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At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

SO2-catalyzed steam explosion of corn fiber for ethanol production.

Corn fiber, a by-product of the corn wet-milling industry, represents a renewable resource that is readily available in significant quantities and could potentially serve as a low-cost feedstock for the production of fuel-grade alcohol. In this study, we used a batch reactor to steam explode corn fiber at various degrees of severity to evaluate the potential of using this feedstock in the bioconversion process. The results indicated that maximum sugar yields (soluble and following enzymatic hydrolysis) were recovered from corn fiber that was pretreated at 190 degrees C for 5 min with 6% SO2. Sequential SO2-catalyzed steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in very high conversion (81%) of all polysaccharides in the corn fiber to monomeric sugars. Subsequently, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was able to convert the resultant corn fiber hydrolysates to ethanol very efficiently, yielding 90-96% of theoretical conversion during the fermentation process.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

[Contusion eye trauma caused by explosion of vacuumed coffee tin].

PURPOSE: To report a rare case of eye contusion trauma, resulting from explosion of vacuumed coffee tin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 7 years old patient underwent injury of the right eye while opening a vacuumed coffee tin. The examination consisted in: history, evaluation of the visual acuity and refraction, examination of intraocular pressure, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: During the examination an edema has been found in the macula area. This edema lately degenerated. When the patient was admitted his visual acuity was 20/30 and did not change when he was released. The visual acuity of the left eye was 20/20. CONCLUSION: Contusion trauma, caused by vacuumed coffee, can be followed by constant changes in the area of the macula and result in decreasing of the visual acuity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The 'explosiveness' of chain migration: research and policy issues. Introduction and overview.

This is an introduction to Volume 23, Number 4, of the International Migration Review. This issue "focuses on the legislative and social science interface concerning the complex issue of whether the current system of United States legal immigration is promoting or facilitating an 'explosive' multiplication of immigrants.... The purpose of this collection of articles is to present the most current evidence and policy analyses of the size and composition of the immigration 'multiplier.' It assumes that there is merit in focusing attention on the overlapping interests of social science researchers and legislative analysts regarding how the system of legal immigration actually operates in promoting or reproducing future waves of immigrants."

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Population explosion: the making of a vision.

The authors of the publication "Population Explosion: the Making of a Vision" state: "During our research in the US our goal was to find out how the problem of 'overpopulation' had become, or better said, been made universal following the Second World War. How was it possible that the view become consensus that population size is determined by state or internationally controlled economic variables and that the future of this planet depended upon an optimal control? Finally, how did contraception or the decision how many children a women bears become a political question? Better said, how did they become part of US foreign policy? Through our research we became acquainted with the development of the contraception of 'overpopulation,' from myth to scientific fact, from the perspective of those who were responsible for this evolution." This publication also includes the authors' conclusions of their study and 32 documents consulted by them. It is an interesting vision on how consensus is created.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1990

[The population explosion in Algeria: the causes, the effects, and the solutions].

"For decades Algeria has had one of the highest population growth rates in the world, arising directly from a steady gap between deathrates and birthrates. The reasons are of a complex social, economic and cultural kind, such as high infant mortality, traditionally early marriage, family models largely determined by religion, the common practice of child labour and other factors. As a consequence of the mismatch between economic and demographic growth the society is confronted by growing mass unemployment, underemployment, food supply problems, housing shortages and ecological crises. The critical economic situation in the eighties reduced the prospects for constraining the population explosion by quickly conquering socioeconomic underdevelopment. Nowadays Algeria is deliberately following a programme for family planning, which is also supported to a certain extent by the Islamic clergy." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Africa↗
PubMed2002

[Explosive growth of uterine leiomyomas and carcinologic ovarian risk in a non-menopausal patient with BRCA1-BRCA2 mutation treated by tamoxifen].

OBJECTIVE: To report the case of significant growth of a myoma in a premenopausal woman with a suspicion of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation, treated by tamoxifen for a hormonodependent breast cancer and to point out the carcinologic ovarian risks with a mutation BRCA1-BRCA2 in this context. Case. Four months after surgical treatment, chemotherapy and the beginning of tamoxifen, an explosive growth of the abdomen justified pelvic echography and laparoscopy confirming the diagnosis of uterine myoma. A polymyomectomy by laparotomy was performed. CONCLUSION: Use of tamoxifen in premenopausal woman with subjacent gynecological pathologies, whether BRCA1-BRCA2 mutation is present or not can prove to be delicate. A regular clinical and echographic monitoring is necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Explosive ordinance disposal team equipment and its use in diagnosing extremity trauma.

