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PubMed2003

[A comparative study of consistent and inconsistent contraceptive users on partner communication, perceived contraceptive control, and sexual autonomy].

PURPOSE: This study is to investigate the influencing factors in the consistent use of contraception methods by comparing consistent and inconsistent users on partner communication, contraceptive control perception, and sexual autonomy among married Korean women. METHOD: This study consists of 243 married women living in Korea. A convenient sampling technique was used and data were collected by self report questionnaires from September 14, 2000 to October 20, 2000. RESULT: Only 41.6% of women were using contraception methods consistently and the rest of them were using contraception methods inconsistently. Between the two groups, statistical significances were noted in sexual communication(t=-2.5, p=.01), perceived contraceptive control(t=-7.5, p=.00) and sexual autonomy(t=-3.1, p=.00). As for general communication, it was not statistically significant(t=-1.0, p=.31). CONCLUSION: Family planning program advisors should recognize that intervention programs for the promotion of consistent contraceptive behavior should focus on the sexual communication, perceived contraceptive control, and sexual autonomy.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1997

[The use of the preparation Cilest in the practice of the Bulgarian Association for Family Planning].

Data are presented from a questionnaire study on the sexual activity of Bulgarian teenagers as well information on the contraceptive methods chosen by them. The authors inform in short about the activities of the Bulgarian Association for Family Planning (BAFP). Analyses are made of the data obtained from BAFP card-index for the last two years. Information is given on the number of observed cycles, types of applied contraceptive method, aims of their application (contraception, treatment of acne, menstrual disturbances etc.). The attention was concentrated on the third generation contraceptive pills Cilest, on the age of patients, as well as on the adverse effects--change in blood pressure, body-weight changes, intermenstrual bleeding, hairiness, breast problems, paraclinical changes, etc. Underlined is the number of teenagers who seen the BAFP help on problems of contemporary contraception. The observed cycles show a very small percentage of adverse effects with hormonal contraception, mainly during the first 2 of 3 cycles, with predominance of intermenstrual bleeding. No body-weight changes or increased hairiness were observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Contraception in the adolescent. Preparation for the 1990s.

An overview of current and future contraceptive methods available to the adolescent is presented. Emphasis is given to oral contraceptives, including low-dose monophasics and triphasics. Current research confirms the efficacy and safety or oral contraceptives for teenagers. Other methods are reviewed, such as the mini-pill, barrier contraceptives (including the cervical cap and female condom), injectable contraceptives, hormonal contraceptive implants, the vaginal ring, postcoital contraception, periodic abstinence, gossypol, and others. Though abstinence is the best contraceptive method for adolescents, contraceptive technology of the 1990s presents clinicians and sexually active youth with many additional options.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Determinants of contraceptive continuation in rural Bangladesh.

A contraceptive study of rural Bangladeshi women indicated that the previous death of children, number of living children, desire for additional children and son preference were important determinants of contraceptive continuation. The importance of these factors varies to some extent with use of different contraceptive methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The place of progesterone in human contraception.

Progesterone, the natural hormone produced by the corpus luteum and other steroid-secreting glands, is endowed with antiestrogenic action and has a fundamental role in the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy and in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion. Although it was discovered half a century ago, it has found little clinical use as a therapeutic agent due to its low potency and extensive degradation following oral administration in comparison with a variety of highly potent synthetic analogs that became available in the last three decades. When delivered systemically, a large proportion of the dose bypasses degradation in the gut and liver, and progesterone can achieve effective levels in target tissues for clinical use. Sustained administration via compressed pellets implanted subdermally or silicone rubber rings placed in the vagina produced circulating levels of progesterone within the lower third of those found in the luteal phase of the human menstrual cycle. Those levels were shown to delay the recovery of fertility in nursing women without adverse effects to the mother or the infant. Progesterone transferred to the babies via the breast milk did not change their rate of pregnandiol-3-alpha glucuronide excretion. It is concluded that sustained administration of the natural hormone progesterone may be an effective and safe contraceptive method for nursing women.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive paths toward the reduction of unintended pregnancy and abortion.

