functioning autism (HFA) and AS using a facial visual search paradigm with schematic neutral and emotional faces. We found, contrary to predictions, that people with HFA/AS performed similarly to controls in many conditions. However, the effect was reduced in the HFA/AS group when using widely varying crowd sizes and when faces were inverted, suggesting a difference in face-processing style may be evident even with simple schematic faces. We conclude there are intact threat detection mechanisms in AS, under simple and predictable conditions, but that like other face-perception tasks, the visual search of threat faces task reveals atypical face-processing in HFA/AS.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

fMRI of sensitization to angry faces.

This study examined what is communicated by facial expressions of anger and mapped the neural substrates, evaluating the motivational salience of these stimuli. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, angry and neutral faces were presented to human subjects. Across experimental runs, signal adaptation was observed. Whereas fearful faces have reproducibly evoked response habituation in amygdala and prefrontal cortex, angry faces evoked sensitization in the insula, cingulate, thalamus, basal ganglia, and hippocampus. Complementary offline rating and keypress experiments determined an aversive rank ordering of angry, fearful, neutral, and happy faces and revealed behavioral sensitization to the angry faces. Subjects rated angry faces, in contrast to other face categories such as fear, as significantly more likely to directly inflict harm. Furthermore, they rated angry faces as significantly less likely to produce positive emotional outcomes than the other face categories. Together these data argue that angry faces, a directly aversive stimulus, produce a sensitization response.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Depression biases the recognition of emotionally neutral faces.

Functional abnormalities in emotion-related brain systems have been implicated in depression, and depressed patients may therefore attribute emotional valence to stimuli that are normally interpreted as emotionally neutral. The present study examined this hypothesis by comparing recognition of different facial expressions in patients with moderate to severe depression. Eighteen depressed patients and 18 matched healthy controls made a forced-choice response to briefly presented neutral, happy, and sad faces. Recognition accuracy and response time were measured. Twelve patients were retested after showing signs of symptom remission. Depressed patients and controls were equally accurate at recognizing happy and sad faces. Controls also recognized neutral faces as accurately as happy and sad faces, but depressed patients recognized neutral faces less accurately than either happy or sad faces. Depressed patients were also particularly slow to recognize neutral faces. The impairment in processing of neutral faces was still evident after symptom remission. Error analyses showed that depressed patients attributed not only sadness, but also happiness (in remission), to neutral faces. These results suggest that, unlike healthy subjects, depression-prone individuals do not seem to perceive neutral faces as unambiguous signals of emotional neutrality.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Behavioral assessment of facial pain in rats: face grooming patterns after painful and non-painful sensory disturbances in the territory of the rat's infraorbital nerve.

Noxious stimulation of the rat's face evokes intense face grooming with face wash strokes almost exclusively directed to the stimulated area (e.g. Clavelou et al., Neurosci. Lett., 14 (1989) 3263-3270). Similar asymmetric face grooming behavior has been observed after transection (Berridge and Fentress, J. Neurosci., 6 (1986) 325-330) and chronic constriction of the infraorbital nerve (Vos et al., J. Neurosci., 14 (1994) 2708-2723). In the present study, the relation between unilateral facial pain and asymmetric face grooming was experimentally studied in normal, intact rats: face grooming patterns evoked by non-painful sensory disturbances in the territory of the infraorbital nerve (i.c. unilateral vibrissae clipping, anesthetic infraorbital nerve blockade, application of mineral oil on vibrissae) were compared to those evoked by noxious facial stimulation (s.c. formalin injection in mystacial pad) and those observed in unstimulated control rats, using video-analysis. Only formalin-injected rats displayed significantly more face grooming activity directed to the affected infraorbital nerve territory than unstimulated control rats. Non-painful sensory disturbances (especially mineral oil application) induced an initial bout of directed face grooming; this response was transient and short-lasting. These observations suggest that directed face grooming can be used as a sign of unilateral facial pain in freely moving rodents; unilateral non-painful facial sensory disturbances do not lead to intense and persistent directed face grooming.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Cognrrive biases for emotional faces in high- and low-trait depressive participants.

