Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Dissociative Identity Disorder”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders for systematic assessment of dissociative symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared dissociative symptom areas in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and in Vietnam combat veterans without PTSD. METHOD: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) was used to compare dissociative symptoms in 40 Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD and 15 Vietnam combat veterans without PTSD. The SCID-D yields a total score and scores in five symptom areas: amnesia, depersonalization, derealization, identity confusion, and identity alteration. RESULTS: The PTSD patients had more severe dissociative symptoms in each of the five symptom areas of the SCID-D and higher total symptom scores. Amnesia was the symptom area with the greatest difference in scores between the PTSD patients (mean = 3.68, SD = 0.73) and the non-PTSD veterans (mean = 1.06, SD = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: The finding of higher levels of dissociative symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD than in Vietnam veterans without PTSD is consistent with a level of dissociative symptoms in PTSD similar to that in dissociative disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Childhood physical and sexual abuse in China.

In order to determine the prevalence and characteristics of childhood physical and sexual abuse in China, the authors conducted a survey in Shanghai. The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule was administered to 423 inpatients and 304 outpatients at Shanghai Mental Health Center, and to a non-clinical sample of 618 workers at a clothing factory. The results were compared to a previous sample of 502 respondents in the general population in Winnipeg, Canada. The identities of the perpetrators of physical and sexual abuse, and the types of sexual abuse reported were similar in the two countries; however, the rates of reported abuse were lower in China. Childhood sexual abuse appears to be far less common in the general population in Canada than in China.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Dissociative experiences and eating disorders in a female college sample.

The present study evaluates the relationship between abuse experiences, dissociation and eating disorders (ED) in an Italian female college sample. In particular, the study aims at comparing the dissociative effects of abuse experiences in ED and normal subjects. Dissociative experiences were assessed by Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q), which appeared to be an internally consistent and valid instrument. The presence of ED in 491 female college students was assessed by a two-stage epidemiological procedure. The factor structure of the DIS-Q in our sample allowed us to identify specific features that could differentiate ED subjects from normals. Experiences of losing control appeared to characterize ED subjects and they were more serious in ED individuals who reported sexual or physical abuse. Normal subjects who reported a serious trauma had more frequently amnesia, identity alterations, derealization and depersonalization experiences when compared to nonabused subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Psychometric validation of the State Scale of Dissociation (SSD).

Although dissociative phenomena are often transient features of mental states, existing measures of dissociation are designed to measure enduring traits. A new present-state self-report measure, sensitive to changes in dissociative states, was therefore developed and psychometrically validated. Fifty-six items were formulated to measure state features, and sorted according to seven subscales: derealization, depersonalization, identity confusion, identity alteration, conversion, amnesia and hypermnesia. The State Scale of Dissociation (SSD) was administered with other psychiatric scales (DES, BDI, BAI, SCI-PANSS) to 130 participants with DSM-IV major depressive disorder schizophrenia, alcohol withdrawal, dissociative disorders and controls. In these sample populations, the SSD was demonstrated as a valid and reliable measure of changes in and the severity of dissociative states. Discriminant validity, content, concurrent, predictive, internal criterion-related, internal construct and convergent validities, and internal consistency and split-half reliability were confirmed statistically. Clinical observations of dissociative states, and their comorbidity with symptoms of depression and psychotic illness, were confirmed empirically. The SSD, an acceptable, valid and reliable scale measuring state features of dissociation at the time of completion, was obtained. This is a prerequisite for further investigation of correlations between changes in dissociative states and concurrent physiological parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The relationship between five-factor personality measurements and ICD-10 personality disorder dimensions: results from a sample of 229 subjects.