A 31-year-old man presented to the Rakkasan battalion aid station, located at the Qandahar Airport, Afghanistan, with complaints and physical findings consistent with those that would either support a grade III ankle sprain or fracture. The battalion aid station is an echelon I level of care. This facility does not have radiographic capabilities. With the closest radiology facility located in Seeb, Oman the 710th Explosive Ordinance Disposal team, which was operating in the area, was contacted. This unit was able to perform radiographs in a timely manner to help aid in correctly diagnosing the injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Mechanism of lung damage in explosive decompression.

It is known that pressure equalization via the trachea may diminish or prevent lung damage in explosive decompression. In this report, evidence is presented which demonstrates that closure of the trachea does not affect lethality in mice exposed to maximally rapid decompression. This observation suggests that in maximally rapid decompression the lungs and thorax may be treated as a closed system to which Boyle's Law might be applicable.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[An explosive familial epidemic of viral hepatitis B with a horizontal transmission].

The authors describe the course of an explosive epidemic of viral hepatitis B (VHB) where all members of a seven-member family contracted the disease. The probable source of infection was an infant with a history of anicteric VHB with transition into chronicity and with HBs and HBe antigenaemia. Four members of the family contracted the disease between the 126th and 172nd day after his return from hospital to the family and another two members of the family contracted the disease three months later. Generally accepted risk factors for transmission of VHB could be ruled out. Saliva is suspected as a transfer factor of the disease. Five children had the anicteric form of VHB with an atypical but protracted course, in two with probable development of a chronic character of the disease. Adult patients had the icteric form of the disease. All cases were diagnosed by biochemical examination and confirmed by a positive finding of HBsAg and/or a positive finding of anti HBs antibodies.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied?

The origins of metazoan bodyplans and the extent to which they are coincident with the Cambrian "explosion" are both areas of continuing debate. The fossil record has a unique advantage in terms of historical perspective, but remains highly contentious on account of the often controversial interpretations of particular groups (e.g. halkieriids, vetulicolians) and the heavy reliance on "windows" of exceptional preservation (e.g. Chengjiang, Burgess Shale). Molecular and developmental biology offer other unique insights, but may be problematic in terms of conflicting phylogenetic signals and questions revolving around gene co-option, evolution of developmental systems and even convergence. Such topics, far from frustrating the enterprise, actually widen our understanding of the nature of the evolutionary process with the exciting promise of the discovery of more general principles.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Adaptive walks in a gene network model of morphogenesis: insights into the Cambrian explosion.

The emergence of complex patterns of organization close to the Cambrian boundary is known to have happened over a (geologically) short period of time. It involved the rapid diversification of body plans and stands as one of the major transitions in evolution. How it took place is a controversial issue. Here we explore this problem by considering a simple model of pattern formation in multicellular organisms. By modeling gene network-based morphogenesis and its evolution through adaptive walks, we explore the question of how combinatorial explosions might have been actually involved in the Cambrian event. Here we show that a small amount of genetic complexity including both gene regulation and cell-cell signaling allows one to generate an extraordinary repertoire of stable spatial patterns of gene expression compatible with observed anteroposterior patterns in early development of metazoans. The consequences for the understanding of the tempo and mode of the Cambrian event are outlined.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A Japanese view on speciation: "Sumiwake" explosive speciation of the cichlids in Lake Victoria.

Imanishi's "mental" (cerebral) view of speciation is presented, in Mizuhata's revision. The key concept here is the "ethological partition" of the species. Members of each species=society (etho-species) share the same mental (brain) software, irrespective of their genetic structure. Cerebral animals perform active programmed selection, not to be confused with passive, non-programmed "natural selection" as in Neo-Darwinism. The program includes mating-choice of peculiar characters, distinct from the Neo-Darwinian sexual selection supposed due to the specific choosy genes. Speciation can occur, as a "partition of species=society", with bifurcation of mate-choosing program in the parent species. A main promoter for this bifurcation is species-specific "passion" for especially significant characters: long necks, ornamental antlers, ocelli feathers, bright nuptial colors etc. The cichlids in Lake Victoria achieved explosive speciation, while retaining their genetic homogeneity completely. Therefore it is illogical to attribute this divergence to extraordinary mutations in "action controlling genes". The origin of species=society (etho-species) can trace along to the Cambrian Period.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Organic explosives analysis using on column-ion trap EI/NICI GC-MS with an external source.