Based on data from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, exposure to the risk of unintended pregnancy is classified by use of specific contraceptive methods and by nonuse, and average rates of unintended pregnancy are estimated for each type of exposure. Three hypothetical models of improved contraceptive practice are then applied to the data for all women and for age, race and marital-status subgroups. The first two models assume increases in the use of some existing contraceptive methods, but only the second model additionally assumes the introduction of new methods. The third model assumes the complete elimination of nonuse of contraception. These models yield different estimates of the reduction in unintended pregnancy rates which are illustrated for various age-groups, for whites and blacks and for married and unmarried women. Among all women aged 15-44, the changes assumed by Model I imply a 32 percent reduction in unintended pregnancy; Model II implies a 56 percent reduction; and Model III implies a 57 percent reduction. The implied reductions in abortion are in a similar range.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1983

Lack of association between contraceptive usage and congenital malformations in offspring.

Previous reports have linked the use of oral contraceptives and spermicides to the occurrence of malformations in offspring. With information from 12,440 women interviewed during the delivery hospitalization, we found no relationship between contraceptive method and the occurrence of malformations. Whereas any unnecessary drug should be avoided during pregnancy, prior contraceptive method seems to be unrelated to the risk of congenital malformations.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

[Contraceptive use in female transplant recipients].

The choice of a good contraception is difficult in allograft recipient woman. Even if patients recovered a normal menstruation and fertility, the oral and the intra-uterine devices contraceptives are contraindicated. If pregnancy occur too soon after the transplantation, the survival graft is in danger. According to the literature, 50% allograft recipient have begun a pregnancy without medical concentration. In this article, we wanted to find the contraceptive method effective and appropriate in recent allograft recipient female according to the organ grafted. We discuss the new contraceptive methods and advise to avoid, in first instance a tubal ligature.

Contraception↗
PubMed2005

Role of progestins in contraception.

Progestins have been used for contraception for more than 30 years. The main goal was to develop a contraceptive method devoid of the metabolic or clinical side-effects associated with the use of estrogens. The development of new contraceptive methods and formulations is time-consuming and requires devotion, belief, and also strong economical basis. As a result of this endeavor new methods have been developed: oral progestins, implants, injectables, intrauterine hormonal systems, and vaginal rings. Progestin-only contraceptives may be preferable in some situations, which have absolute or relative contraindications to estrogen, side-effects to estrogen containing hormonal contraception, lactation, and comfort and feasibility of formulations for long-term use. At present, emergency contraception is also performed with progestin.

Cervix Mucus↗
PubMed1996

New methods of mathematical analysis for studies of intrauterine contraception.

The authors present two new procedures of mathematical analysis to evaluate the incidents which arise during the use of any contraceptive method. These two new approaches, which the authors call the Probability Index (PI) and the Weighted Average Index (WAI), are compared to those by Pearl and Tietze. Their conclusions are that the PI, although the best estimator of real probability, is not as functional as the WAI. The latter is not only much easier to calculate than PI, but also presents a greater correlation, prediction accuracy and discriminant power than the Pearl and Tietze indexes.

Contraception↗
PubMed1990

Characteristics of women having abortion in China.