This article examines the relationship between the five-factor model (FFM) and dimensional ICD-10 personality disorders. In a follow-up study of a child and adolescent psychiatric cohort, former patients and controls were assessed with NEO-FFI and the IPDE interview (CD-10 personality disorder). Full data were available for 229 subjects (149 former patients, 80 controls). Multiple regression analysis showed that the five factors of the FFM as independent variables explained between 5% (schizoid personality disorder) and 32% (anxious personality disorder) of the variance of ICD-10 dimensional personality disorder scores. For the two types of emotionally unstable personality disorder dimension (impulsive and borderline), for anxious (avoidant) personality disorder dimension and for the total score of any personality disorder dimension, FFM explained between 17% and 32% of the variance with almost identical results for the former patient group and the control group. High neuroticism was a feature of paranoid, emotionally unstable, histrionic, anankastic, anxious (avoidant), and dependent personality disorder dimensions, whereas low agreeableness was found in dissocial, emotionally unstable and histrionic personality disorder dimensions. Low extraversion was found in schizoid, anxious (avoidant) and dependent personality disorder dimensions, whereas histrionic PD dimension correlated with high extraversion. We find that the FFM is valuable for the further understanding not only of DSM-IV but also of ICD-10 personality disorder dimensions. The differences between ICD-10 and DSM-IV in this respect seem to be small.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Diagnosis-related regional gray matter loss over two years in first episode schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: We examined gray- and white-matter brain volumes in first episode psychosis (FEP) at initial presentation and at two-year follow-up. We predicted that FEP subjects would show longitudinal reductions in fronto-temporal gray- and white-matter volumes compared with controls. Furthermore, we expected groups to be differentiated by diagnosis-related reductions. METHODS: Twenty-five schizophrenia and 8 bipolar disorder FEP patients underwent a structural MRI scan at first presentation and 2 years later. Matched healthy subjects (n = 22) underwent a single identical scan. RESULTS: At initial presentation FEP subjects had significantly less gray- and white-matter than healthy subjects. Diagnostic dissociations were revealed both at first presentation and at follow-up. In schizophrenia patients, gray-matter deficits were observed in lateral and medial frontal regions and in bilateral posterior temporal lobe regions, with additional extensive losses over time in lateral fronto-temporal regions and left anterior cingulate gyrus. By contrast, gray matter deficit in bipolar patients was localized to bilateral inferior temporal gyri with additional loss over time observed only in the anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with a dual process model of psychosis, in which the diagnosis-related gray matter loss is determined by neurodevelopmental gray-matter volumetric differences which predate symptom onset, and diagnosis-related neurodegenerative gray-matter loss over time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Distinguishing female borderline adolescents from normal and other disturbed female adolescents.

PSYCHOANALYTIC theory would suggest that differentiating the borderline adolescent from his or her normal peers should be a difficult task. In many respects the developmental crises of adolescence dovetail with critical conflicts of Borderline Personality Disorder--e.g., identity formation and separation-individuation. Extensive semi-structured interviews (Gunderson's Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines) of normal, borderline and other disturbed adolescents provide a data base for examining the hallmarks of borderline pathology in adolescence. This paper focuses on the qualitative differences in patterns of impulsivity, affective lability, dissociative experience, and interpersonal relationships that distinguish borderline teenagers from other seriously disturbed and normal adolescents. The paper also outlines modifications in the Gunderson interview for an adolescent population.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1984

Functional significance of the platelet alpha2-adrenoceptor: studies in patients with myeloproliferative disorders.

Platelet alpha-adrenoceptor status was examined in 35 patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) and 35 normal controls by means of radioligand binding studies with 3H-yohimbine (3H-YOH) and in vitro platelet function tests. A group of 'adrenaline insensitive' MPD patients identified in the functional studies were found to be identical to normal controls and other MPD patients with respect to their alpha 2-adrenoceptor status as assessed by the binding studies. Possible explanations for the dissociation between radioligand binding studies and functional responses in the platelet are discussed.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1994

Race-related PTSD: the Asian American Vietnam veteran.