This study examined the association between trait depression and information-processing biases. Thirty participants were divided into high- and low-trait depressive groups based on the median of their depressive subscale scores according to the Basic Personality Inventory. Information-processing biases were measured using a deployment-of-attention task (DOAT) and a recognition memory task (RMT). For the DOAT, participants saw one emotional face paired with a neutral face of the same person, and then were forced to choose on which face the color patch had first occurred. The percentage of participants' choices favoring the happy, angry, or sad faces represented the selective attentional bias score for each emotion, respectively. For the RMT, participants rated different types of emotional faces and subsequently discriminated old faces from new faces. The memory strength for each type of face was calculated from hit and false-positive rates, based on the signal detection theory. Compared with the low-trait depressive group, the high-trait depressive group showed a negative cognitive style. This was an enhanced recognition memory for sad faces and a weakened inhibition of attending to sad faces, suggesting that those with high depressive trait may be vulnerable to interpersonal withdrawal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Investigating the relation between imagery and perception: evidence from face priming.

The relation between imagery and perception was investigated in face priming. Two experiments are reported in which subjects either saw or imagined the faces of celebrities. They were later given a speeded perceptual test (familiarity judgement to pictures of celebrities) or a speeded imagery test (in which they were told the names of celebrities and asked to make a decision about their appearance). Seeing faces primed the perceptual test, and imaging faces primed the imagery test; however, there was no priming between seeing and imaging faces. These results show that perception and imagery can be dissociated in normal subjects. In two further experiments, we examined the effects of imaging faces on a subsequent face-naming task and on a task requiring familiarity judgements to partial faces. Both these tasks were facilitated by prior imaging of faces. These results are discussed in relation to those of McDermott & Roediger (1994), who found that imagery promoted object priming in a perceptual test involving naming partial line drawings. The implications for models of face recognition are also discussed.

Eidetic Imagery↗
PubMed2000

Upper and lower face apraxia: role of the right hemisphere.

The aim of this study was to evaluate face apraxia in left- and right-hemisphere-damaged patients both in the acute and chronic stage of their disease. Two newly devised tests that assess movements of the upper and lower face districts were employed. On the whole, the proportion of left-hemisphere-damaged patients showing face apraxia were 46 and 68% for upper and lower face, respectively. A substantial proportion of right-hemisphere-damaged patients also showed face apraxia, i.e. 44% upper face and 38% lower face. Concomitant variables such as general severity, locus of lesion, language or visuo-spatial impairments, presence of neglect, interval from stroke, peculiarity of clusters of items or scoring procedures did not account for these results. These findings suggest that face apraxia in some patients may affect movements of the upper face district and that the right hemisphere plays a significant part in both upper and lower face praxis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs ingroup face stimuli.

