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PubMed2004

Beer consumption and premature mortality in Louisiana: an ecologic analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine whether beer consumption is associated with premature mortality across municipalities in Louisiana. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional ecologic study using tax data on the sales of beer and mortality data from Louisiana. We aggregated deaths that occurred before the age of 65 to the level of the municipality and calculated age-adjusted rates of both overall premature mortality and specific causes of premature mortality that may be related to alcohol. After controlling for potential confounders including population distributions for race, income, employment and education, we examined whether beer sales were independently associated with premature mortality rates due to homicides, unintentional injuries, other acute alcohol-related causes, liver diseases, cardiovascular disease and other chronic alcohol-related causes. RESULTS: After controlling for race and socioeconomic status, municipalities with greater beer consumption had higher premature mortality, with the model explaining up to 24% of all premature deaths. Beer consumption was also independently associated with homicide, liver diseases and cardiovascular disease. Neither unintentional injuries nor other chronic alcohol-related causes of mortality were significantly associated with beer consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The population-level association between beer consumption and mortality may reflect population-level determinants of beer consumption as well as indirect health effects of alcohol consumption on persons who are not heavy drinkers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The impact of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on alcohol consumption and distress: reactions to a national trauma 300 miles from Ground Zero.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the short- and long-term effects of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in a sample of light, medium and heavy drinkers who live 300+ miles north of the epicenters. METHOD: Participants in an ongoing longitudinal study submitted daily reports on alcohol consumption and mood via Interactive Voice Response technology. The daily self-reports of 86 subjects between September 11, 2000, and December 30, 2001, were used to analyze alcohol consumption and mood before, on and after September 11, 2001. Data were analyzed by statistical process control (SPC) analyses. RESULTS: Descriptive analyses revealed that by comparison with the average alcohol consumption on the previous 52 Tuesdays, women drank 33.9% more alcohol and men 13.9% more on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. Compared with the average alcohol consumption on the 365 days preceding September 11, however, no increase in alcohol consumption was found. SPC analyses did not indicate a significant increase of alcohol consumption in response to September 11 in terms of baseline standard error computed from the 365 days preceding the events. Marked increases, on the other hand, were found in self-reported levels of stress, anger and sadness, with elevations up to nine standard errors beyond average baseline ratings. Negative emotions remained elevated for up to 69 days following the attacks. CONCLUSIONS: Vicarious experience of terrorism affects emotions significantly but may not significantly affect alcohol consumption among drinkers remote from the events.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Risk factors for frequent high alcohol consumption among Swedish secondary-school students.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact and possible causal interrelationships of psychological, psychosocial and socioeconomic factors on frequent high consumption of alcoholic beverages in a Swedish secondary-school student population. METHOD: A cross-sectional study via questionnaire was administered to 1,384 high school students in Trelleborg, Sweden, from 1999 to 2001 (658 boys, 726 girls; response rates, 84.6% in 1999, 89.3% in 2000 and 91.7% in 2001). Logistic regression analyzed the relationship between various risk factors and frequent high alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Interest in trying drugs was the strongest indicator for frequent high alcohol consumption, after adjusting for age, socioeconomic status and psychosocial risk factors (boys: odds ratio (OR) = 3.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5-6.0; girls: OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.8-3.9). This variable also had the highest population-attributable fraction (PAF; boys = 39%, girls = 29%). High purchasing power increased the risk of frequent high alcohol consumption (boys: OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4-3.0; PAF = 25%; girls: OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3; PAF = 16%). The association between high alcohol consumption and psychosocial factors differed by gender. Participation in organized team sports was associated with increased risk among boys (OR = 3.0, 95% CI: 2.0-4.7; PAF = 32%), but not girls (OR = 1.0, 95% CI: 0.7-1.5; PAF = 0%). Parental acceptance of alcohol consumption was more important for the latter (girls: OR =1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.3; PAF = 27%; boys: OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.1; PAF = 21%). CONCLUSIONS: Psychological, psychosocial and socioeconomic elements were independent risk factors for frequent high alcohol consumption. Discrepancies in risk factor patterns between boys and girls suggest alternate approaches be considered in interventiods.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2000

Frequency of food consumption and lipoprotein serum levels in the population of an urban area, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between food group consumption frequency and serum lipoprotein levels among adults. METHODS: The observations were made during a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of men and women over 20 years old living in Cotia county, S. Paulo, Brazil. Data on food frequency consumption, serum lipids, and other covariates were available for 1, 045 adults. Multivariate analyses adjusted by age, gender, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, educational level, family income, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption were performed. RESULTS: Consumption of processed meat, chicken, red meat, eggs and dairy foods were each positively and significantly correlated with LDL-C, whereas the intake of vegetables and fruits showed an inverse correlation. Daily consumption of processed meat, chicken, red meat, eggs, and dairy foods were associated with 16.6 mg/dl, 14.5 mg/dl, 11.1 mg/dl, 5.8 mg/dl, and 4.6 mg/dl increase in blood LDL-C, respectively. Increases of daily consumption of fruit and vegetables were associated with 5.2 mg/dl and 5.5 mg/dl decreases in LDL-C, respectively. Alcohol beverage consumption showed a significant positive correlation with HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary habits in the study population seem to contribute substantially to the variation in blood LDL and HDL concentrations. Substantially CHD risk reduction could be achieved with dietary changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Unit-price analysis of opioid consumption by monkeys responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of drug injection.