This article presents a conceptual framework by which to understand race-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for the Asian American Vietnam veteran. The framework draws from cognitive schema theory, social behaviorism, the notion of cumulative racism as trauma, and the assumption that bifurcation and negation of one's bicultural identity is injurious. Classifications of race-related stress or trauma that may be experienced by Asian American Vietnam veterans, with exemplifying clinical case material, are presented. These types of stressors include being mistaken for Vietnamese, verbal and physical assaults that are race-related, death and near-death experiences that are race-related, racial stigmatization, dissociation from one's Asian identity, and marginalization. As studies of combat trauma and sexual assault forced the psychological stresses attendant to war and sexist oppression into public consciousness, so this article addresses psychological stress and trauma attendant to racism.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

The clinical characteristics of possession disorder among 20 Chinese patients in the Hebei province of China.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the clinical characteristics of 20 hospitalized psychiatric patients in the Hebei province of China who believed they were possessed. METHODS: A structured interview focused on clinical characteristics associated with possession phenomena was developed and administered to 20 patients at eight hospitals in the province. All patients had been given the Chinese diagnosis of yi-ping (hysteria) by Chinese physicians before being recruited for the study. RESULTS: The subjects' mean age was 37 years. Most were women from rural areas with little education. Major events reported to precede possession included interpersonal conflicts, subjectively meaningful circumstances, illness, and death of an individual or dreaming of a deceased individual. Possessing agents were thought to be spirits of deceased individuals, deities, animals, and devils. Twenty percent of subjects reported multiple possessions. The initial experience of possession typically came on acutely and often became a chronic relapsing illness. Almost all subjects manifested the two symptoms of loss of control over their actions and acting differently. They frequently showed loss of awareness of surroundings, loss of personal identity, inability to distinguish reality from fantasy, change in tone of voice, and loss of perceived sensitivity to pain. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings indicate that the disorder is a syndrome with distinct clinical characteristics that adheres most closely to the DSM-IV diagnosis of dissociative trance disorder under the category of dissociative disorder not otherwise specified.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Quantifying dissociations in neuropsychological research.

Double dissociations play an important role in neuropsychology, but they are often identified through subjective estimates of "high" versus "low" performance, without considering the probability that such an outcome might have occurred by chance. To determine whether two measures "come apart" in an interesting way in brain-damaged patients, it is important to know the degree to which variance in one measure can be predicted by variance in the other. This study introduces a statistical procedure to determine the probability of a double dissociation when the correlation between measures is taken into account. Different quantitative definitions of dissociations were compared in two large samples of neurological patients, and applied to four pairs of measures (two for language, two for hemispatial neglect) with different degrees of intercorrelation (ranging from +.21 to +.84). If the correlation between measures is not taken into account, large numbers of dissociated cases may be missed, especially for measures that are highly correlated. There are also qualitative differences between methods in the identity of those individuals who meet each definition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[A systemic view on psychosis].

The experience of time changes during life. In the youth time changes slowly from the longitudinal point of view, looking cross on life very fast. In older ages regularly it is the opposite matter, although there are throughout all ages significant intra- and interindividually differences. Experience of time is highly sensitive towards changes of one's self-experience, which can be well observed in psychiatric disorders. In case of psychosis identity of time and experienced synchronism (as certainty to be in the time with others) will be destroyed. There is a kind of breaking up time, a compression of time, where there is no before nor after. In depressed people time experience is similar to elder people, accordingly manic patients feel something like children in this sense. Dissociation of time has got a key role for understanding psychosis from the systemic point of view. Synchrone dissociation is distinguished from diachrone dissociation. In the first case conflicts will be "solved" through excessive simultaneity, undercutting the minimal time interval. The possibilities of differences are made impossible. Secondly the maximum of the time interval is exceeded; therefore the integration of opposite aspects is impossible. Equally no conflict will be possible. Both kinds of dissociation lead to "pseudo-harmony" of interrelational systems, despite of potency for conflicts. In family systems with schizophrenic members synchrone dissociation is typical, whereas diachrone dissociation is common in those with affective disorders. Both of them will be found in communicative systems with patients suffering from schizoaffective disorders. In between occur fierce arguments, when "protection" of dissociation is not granted.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed2005

Neural bases of food-seeking: affect, arousal and reward in corticostriatolimbic circuits.