Here we describe response in the human amygdala to the presentation of racial outgroup vs ingroup faces. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures of brain activity were acquired while subjects who identified themselves as White or Black viewed photographs of both White and Black faces. Across all subjects, we observed significantly greater blood oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the amygdala to outgroup vs ingroup faces, but only during later stimulus presentations. A region of interest (ROI)-based analysis of these voxels revealed a significant interaction between amygdala response to outgroup and ingroup faces over time. Specifically, the greater amygdala activation to outgroup faces during later stimulus presentations was the result of amygdala response habituation to repeated presentations of ingroup faces with sustained responses to outgroup faces. The present results suggest that amygdala responses to human face stimuli are affected by the relationship between the perceived race of the stimulus face and that of the subject. Results are discussed as consistent with a role for the amygdala in encoding socially and/or biologically relevant information. We conclude that researchers seeking to study brain responses to face stimuli in human subjects should consider the relationship between the race of subjects and stimuli as a significant potential source of variance. Moreover, these data provide a foundation for future related studies in the neuroscience of social cognition and race.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of the Faces Pain Scale for use with the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: The specific objective for this research was to determine initial psychometric properties of the Faces Pain Scale (FPS) as a measure of pain intensity for use with the elderly. DESIGN: The study was descriptive correlational in nature, with nonrandom sampling. A total sample of 168 community subjects (30-121, depending on task completed), aged 65 or older, participated in the research protocol. To determine the validity, reliability, and scaling properties of the FPS, rating and ranking procedures, placement tasks, and test-retest methods were used. RESULTS: Response to six Likert-type items indicated that subjects agreed that the FPS represents pain: however, it is clear that the perception of the meaning of the faces can be influenced by the context in which they are presented. Rank ordering tasks for the individual faces demonstrated near-perfect agreement between the actual expected ranking and the ranking produced by the subjects (Kendall's W = .97, p = .00). When subjects placed individual faces along a 1-m-long red wedge indicating the amount of pain represented by each face, statistically significant separation of the faces in the anticipated equal interval position was demonstrated by the lack of overlap of the 95% confidence intervals when all faces were viewed and positioned simultaneously. However, when subjects placed faces independent of others, the expected placement fell outside the 95% confidence limit for three of the five faces placed. In addition, the actual intervals between the five faces placed by subjects demonstrated substantial variances from the 167 mm expected in several instances. Rating a vividly remembered painful experience about the degree of pain perceived using the FPS initially and again 2 weeks later, the FPS demonstrated strong reproducibility over time with a Spearman rho correlation coefficient of .94 (p = .01). CONCLUSION: These results provide preliminary support for the construct validity, strong ordinal properties, and strong test-retest reliability of the FPS with a sample of elderly individuals. The equality of intervals in the FPS has not been fully supported in the older adult, but given the complexity of the task used, the results should not be considered to be refuted. Further evaluation of the FPS with experimental and clinical pain conditions and comparison with other standard pain assessment instruments in the elderly population are warranted.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Validation of a patient-graded instrument for facial nerve paralysis: the FaCE scale.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a patient-based instrument to measure both facial impairment and disability, the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) Scale. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective instrument validation. METHODS: Eighty-six patients with a documented history of facial paralysis completed a preliminary, 51-item instrument (alpha FaCE Scale), as well as the previously developed Facial Disability Index (FDI) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Item Questionnaire (SF-36). Two weeks after completing these instruments, 76 patients again completed the alpha FaCE Scale. Forty-one of the patients were also evaluated using the House-Brackmann Grading System (HBGS) and the Facial Grading System (FGS). RESULTS: Exploratory principal component factor analysis grouped 15 FaCE Scale items into 6 impairment and disability categories (domains), forming the beta FaCE Scale. Overall, the test-retest reliability of the FaCE Scale was high (Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) = 0.88, P <.01), as were the reliability coefficients of the individual domains (r = 0.81-0.92, P <.01). The FaCE Scale domains showed appropriate correlation to global visual analogue scale questions posed on the original alpha FaCE Scale (r = 0.65-0.81, P <.01). Overall, the FaCE Scale showed significant correlation with HBGS and FGS scores (r = -0.55 and 0.57, respectively; P <.01). However, not all FaCE Scale domains correlated with the HBGS and FGS scores. CONCLUSIONS: A reliable and valid patient-based system to measure impairment and disability in facial paralysis has been developed. This system appears to be better than traditional, physician-graded scales for evaluating quality-of-life issues affected by facial disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The speed of individual face categorization.

How fast does the human visual system discriminate individual faces? To address this question, we used a continuous-stimulation paradigm in which event-related potentials (ERPs) to a face stimulus are recorded with respect to another face stimulus, rather than to a preceding blank-screen baseline epoch. Following the shift between two face stimuli, posterior sites showed an early negative ERP deflection that started at 130 ms and peaked at 160 ms, the latency of the N170, an ERP component associated with discriminating faces from objects. The ERP we recorded was larger in amplitude when the preceding stimulus was perceived as a different individual face rather than the same individual face, although face pairs were of equal physical distance in the two conditions. These findings provide direct evidence that individual face discrimination in humans can take place as early as 130 ms following stimulus onset, during the same time window as face detection.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Repetition priming from incomplete faces: evidence for part to whole completion.

