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PubMed1989

A strategy for curriculum integration of information skills instruction.

The ever increasing need of health professionals for information and the inclusion of active learning experiences in the medical school curriculum require that students learn the effective use of health information tools. Curriculum integration is gaining acceptance as an effective approach to teaching information skills in this setting. At the University of Miami School of Medicine, information skills components taught by library faculty are integrated into the Freshman Orientation Program and two sophomore curriculum courses. Beginning with a core set of skills and basic information management tools, more complex and subject-specific skills are introduced sequentially throughout the basic sciences curriculum. During the first two years, a wide range of information skills are taught, and students receive many opportunities to seek and identify information using both printed sources and computerized bibliographic databases. This paper describes how curriculum integration of information skills instruction was achieved and the many benefits of this approach. Included are a description of the information skills components, evaluation data, and future plans.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1987

The impact of technology upon medical history research: the past, the problems, the potential.

The stereotypical view of the historian is that of a stodgy, bespectacled individual poring over tomes of printed text, dusty manuscripts, and thousands of index cards. In the twentieth century, however, many historians have relied increasingly on technological aids to assist in research. This paper focuses on technological developments of this century that have had some impact on medical history research, beginning with the photostat early in this century. It is argued that online bibliographic databases, although relatively recent and not yet fully developed, are only the beginning of technological aids to historical research. Other computer-assisted historiographical applications are examined and the potentials of developing technologies are explored. The specific and inherent problems of using technology in historical research are also presented, as is the need for an evolving role of libraries in dealing with these problems.

Computers↗
PubMed1986

TOXLINE--an information resource.

TOXLINE is the National Library of Medicine's online bibliographic database covering the toxicologic, pharmacologic, biochemical, physiologic, and environmental effects of chemicals. It is a merged database composed of subsets from 13 different sources. Most of the citations in TOXLINE refer to journal articles; other publication types include meeting reports, monographs, patents, research project reports, technical reports and theses. TOXLINE is searched using a number of synonyms to fully express a concept, as compared to MEDLINE which can be searched by standard terms, thus obviating the need for synonym search terms. Toxicologists, other scientists, and clinicians are encouraged to become familiar with online searching techniques and to conduct their own searches.

Drug Information Services↗
PubMed1985

Health care machine-readable data files: secondary analysis, access, and the role of the library.

Access to health care machine-readable data files (MRDF) is becoming increasingly important to students and researchers in the health care field who use the data in secondary analysis. Health sciences libraries must play a role in providing such access, and this role should consist primarily in providing users with information about the identity and contents of available MRDF and about how they may be obtained. Libraries should therefore collect extensive materials containing information about the MRDF that may be of interest to their users. Many such materials are available in print, and their quality may be expected to improve as newly developed methods and procedures for constructing bibliographic citations, abstracts, and catalog entries for MRDF are put into practice. Also, it is now feasible to incorporate data file abstracts into existing online bibliographic databases.

Health Services Research↗
PubMed1995

Physical therapists in private practice: information sources and information needs.

Increasing numbers of physical therapists are providing evaluation and therapy in their own private-practice clinics. Their move out of the hospital setting has reduced their access to the sources of information designed to support clinical and practice-management decision making. The author designed a survey to determine how often physical therapists in private practice in Vermont use seven sources of information for clinical and practice-management decision making. Survey respondents also were asked to rate the anticipated usefulness of a variety of health sciences library information and research services not currently available to them and to rank access paths to information according to their preferences. The therapists' responses show frequent reliance on personal and office collections of professional literature for clinical decision making but virtually no use of bibliographic databases. Respondents ranked document-delivery services and mediated searches as having the greatest anticipated usefulness for clinical decision making. The limitations of their current information-seeking behavior and their high level of interest in increased access to a wide range of information and research services make physical therapists in private practice of special interest to health sciences librarians who are planning outreach programs.

Information Services↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical databases].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed1994

On-line information sources on chemical substances.