Recent studies suggest that there are multiple 'reward' or 'reward-like' systems that control food seeking; evidence points to two distinct learning processes and four modulatory processes that contribute to the performance of food-related instrumental actions. The learning processes subserve the acquisition of goal-directed and habitual actions and involve the dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum, respectively. Access to food can function both to reinforce habits and as a reward or goal for actions. Encoding and retrieving the value of a goal appears to be mediated by distinct processes that, contrary to the somatic marker hypothesis, do not appear to depend on a common mechanism but on emotional and more abstract evaluative processes, respectively. The anticipation of reward on the basis of environmental events exerts a further modulatory influence on food seeking that can be dissociated from that of reward itself; earning a reward and anticipating a reward appear to be distinct processes and have been doubly dissociated at the level of the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, the excitatory influence of reward-related cues can be both quite specific, based on the identity of the reward anticipated, or more general based on its motivational significance. The influence of these two processes on instrumental actions has also been doubly dissociated at the level of the amygdala. Although the complexity of food seeking provides a hurdle for the treatment of eating disorders, the suggestion that these apparently disparate determinants are functionally integrated within larger neural systems may provide novel approaches to these problems.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

[Noncognitive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. A study of 150 community-dwelling patients using a questionnaire completed by the caregiver].

UNLABELLED: We studied the noncognitive symptoms in 150 community-dwelling Alzheimer's patients using a questionnaire completed by the caregiver, the Echelle Psychopathologique de la Démence de Type Alzheimer, EPDTA (Psychopathologic Scale of Dementia of Alzheimer Type). EPDTA is a 44-item questionnaire derived from the BEHAVE-AD and the Depressive Mood Scale, covering many aspects of the behavior, affective and psychiatric disturbances. Each item is rated from 0 (never observed) to 6 (most of the time). Frequency (percentage of symptom present) and severity (mean score when the symptom was present) were assessed for each item. The cognitive status and severity of the disease were assessed by the MMSE and two scales completed by the caregiver assessing the Activities of Daily Living scale (ADL) and the Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS). Noncognitive symptoms were present in all patients but remained moderate in severity. A principal component analysis of the 33 items exploring the affective disturbances showed seven clinically relevant factors: apathy, anxiety, anosognosia-irritability, euphoria, dysphoria, emotional incontinence and agitation. The most frequent noncognitive symptoms were the affective disturbances, especially apathy, and the sexual behavioural disturbances. No correlation were found between the overall severity of behavioural disturbances and cognitive status, duration of the disease nor demographic variables. However, a slight negative correlation was found between scores on apathy and on the MMSE. A second evaluation was performed in 59 patients after a mean follow-up of 18,2 months. The patients showed a progression of the disease evidenced by the scores on the MMSE, ADL and CDS scales. However, the frequency and severity of the noncognitive symptoms remained identical except for eating disorders, psychotic symptoms and agitation which were more frequent at the second examination and negatively correlated with the MMSE score. Most patients showed affective disturbances and scored high for apathy and anxiety-emotional incontinence dimensions. Like in a previous study, we found a double dissociation between these two dimensions in some patients, suggesting that they depend from different mechanisms. Agressivity, mostly verbal, was found in three quarters of the patients and was correlated to apathy, anosognosia and psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSION: The relationship between noncognitive manifestations and cognitive deficits in AD is not clear, suggesting that they depend from different biological and psychological mechanisms. Various dimensions may be described in the behavioural disturbances but their relationship with hypothetical biological mechanisms remains difficult. Our study stresses the importance of apathy, which was corelated with various noncognitive psychobehavioral manifestations in AD patients.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

PTSD symptoms predict waking salivary cortisol levels in police officers.