Several reports have indicated that drug consumption in self-administration procedures is a function of the ratio of the instrumental requirement to the dose of drug, a quantity termed unit price. We evaluated three predictions from this unit-price model in a reanalysis of data on opioid self-administration in rhesus monkeys responding under a progressive-ratio schedule (Hoffmeister, 1979). We evaluated whether consumption was inversely related to unit price, and compared the goodness of fit of an equation devised by Hursh, Raslear, Shurtleff, Bauman, and Simmons (1988) to that of a linear model predicting consumption as a function of dose. We also tested whether consumption was constant when the same unit price was comprised of different combinations of dose and instrumental requirement. Consumption declined overall as unit price increased. The equation devised by Hursh et al. and the linear model based on dose fit the data equally well. Drug consumption was not uniform at a given unit price. The analyses suggest limits on the unit-price model as a characterization of drug consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alcohol consumption in US white and black adults: data from NHANES II.

OBJECTIVES: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is known to be positively related to moderate alcohol consumption from studies in selected populations. This study describes the association in a representative sample of the US adult population. METHODS: Stratification and multivariate regression analyses were used to examine HDL cholesterol levels and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Fewer women than men reported consumption of alcohol at any frequency. Similar percentages of Whites and Blacks reported alcohol consumption. Age-adjusted mean HDL cholesterol levels were higher among alcohol drinkers than among nondrinkers in all sex-race strata. Mean HDL cholesterol levels of Whites and Blacks of both sexes increased consistently with increased frequency of consumption of beer, wine, and liquor. With age, education, body mass index, smoking, and physical activity controlled for, there were higher age-adjusted HDL cholesterol levels with increasing reported quantities of alcohol consumed. Daily or weekly use of alcohol led to an increase of 5.1 mg/dL in mean HDL cholesterol level, whereas consumption of 1 g of alcohol led to an increase of 0.87 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: Even if there is a causal association between alcohol consumption and higher HDL cholesterol levels, it is suggested that efforts to reduce coronary heart disease risks concentrate on the cessation of smoking and weight control.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Green tea consumption and chronic atrophic gastritis: a cross-sectional study in a green tea production village.

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is well known as a precancerous lesion of the stomach, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection increases the risk of CAG. While recent studies have reported that green tea consumption decreases the risk of gastric cancer, there has been no study analyzing the relationship between green tea consumption and the both risks H. pylori infection and CAG. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 636 subjects living in a farming village in Japan to examine the relationship among green tea consumption, H. pylori infection, and CAG. Smoking, alcohol drinking, consumption of four beverages, including green tea, and of five foods were investigated as lifestyle factors that may affect H. pylori infection and CAG. The measurement of H. pylori-IgG antibodies was used to define H. pylori infection, and serum pepsinogens were used to define of CAG. The unconditional logistic regression model was used for analyzing each odds ratio (OR). H. pylori infection was positively associated with the risk of CAG (OR = 3.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.59-5.36). High green tea consumption (more than 10 cups per day) was negatively associated with the risk of CAG, even after adjustment for H. pylori infection and lifestyle factors associated with green tea consumption (OR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.93). These results support the hypothesis that high green tea consumption prevents CAG.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Relationship between dairy product consumption and incidence of IDDM in childhood in Italy.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the consumption of dairy products, including fluid cows' milk and cheese, is related to the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), we correlated incidence rates in children 0-14 years of age with cows' milk and cheese consumption in nine regions of a single country, Italy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data on the incidence of IDDM were derived from the only nine Italian regions where primary and secondary sources of ascertainment were available for 1991. Data on fluid cows' milk and cheese consumption in the corresponding year in each region were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics. RESULTS: The correlation between fluid milk consumption and incidence of IDDM in Italy was 0.84 (P < 0.004, Poisson regression analysis). Cheese consumption was not related to IDDM incidence. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that there is a relationship, even in a single country, between dairy product consumption and the incidence of IDDM that is confined to fluid milk consumption. Cows' milk may contain a triggering factor for the development of diabetes, but the high incidence of IDDM in Sardinia and in other countries worldwide cannot be explained simply by the quantity of fluid cows' milk consumed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Is insulin sensitivity a causal intermediate in the relationship between alcohol consumption and carotid atherosclerosis?: the insulin resistance and atherosclerosis study.