In this study, a standard method by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the analysis of classical organic explosives was developed. This method was validated in the EI mode, based on the XPT 90-210 standard method. Detection limits (LOD) and quantitation limits (LOQ) were both determined using electronic impact (EI) and negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) modes. These were compared and results showed that in the NICI mode, detection limits were lower than in the EI mode, thus NICI mode appeared to be the best way to analyze nitrate esters. Results of ion trap MS detection were then compared with those obtained in a previous study with single quadrupolar technology. Major ions that were obtained using ion trap MS detection in these two modes were reported.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Plastic explosive poisoning in dogs.

A dog suspected of having ingested minute quantities of plastic explosive type 4 (PE4 containing cyclonite) was presented with congested mucous membranes, a fever, an increased pulse rate, hyperventilation, hypersensitivity and mild convulsions. Experimental poisoning of a dog confirmed the neurotoxic properties of PE4 and proved to be fatal at 14 mg kg-1 within 18 h after ingestion. The clinical signs and post mortem findings closely resembled strychnine poisoning in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Gunshot wounds and explosion injuries].

The severity of injury inflicted by a missile is determined by the structure hit and retardation of the missile and thus the energy dissipated to the tissue. The injury to tissue depends on the kinetic energy and the construction of the missile, and the density and resilience of the tissue. Devastating, heavily contaminated wounds are inflicted by close-range shotguns and high-energy missiles, and thorough wound debridement and delayed primary closure are required after about four days. In general, it is not necessary to remove the missile unless this can be done easily. Explosions in air can cause burns, shrapnel wounds, acceleration and deceleration injuries. The shock wave dissipates energy on the border between air and fluid. This injuries primarily hollow organs such as lungs and intestines. Casualties from blasts may exhibit no external symptoms or signs of lung or intraabdominal injury. It is necessary to perform serial physical examinations, blood gas analyses, chest X-ray or CT scan.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphologic changes in the tissues and organs of sheep in blast injuries caused by detonation of aerosol explosives].

The morphologic changes of the tissues and organs of sheep caused by effects of the overpressure wave due to the detonation of the aerosol explosive in the open air are analysed. The experiments were performed on 21 sheep of which 3 served as the control. All animals were autopsized and organ samples were taken for analysis. The most impressive pathologic changes were found in the upper respiratory ways and lungs in the form of massive haemorrhage, edema and emphysema as well as numerous and severe intraabdominal changes both of the air-containing and parenchymatous organs.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1991

Maximal explosive power and aerobic exercise in humans.

The maximal explosive power (wmax), i.e. the mechanical power developed over short bursts (less than 5 s) of all-out cycling, or uphill running, in humans attains 12-17 W*kg-1 in non athletics subjects. Thus, in terms of O2 consumption wmax is about four times larger than the subjects VO2max. The peak instantaneous power during a vertical jump off both feet (w) in non athletic subjects is about 50-55 W kg-1 and attains 70-75 W*kg-1 in "power" athletes. Both wmax and w decrease when the all-out efforts is performed from a priming aerobic exercise: if the intensity of this last approaches VO2max, then wmax and w are reduced to about 75% the value attained from rest. Thus, in the course of high intensity efforts, an athlete can develop a still remarkable fraction of his maximal absolute power. The decrease mentioned above is proportional, and presumably causally related, to the decrease of the high energy phosphate concentration occurring in the muscle at the onset of the exercise, and maintained throughout the effort duration.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Endoscopic lithotripsy of gastric bezoars using a laser-ignited mini-explosive device.

This paper reports the successful experiences of in vitro and in vivo studies on endoscopic fragmentation of gastric bezoars using a laser-ignited mini-explosive device. This new technique has been used clinically in 31 patients with gastric bezoars since January 1988. All patients were completely cured without any complication. The relationship between gastric bezoars and ulcers, and the technique of treatment were discussed.

Adolescent↗