This study examines whether pre- or post-dexamethasone salivary cortisol is related to cumulative critical incident exposure, peritraumatic responses, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Thirty active duty police officers completed the study protocol, which included measures of peritraumatic emotional distress, peritraumatic dissociation, duty-related trauma exposure, and PTSD symptoms. Salivary cortisol was consolidated into three outcome variables: (1) pre-dexamethasone free cortisol levels at 1, 30, 45, and 60 min after awakening, (2) post-dexamethasone cortisol levels at the identical wake times, and (3) percentage of cortisol suppression. Control variables included age, gender, average daily alcohol use, night shift work, routine work environment stressors, and salivary dexamethasone levels. Zero order correlations showed that greater levels of PTSD symptoms, peritraumatic distress, and peritraumatic dissociation were associated with lower levels of pre-dexamethasone cortisol levels on awakening, but were not associated with the other two cortisol variables. A trend was also noted for older subjects to have lower pre-dexamethasone cortisol on awakening. When these four predictors were entered simultaneously in a regression analysis, only age and PTSD symptom severity significantly predicted pre-dexamethasone awakening cortisol levels. These results replicate previous research indicating a relationship between greater PTSD symptoms and lower levels of basal cortisol on awakening, and extend this finding to a previously unstudied non-treatment seeking population, urban police.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Characteristics of emergency services personnel related to peritraumatic dissociation during critical incident exposure.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of emergency services personnel related to acute dissociative responses at the time of critical incident exposure, a phenomenon designated "peritraumatic dissociation." METHOD: The authors studied 157 rescue workers who responded to the Nimitz Freeway collapse during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area as well as 201 rescue workers who were not involved in that disaster. Demographics, level of critical incident exposure, perceived threat at the time of exposure, personality attributes (assessed by the Hogan Personality Inventory), coping strategies (assessed by the Ways of Coping Questionnaire), and locus of control were related to subjects' scores on the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire. RESULTS: According to univariate tests, the subjects with clinically meaningful levels of peritraumatic dissociation were younger; reported greater exposure to critical incident stress; felt greater perceived threat; had lower scores on the adjustment, identify, ambition, and prudence scales of the Hogan Personality Inventory; had higher scores on measures of coping by means of escape-avoidance, self-control, and active problem solving; and had greater externality in locus of control. Linear modeling with multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that greater feelings of perceived threat, coping by means of escape-avoidance, and coping by means of self-control were associated with a greater likelihood of being in the peritraumatic dissociation group, above and beyond age and exposure to stress. CONCLUSIONS: Rescue workers who are shy, inhibited, uncertain about their identity, or reluctant to take leadership roles, who have global cognitive styles, who believe their fate is determined by factors beyond their control, and who cope with critical incident trauma by emotional suppression and wishful thinking are at higher risk for acute dissociative responses to trauma and subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

AERPs and clinical evolution of thought disorders over five years.

In a selective attention task, 21 Subjects detected rare randomized targets (P = 0.02) in a set of randomized standard tones. In one condition, Subjects focused their attention and detected targets in one ear, ignoring the other ear, and vice versa in the next condition. AERPs (auditory event-related potentials) were recorded at 5 electrode sites (10-20 system), at Fz, Cz, Pz, C3, C4, in two conditions varying speed of stimulation (randomized interstimulus intervals of 250-750 ms and 750-1500 ms). One group of 7 schizophrenics with the major syndrome of formal thought disorder (+FTD) was compared to 7 schizophrenics without the FTD syndrome (-FTD), and to 7 controls. The schizophrenic group was matched for age, education, sex, medication, hospitalization and intelligence score on abbreviated WAIS test. Ss were re-tested after 5 years following identical experimental and counterbalancing method to the pre-test. At re-test, similarly to pre-test, schizophrenics' AERPs showed smaller amplitudes, longer latencies, smaller attention effects than normals. -FTD schizophrenics showed intermediate values between the +FTD patients and normals. At retest, +FTD schizophrenics showed an aggravation of these AERP abnormalities while -FTD patients seemed to improve with larger amplitudes, faster latencies and better attention effects than at pre-test. Differential correlations between clinical and AERP indices indicated a dissociation between neurophysiological and clinical evolution: factors of dissociation included Andreasen's positive and negative indices of thought disorder, neuropsychological indices on the Luria-Nebraska scales, and severity of psychotic symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Hypnosis: wherefore art thou?

The present paper focuses on the influences of social-political needs of various groups with interests in hypnosis (i.e., stage hypnotists, lay hypnotists, licensed practitioners, and researchers). While hypnosis is a specific topic of interest to groups with varying needs, it also serves as an example for other topics in psychology that may overlap the needs of other groups--especially practitioners and researchers. The identity given to hypnosis varies depending upon which particular group of persons is offering the identity, and the nature of the identity reflects each group's biases and needs. These various identities, however, are not always acceptable, in part or in whole, by the other groups, as the needs of one or more may be in conflict with those of others.

Awareness↗