OBJECTIVE: A J-shaped association has been demonstrated between alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance, also a risk factor for atherosclerosis, has been shown to have a similar J-shaped association with alcohol intake. This raises the question of whether insulin sensitivity (S(I)) is a causal intermediate in the alcohol-atherosclerosis relationship. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study was a multicenter cohort study designed to investigate relationships among S(I), risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and carotid artery atherosclerosis. Using regression analysis, we tested whether adjustment for S(I) attenuated the alcohol-atherosclerosis relationship observed at baseline. RESULTS: A J-shaped association was observed between alcohol consumption and common carotid artery intimal medial thickness. The protective aspect of the alcohol-atherosclerosis relationship was attenuated by 25% after the adjustment for S(I). However, an interaction was observed between alcohol consumption and glucose tolerance (GT) status. In comparison with never drinkers, all levels of alcohol consumption were associated with less atherosclerosis in participants with normal GT status. Participants with impaired GT status (but not diabetes) demonstrated a J-shaped alcohol-atherosclerosis association. All levels of alcohol consumption were associated with more atherosclerosis in participants with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: S(I) may be a causal intermediate at protective levels of alcohol intake, but an alcohol-GT interaction precluded a definitive conclusion. Moderate alcohol consumption may increase the risk of atherosclerosis in people with diabetes. These findings contrast with previous reports and do not support current recommendations regarding moderate alcohol consumption in people with diabetes. More research is needed to clarify this issue.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Changes in alcohol consumption and mortality in aged Finnish men.

Drinking patterns and changes in alcohol consumption from 1974 to 1984 and associations between alcohol consumption in 1974 and ten-year mortality rates from cardiovascular, violent, cancer or all causes were studied among Finnish men born between 1900 and 1919. The overall absolute alcohol consumption was low in both 1974 and 1984. The average alcohol consumption and drinking pattern did not significantly change with increasing age, though some individual changes occured. Moderate or heavier alcohol consumption was a significant risk factor for cancer deaths among non-smoking men, but not in male smokers. Moderate or heavier alcohol consumption might also be a significant risk factor in violent death. Low, moderate or heavier alcohol consumption was not a significant risk factor for coronary deaths among the men in this rural Finnish population.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Association of awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, and stage of dietary change with fruit and vegetable consumption: a national survey.

PURPOSE: To examine associations of awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, and stage of change with consumption of fruits and vegetables. DESIGN: Nationally representative, random digit dial survey conducted in 1997 with a response rate of 44.5%. Psychosocial correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption were assessed using regression analyses. SETTING: United States. SUBJECTS: A total of 2605 adults who were 18 years and older. MEASURES: Awareness of the "5 A Day for Better Health" program and its message, along with stage of change; taste preferences; self-efficacy; and perceived benefits, barriers, threats, social support, and norms related to fruit and vegetable consumption. RESULTS: Awareness and intrapersonal and interpersonal factors explained 24% of the variance in fruit and vegetable consumption beyond the 9% explained by demographic characteristics. Knowledge of the 5 A Day message was associated with a 22% increase in fruit and vegetable consumption. Self-efficacy for eating fruits and vegetables and taste preferences (affect) were the factors most consistently and strongly associated with both higher consumption and higher likelihood of being in action or maintenance stages of change. Affect and perceived barriers were more strongly associated with increased vegetables and salad than fruit. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intervention programs to increase fruit and vegetable consumption should emphasize the 5 A Day message, increased self-efficacy, and ways to make vegetables more palatable and easily accessible. Understanding the factors that influence dietary choices should be used when designing dietary interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the Framingham Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: Although excessive alcohol consumption can promote cardiomyopathy, little is known about the association between alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the community. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the community. DESIGN: Community-based, prospective observational study. SETTING: Framingham, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: Participants in the Framingham Heart Study who were free of congestive heart failure and coronary heart disease. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported alcohol consumption; sex-specific rates of congestive heart failure per 1000 person-years of follow-up by level of alcohol consumption. RESULTS: In men, 99 cases of congestive heart failure occurred during 26 035 person-years of follow-up. In women, 120 cases of congestive heart failure occurred during 35 563 person-years of follow-up. After adjustment for multiple confounders, risk for congestive heart failure was lower among men at all levels of alcohol consumption compared with men who consumed less than 1 drink/wk. The hazard ratio for congestive heart failure was lowest among men who consumed 8 to 14 drinks/wk (0.41 [95% CI, 0.21 to 0.81]) compared with those who consumed less than 1 drink/wk. In women, the age-adjusted hazard ratio for congestive heart failure was lowest among those who consumed 3 to 7 drinks/wk (0.49 [CI, 0.25 to 0.96]) compared with those who consumed less than 1 drink/wk. However, after adjustment for multiple predictors of congestive heart failure, this association was no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In the community, alcohol consumption is not associated with increased risk for congestive heart failure, even among heavy drinkers (> or = 15 drinks/wk in men and > or = 8 drinks/wk in women). To the contrary, when consumed in moderation, alcohol appears to protect against congestive heart failure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of alcohol consumption on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Both diabetes mellitus and alcohol consumption are prevalent in the United States, yet physicians are poorly informed about how alcohol use affects risk for or management of diabetes. PURPOSE: To conduct a systematic review assessing the effect of alcohol use on the incidence, management, and complications of diabetes mellitus in adults. DATA SOURCES: English-language studies in persons 19 years of age or older that were identified by searching the MEDLINE database from 1966 to the third week of August 2003 and the reference lists of key articles. STUDY SELECTION: Two independent assessors reviewed 974 retrieved citations to identify all experimental, cohort, or case-control studies that assessed the effect of alcohol use on diabetes risk, control, self-management, adverse drug events, or complications. DATA EXTRACTION: Two independent reviewers extracted data and evaluated study quality on the basis of established criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: Thirty-two studies that met inclusion criteria were reviewed. Compared with no alcohol use, moderate consumption (one to 3 drinks/d) is associated with a 33% to 56% lower incidence of diabetes and a 34% to 55% lower incidence of diabetes-related coronary heart disease. Compared with moderate consumption, heavy consumption (>3 drinks/d) may be associated with up to a 43% increased incidence of diabetes. Moderate alcohol consumption does not acutely impair glycemic control in persons with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a decreased incidence of diabetes mellitus and a decreased incidence of heart disease in persons with diabetes. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of alcohol consumption on glycemic control and noncardiac complications in persons with diabetes.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