Information technology has brought about changes in the work patterns of researchers and scientists. After some hints on the on-line facilities needed to be connected to the international host computers, an analysis is made of some of the main automated sources available to retrieve information on chemical substances. Special emphasis is given to textual-numeric data banks, first reviewing the main chemical dictionaries, like Registry and Chemline, and then focusing on those sources that offer immediate information in case of emergency. Among the Toxnet files, produced and managed within the US National Library of Medicine Toxicology Information Program, play a very important role in offering publicly available data on toxicology and on hazardous chemicals. Therefore, the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) and the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) are described for their relevance thereon. Other data banks produced in Europe, like the Environmental Chemicals Data Information Network (ECDIN) and the very specialized Major Hazard Incident Data Service (MHIDAS) are also briefly outlined. To integrate this overview on online information, the attention is then shifted on sources having the characteristic of reference databases: prestigious files covering the international scientific literature, as CA/Chemabs, Toxline/Toxlit, Embase, Medline are introduced. Implications of on-line technology in enhancing information access in the next future are discussed, pointing out the new tools created to meet the information needs of end-users.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Therapeutic information: how to transmit current scientific data. Group VALIDATA].

The information on therapeutics is moving at a high path for various causes. Now, tools for informing correctly the prescriber do exist. However, they require the operation of suitable structures. The mainstem of the system consists of an intermediary which should comply with appropriate rules. It will work from an exhaustive collection of pertinent information. This will allowed by the extensive use of literature data banks and clinical trial registries kept with the help of international collaboration. It will rank the strength of evidence of the collected data according to their internal validity. It will elaborate overviews from validated data obtained from meta-analysis, and messages readily readable by the users, and accessible whenever needed. Overviews will be used to set up guidelines, references, editorials... Data banks will be accessible to researchers, teachers, officers concerned by health care.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1994

Practice guidelines: a piece of the quality puzzle.

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) librarians provided support to the first thirteen panels sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research by conducting literature searches, providing document delivery, and preparing bibliographic databases. Since then, NLM has moved into a consulting role, helping panels link up with local members of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine. NLM staff members have also prepared several documents useful to the development and dissemination of practice guidelines.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1994

Sulfasalazine and mesalazine for the maintenance therapy of Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether therapy with sulfasalazine or mesalazine is effective in the maintenance of clinical remission in patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS: Computerized searches of bibliographic databases were carried out to identify studies published up to October 1993 that were randomized controlled trials of sulfasalazine or mesalazine as single drug therapy in the prevention of symptomatic disease relapse in quiescent Crohn's disease. We extracted and statistically aggregated data from the trials, using a fixed effects model. RESULTS: A total of 10 eligible trials involving a total of 1022 patients were identified. Therapy with sulfasalazine or mesalazine reduces the risk of clinical relapse of Crohn's disease after 12 months [relative risk (RR) = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.92]. The benefit is less apparent at 3-6 months [RR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.67-1.09]. Subgroup analysis indicated that therapeutic benefit exists for mesalazine but not for sulfasalazine [RR for mesalazine = 0.63, 95% CI 0.50-0.79; RR for sulfasalazine = 1.08, 95% CI 0.81-1.44]. CONCLUSIONS: Maintenance therapy with mesalazine or sulfasalazine reduces the risk of clinical disease relapse in Crohn's disease after 1 yr. This benefit is seen primarily in the more recent studies that have used mesalazine as the therapeutic agent.

Aminosalicylic Acids↗
PubMed1994

Alternative methods for formal literature review and meta-analysis in AHCPR Patient Outcomes Research Teams. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.

