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PubMed1992

Alterations of spinal dorsal horn substance P following electroacupuncture analgesia--a study of the formalin test with immunohistochemistry and densitometry.

Substance P (SP), released from thin afferent terminals, is believed to be a neurotransmitter for pain transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. It has been demonstrated that in addition to analgesia, morphine increases the accumulation of SP possibly due to the inhibition of its release. The present work investigated the level of spinal SP like immunoreactivity (SPLI) following electroacupuncture analgesia in rats using immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Experiment results revealed that formalin injected into the hind paw elicited marked pain response and accumulation of SP in the spinal dorsal horn. Electroacupuncture of Tsu-San-Li could depress the pain response, however increasing further the SP accumulation. It is thus suggested that pain stimulation itself may activate the endogenous opioid mechanism to inhibit SP release and acupuncture is able to enhance the process. This may be one mechanism of acupuncture analgesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cost effectiveness of screening perimenopausal white women for osteoporosis: bone densitometry and hormone replacement therapy.

Bone mass measurement at menopause to identify and selectively prescribe hormone replacement therapy for women at high risk for fractures has seen limited clinical use. We used epidemiologic, clinical, and economic data in a decision-analytic model to compare the following clinical strategies for perimenopausal, asymptomatic, white women with intact uteri: no intervention; bone mineral density measurement followed by selective, long-term (15-year) estrogen-progestin therapy in women with low bone mass; and unselective, universal hormone replacement therapy. Life expectancy and direct medical cost per patient were estimated for each strategy. Strategies for screening and treating women with perimenopausal bone mineral density less than 0.9 g/cm2 or less than 1.0 g/cm2 would cost $11,700 or $22,100, respectively, per year of additional life gained. If the cost of screening is less than $84, then resource savings from hip fractures prevented would be more than the cost of screening and treatment. Universal treatment without screening would prevent additional fatal fractures but would expose many more women to the adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy and would cost an additional $349,000 per year of life gained compared with the screening strategies. When quality of life was considered, screening was found to be cost effective over a wide range of assumptions. The choice between universal treatment and screening depends on the risks (breast cancer), perceived side effects (menstrual bleeding), and benefits (prevention of ischemic heart disease) of estrogen-progestin therapy. We conclude that screening asymptomatic, perimenopausal white women to detect low bone mass and to target hormone replacement therapy at women who are at the greatest risk for fracture is a reasonably cost-effective use of health care resources. However, cost-effective screening guidelines cannot be explicitly established until further data addressing the association between bone mass measurements in the hip and hip fracture risk are available.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Quantitative assessment of sonographic image echogenicity by transmission densitometry: fetal liver model.

A mathematical method is proposed to compare density values of different sonographs of the same tissue. Two transformations were needed: (1) calibration of the gray scale according to the maximal range of scanning for a given tissue, and (2) comparison of the effect of two time-compensated gains on the difference in density and standardizing this effect to an arbitrary gain. To verify these relationships, 12 fetal livers were scanned at 38 weeks' gestation, at three different gains corresponding to the optimal gain and to the minimal and maximal gains that allowed a clear image to be obtained. After the mathematical transformations, the initially completely different densities were nearly identical (t-test: P = 0.9998; Wilcoxon test: P > 0.5; Pearson's R = 0.8933). This method permits an accurate quantitative assessment of the echogenicity of any parenchymatous organ.

Densitometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative analysis of sulpiride and impurities of 2-aminomethyl-1-ethylpyrrolidine and methyl-5-sulphamoyl-2-methoxybenzoate in pharmaceuticals by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and scanning densitometry.

A simple and reliable thin-layer chromatographic method for determining sulpiride and impurities of 2-aminomethyl-1-ethylpyrrolidine and methyl-5-sulphamoyl-2-methoxybenzoate was developed and validated. A methylene chloride-methanol-ammonia solution (25%; 18 + 2.8 + 0.4, v/v) solvent system is used for separation and quantitative evaluation of chromatograms. The chromatographic plate is first scanned at 240 nm to locate chromatographic zones corresponding to sulpiride and methyl-5-sulphamoyl-2-methoxybenzoate. Then 2-aminomethyl-1-ethylpyrrolidine is derivatized in situ with ninhydrin, and resulting colored spots are measured at 500 nm. The method is reproducible and convenient for quantitative analysis and purity control of sulpiride in its raw material and in its dosage forms.

Benzoates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Equipment for ultrasound densitometry: problems and prospects].

Summary, The paper analyzes the Russian market of ultrasound densitometric devices. Based on the sales statistics, the development of this market is forecast. A comparative review of various types of equipment is given and the optimal outline of an ultrasound densitometer is proposed.

Aged↗