A pre-coded, closed response questionnaire was administered to women at abortion clinic sites in August 1985. The convenience sample was comprised of 1200 women, 200 samples in both Chengdu and the Lianshan Yi Autonomous Region in Sichuan Province, 400 in Nanjing and Jiangsu Province, and 400 in the municipality of Shanghai. The women were interviewed by physicians as part of the women's intake medical history. The sample yielded 574 respondents who were urban and 624 who were rural. The number of previous abortions reported ranged from 0 to 5. Nearly half of the abortion recipients had had at least one prior abortion and 18% had had two or more prior abortions. Education, age, marriage duration and residence have apparent effect on abortion order. The urban respondents reported an average of 1.08 children vs 1.60 children for the rural respondents. Approximately 72% of the respondents claimed to have been using a contraceptive method at the time they became pregnant. The most commonly used method was the IUD (41.6%), followed by the pill (21.3%) and the condom only (16.5%). Residence appeared to be the greatest factor determining the type of contraceptive methods. The data presented here are limited and cannot be generalized to the larger population. However, they do shed some light on the contraception characteristics of a group of women who undergo abortion procedures in China. Their response to questions to contracepting behavior prior to abortion suggests that the problem, in part, is behavioral. For example after the expulsion of the IUD, no other method was substituted to avert pregnancy. In order to alleviate the problem of contraceptive failure, and subsequent abortion, there are policy as well as training and education implications for the state.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What family planning methods women use and why they change them.

Each woman in a sample of 800 women from a nonprofit, private family planning clinic reported using at least one contraceptive method at some time in her life. Over the 15-year period that the sample represented, women made from 1 to 26 family planning visits. The women reported using as many as eight different methods and making up to 11 changes in method. The reasons for changing methods were, for the most part, logically related to the method, at least as far as common user complaints and side effects were concerned, but they also reflected misperceptions regarding relative risk of methods and a low tolerance for a method's disadvantages. A lack of congruence between choice and use was revealed, as women returned for care and reported that they had not used the contraceptive method they had chosen at the last family planning visit or had changed methods one or more times since that visit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Contraception knowledge and practices in pregnant adolescents].

The purpose of this article is to describe the knowledge and the background in the use of contraceptive methods in 100 pregnant adolescents in the prenatal care of the Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González". In our study it was showed a lack of knowledge regarding the methods during the first sexual intercourse in the half of cases. At the time of the interview, only one-third of the adolescents had a suitable knowledge on at least one constraceptive method. It is very important for pregnant adolescents to have access to sex education including the use of contraceptive methods. This in turn, should impact positively to postpone the next pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Intrauterine contraception of tubal pathology.

The intrauterine device (IUD) is the second most common temporary physician-associated contraceptive method employed today. Because of the low motivation required for its use, it could be the ideal contraceptive method, were it not for certain associated complications, especially septic, that have led in some instances to sterility and even death. In order to investigate the relationship between tubal inflammatory changes and the use of IUDs, two hundred patients admitted to Mount Sinai Hospital Medical Center of Chicago for sterilization by the Pomeroy procedure were studied. The subjects were selected for study as follows: the first 50 patients using oral contraceptives, the first patients using IUDs, the first 50 patients using no contraceptives, and the first 50 women who were pregnant. All the subjects were young, sexually active, and similar in other parameters. To prevent any bias due to foreknowledge of IUD use, their tubal specimens were submitted to blind evaluation and then compared to clinical data. The highest incidence of inflammatory change was found among the IUD wearers, but oral contraceptives users and postpregnant women exhibited similar changes. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant. This does not confirm previous studies by other investigators, based on a different methodology, in which positive association is found between the use of IUDs and tubal sepsis. Thus, further blind studies may be required to clarify the relationship between the use of IUDs and tubal histological changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A five-year evaluation of NORPLANT II implants in China.

A five-year study of NORPLANT II rod implants was undertaken in four large cities and metropolitan areas in eastern China. Designed to test the safety, efficacy and acceptability of these implants, the study involved 1,208 women and was conducted concurrently with a similar study of NORPLANT capsule implants. At the end of five years, the gross pregnancy rate was 0.65 per 100, and the continuation rate was 65.3 per 100. Both these values were similar to and not statistically different from the rates of the capsule implant users. In 4,828 woman-years of use, there were few severe adverse events reported. Users and providers found the method to be an acceptable long-term contraceptive method of great reliability.

Adult↗