Formal literature review and synthesis is an important component of Patient Outcomes Research Teams (PORTs) and the development of clinical practice guidelines supported by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). Investigators face unresolved methodological issues and practical problems in carrying out this work because the use of such systematic reviews is relatively new in medicine. In addition, standard meta-analytic methods may not readily be applied to the literature pertinent to most PORTs. Representatives of the InterPORT Work Group on Literature Review and Meta-Analysis exchanged information to identify and assess their respective approaches to these challenges. All 12 PORTs used systematic approaches to identifying relevant studies and to gather and analyze data abstracted from these studies. Most PORTs had undertaken or made plans for several separate reviews, which focused on a specific question about the outcomes of therapeutic health care services or procedures, diagnosis, prevention or prognosis. The descriptive information provided by PORTs reveals substantial commonalities in their methods for searching literature and organizing bibliographic databases. However, there was considerable variation in other aspects of reviews, such as selection/exclusion criteria, the use of blinding, and the techniques used to assess the quality of studies. Alternative approaches to literature review and synthesis warrant further examination because they have implications for research and health policy both in terms of the substantive conclusions and efficiency of reviews.

Health Services Research↗
PubMed1993

Generating MEDLINE search strategies using a librarian knowledge-based system.

We describe a librarian knowledge-based system that generates a search strategy from a query representation based on a user's information need. Together with the natural language parser AQUA, the system functions as a human/computer interface, which translates a user query from free text into a BRS Onsite search formulation, for searching the MEDLINE bibliographic database. In the system, conceptual graphs are used to represent the user's information need. The UMLS Metathesaurus and Semantic Net are used as the key knowledge sources in building the knowledge base.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1993

The development and practical use of information systems in the pharmaceutical industry.

To provide information on the efficacy, safety, and quality of medicine promptly and accurately, we have developed two databases: a literature database with numerical data, and a Drug Information database. By an easy-to-use, company-wide information network system, over 1,000 medical representatives in more than 80 offices throughout Japan can retrieve information. Information derived from the system is displayed on the terminal and the original documents are automatically output through a facsimile.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed1993

[CD-ROM--a useful tool for physicians].

The use of compact disc read-only-memory (CD-ROM) at a medical library is described. The introduction of CD-ROM as a reference tool has been a positive experience both for the library staff and the end users (doctors). Medical journals in fulltext, textbooks and special databases are already available on CD-Rom. Future perspectives concerning CD-technology for doctors are discussed.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1993

Manual force, mechanically assisted articular chiropractic technique using long and/or short level contacts.

OBJECTIVE: To identify what has been theorized and/or written about the manual techniques generically classified as manual force, mechanically assisted articular chiropractic technique that utilize either short-lever contacts or a combination of short- and long-lever contacts. DATA SOURCES: A search of the Medline bibliographic database using MeSH key words (chiropractic/methods; osteopathic manipulation) was performed. The Index to Chiropractic Literature and Chiropractic Research Abstracts Collection (CRAC) were searched for the past 10 yr using the key terms of chiropractic-methods; chiropractic techniques; manipulation, chiropractic, manipulation, osteopathic, manipulation, spinal; and manipulation, joint. A hand search of textbooks was undertaken as well as review of the references included in books, monographs and collected papers. STUDY SELECTION: Studies in English were included, but it must be noted that these include publications that are not peer reviewed or refereed in any way. DATA EXTRACTION: Descriptions that discussed aspects of manipulative procedures with the characteristics were extracted by a single author. DATA SYNTHESIS: Very little was found or accessible with traditional methods of literature retrieval. Descriptions of characteristics for the attributes of techniques which use mechanical assistance to impart a force applied to specific contacts in combination with short and long levers are provided. The technique procedures which fall into this category use the mechanical assistance of specialized table parts, including drop sections and distracting sections, to achieve functional changes in the vertebral three-joint complex. Conjecture and speculation as to the advantages of mechanical assistance are presented. CONCLUSIONS: This type of review is considered the first step in the evaluative process for a chiropractic technique procedure. It demonstrates that very little has been written in an accessible fashion relative to techniques which are classified as manual force, mechanically assisted articular chiropractic techniques that utilize either short-lever contacts or a combination of short- and long-lever contacts. Controlled prospective clinical trials to evaluate efficacy in using these technique procedures are nonexistent. Furthermore, there are no comparison studies to determine whether the techniques which fit into this category are any more effective or efficient in producing a positive clinical outcome than techniques in other categories. The proponents of these technique procedures should be performing the studies and publishing the results that either support or deny the usefulness of these procedures.

Chiropractic↗