Two experiments are reported in which subjects' reaction times to make familiarity decisions to the faces of famous people were compared for faces primed by previously seeing (1) the internal features of the same face, (2) the external features of the same face, or (3) a complete version of the same face. Reaction times to faces primed by the internal features, the external features or a complete face were significantly facilitated relative to an 'unprimed' comparison condition, and did not differ one from another. Viewing part of a familiar face on a previous occasion was therefore found to be as effective at priming recognition as seeing a whole face. This finding was demonstrated in Expt 1 for priming from the repetition of stimuli derived from an identical photograph of the same famous person, and in Expt 2 for priming from stimuli derived from a different photograph of the same familiar face. 'Distributed processing' accounts of repetition priming may be more useful than accounts based entirely on episodic records in explaining these results.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Face recognition in age related macular degeneration: perceived disability, measured disability, and performance with a bioptic device.

AIMS: (1) To explore the relation between performance on tasks of familiar face recognition (FFR) and face expression difference discrimination (FED) with both perceived disability in face recognition and clinical measures of visual function in subjects with age related macular degeneration (AMD). (2) To quantify the gain in performance for face recognition tasks when subjects use a bioptic telescopic low vision device. METHODS: 30 subjects with AMD (age range 66-90 years; visual acuity 0.4-1.4 logMAR) were recruited for the study. Perceived (self rated) disability in face recognition was assessed by an eight item questionnaire covering a range of issues relating to face recognition. Visual functions measured were distance visual acuity (ETDRS logMAR charts), continuous text reading acuity (MNRead charts), contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson chart), and colour vision (large panel D-15). In the FFR task, images of famous people had to be identified. FED was assessed by a forced choice test where subjects had to decide which one of four images showed a different facial expression. These tasks were repeated with subjects using a bioptic device. RESULTS: Overall perceived disability in face recognition did not correlate with performance on either task, although a specific item on difficulty recognising familiar faces did correlate with FFR (r = 0.49, p<0.05). FFR performance was most closely related to distance acuity (r = -0.69, p<0.001), while FED performance was most closely related to continuous text reading acuity (r = -0.79, p<0.001). In multiple regression, neither contrast sensitivity nor colour vision significantly increased the explained variance. When using a bioptic telescope, FFR performance improved in 86% of subjects (median gain = 49%; p<0.001), while FED performance increased in 79% of subjects (median gain = 50%; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Distance and reading visual acuity are closely associated with measured task performance in FFR and FED. A bioptic low vision device can offer a significant improvement in performance for face recognition tasks, and may be useful in reducing the handicap associated with this disability. There is, however, little evidence for a correlation between self rated difficulty in face recognition and measured performance for either task. Further work is needed to explore the complex relation between the perception of disability and measured performance.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards on their behaviour and heart rate.

The effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards were compared by transporting six thoroughbred horses in pairs in a lorry on one journey facing in the direction of travel, and on another journey facing away from the direction of travel, over a standard one-hour route. Heart rate monitors were used to record their heart rate before, during and after the journey and the horses' behaviour was recorded by scan sampling each horse every other minute. The average heart rate was significantly lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were transported facing backwards, and they also tended to rest on their rumps more (P = 0.059). In the forward-facing position, the horses moved more frequently (P < 0.05) and tended to hold their necks in a higher than normal position and to vocalise more frequently (P = 0.059). During loading the average peak heart rate was 38 bpm lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were backed into the horse box for rear-facing transport than when they were loaded facing forwards. However, there was no difference between transport facing forwards or backwards in terms of the peak unloading heart rate, or the average heart rate during loading or unloading. The horses seemed to find being transported less physically stressful when they were facing backwards than when they were facing forwards.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Vase or face? A neural correlate of shape-selective grouping processes in the human brain.

Recent neuroimaging studies have described a differential activation pattern associated with specific object images (e.g., face-related and building-related activation) in human occipito-temporal cortex. However, it is as yet unclear to what extent this selectivity is due to differences in the statistics of local object features present in the different object categories, and to what extent it reflects holistic grouping processes operating across the entire object image. To resolve this question it is essential to use images in which identical sets of local features elicit the perception of different object categories. The classic Rubin vase-face illusion provides an excellent experimental set to test this question. In the illusion, the same local contours lead to the perception of different objects (vase or face). Here we employed a modified Rubin vase-face illusion to explore to what extent the activation in face-related regions is attributable to the presence of local face features, or is due to a more holistic grouping process that involves the entire face figure. Biasing cues (gratings and color) were used to control the perceptual state of the observer. We found enhanced activation in face-related regions during the "face profile" perceptual state compared to the "vase" perceptual state. Control images ruled out the involvement of the biasing cues in the effect. Thus, object-selective activation in human face-related regions entails global grouping processes that go beyond the local processing of stimulus features.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Growth patterns of the face: a morphometric study.

Age-related growth changes in the face and the relationships between its parts were calculated by using three vertical, two horizontal, and two projective surface measurements from 1,594 healthy North American Caucasians between 1 and 18 years of age. By 1 year, the width of the mandible was highly developed (80.2%) while its height reached only 66.6% of the eventual adult size. The mandible's height and width showed significant development between 1 and 5 years, while the face height, upper face height, face width, and the two face depth measurements exhibited continuous gradual growth after 5 years of age. In general, the face matured between 12 and 15 years in males and 2 years earlier in females. At 12 years, the upper face height, the mandible height, and the width of the face reached their mature size in females. At 15 years, the face height, mandible height, face width, and the depth of the mandible reached maturity in males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on spikelets differentiation and retrogression in rice (Oryza sativa)].

Effect of Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE), 200 mumol.mol-1CO2 elevation under field condition, on the number of differentiated, retrograded, and survived primary and secondary branches and their spikelets in rice was investigated, and the percentage of retrograded branches and spikelets under FACE treatment were also calculated. Results showed that the number of differentiated primary and secondary branches, the number and percentage of retrograded primary branches per panicle were not significantly affected by FACE, but the number and percentage of retrograded secondary branches per panicle significantly increased under FACE treatment, which resulted in the significant decrease of survived secondary banches. FACE had no significant effect on the number of differentiated, retrograded and survived spikelets on the primary branches per panicle. The number of differentiated spikelets on secondary branches per panicle was not significantly affected by FACE, but FACE treatment significantly increased the number and percentage of retrograded spikelets on the secondary branches per panicle. Significant decrease of survived spikelets per panicle under FACE treatment was chiefly caused by marked increase of retrograded spikelets on the secondary branches of survived primary branches. FACE treatment significantly increased the surviving percentage of spikelets on the primary branches per panicle, while that on the secondary branches significantly decreased under FACE treatment.

Air↗
PubMed1997

[Influence of the dead space induced by the face mask on the measure of heart rate variability].

The respiratory pattern influences the power spectrum of heart rate variability and therefore control or monitoring of respiration is needed. The effect of the dead space induced by the face mask used in the expiratory gas exchange analysis on the measurement of heart rate variability was evaluated in 22 subjects (15 males and 7 females aged 39-76 years, mean 42 years) using electrocardiography recorded for 5 min during spontaneous respiration under the conditions of supine rest, sitting on the bicycle ergometer with and without a face mask. The power spectrum of heart rate variability was obtained by the coarse-graining spectral analysis (CGSA) method and the total power (TP : 0-0.5 Hz), low frequency component (LF: 0-0.15 Hz), high frequency component (HF: 0.15-0.50 Hz), HF/TP and LF/HF were measured. The volume of the face mask was 320 ml and the tidal volume during sitting with the face mask was 596 +/- 110 ml (444-808 ml). The value of LF/HF increased from supine rest to sitting in accordance to the change of body position (p < 0.05), but the value of LF/HF when sitting with the face mask decreased to the level during supine rest. The value of HF/TP decreased from supine rest to sitting (p < 0.05), but when sitting with the face mask returned to that during supine rest. To evaluate the effect of tidal volume, the subjects were divided into two groups (each of 11 subjects) by the median value of tidal volume (570 ml). The value of LF/HF decreased from supine rest to sitting with the face mask in the smaller tidal volume group (tidal volume < 570 ml) (p < 0.02). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the change of the value of LF from supine rest to sitting with the face mask and the tidal volume (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). There results suggest that the power spectrum of heart rate variability is strongly influenced by the dead space induced by the face mask used in expiratory gas exchange analysis. In particular, the sympathetic activation from supine rest to sitting in subjects with the smaller tidal volume is unclear. Thus, interpretation of the results of heart rate variability with or without the face mask used in expiratory gas exchange analysis requires care.

Adult↗