[Consumption of fruit and vegetables in a teenage cohort--observed changes].

The purpose of the study was to investigate the consumption of fruit and vegetables among boys and girls in a teenage cohort with respect to changes, gender differences and stability of consumption over time. In 1990, a representative sample of 13-year-olds from Hordaland county was recruited (n = 924) and surveyed regularly until the age of 19. The frequency of consumption decreased dramatically from the age of 13 to the age of 19. At the age of 13, 57% reported eating fruit daily, whereas only 21% of the boys and 37% of the girls reported eating fruit daily at the age of 19. Corresponding results for the consumption of vegetables showed that 42% reported eating vegetables daily at the age of 13, compared to 29% at the age of 19. No clear gender differences were found. The consumption frequency at group level at the age of 13 was a good indicator of the consumption frequency at a later age during adolescence. While younger adolescents until now have been at the focus of campaigns aimed at increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, our results point to the importance of focusing also on the older adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cirrhosis mortality and per capita consumption of distilled spirits, United States, 1949-1994: trend analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe, evaluate, and suggest interpretations for an observed aggregate-level relation between trends in mortality from cirrhosis and per capita consumption of distilled spirits in the United States. DESIGN: Trend analysis using data on US cirrhosis mortality and per capita alcohol consumption. RESULTS: There is a consistent long-term trend relation between mortality from cirrhosis and per capita consumption of distilled spirits in the United States from 1949 to 1994. Two instances of comparatively sharp drops in the consumption of spirits in the 1940s generated mixed results in predicting changes in cirrhosis mortality. CONCLUSIONS: An aggregate-level relation between trends in long-term cirrhosis mortality and the consumption of spirits falls considerably short of establishing a direct causal link between the two for individuals. Moreover, two sharp drops in the consumption of spirits generated only mixed results with respect to the short-term trend in cirrhosis. Nevertheless, the observed relation between the consumption of spirits and cirrhosis mortality merits further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Effect of the consumption of ethanol on the microcirculation of the human optic nerve head in the acute phase].

PURPOSE: The effect of the consumption of ethanol on the circulation of the optic nerve head (ONH) in the human eye in the acute phase and its mechanism were studied. METHODS: Eleven volunteers drank a bottle of beer (633 ml) with or without ethanol (29.5 g). Normalized blur (NB), a quantitative index of blood flow velocity, was measured in the temporal site of the ONH. NB, blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate (PR) were measured before, immediately after, and every 15 minutes for 90 minutes after consumption. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and plasma ethanol concentration were measured before, and 30 and 90 minutes after consumption. Genotyping of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 2 gene was also performed. RESULTS: NB in the ONH increased significantly from 15 to 45 minutes after consumption of ethanol and the maximum increase was 14% at 15 minutes. IOP was lowered at 90 minutes after consumption, but it was not significant. Mean BP was lowered significantly after 60 minutes. PR and ocular perfusion pressure did not change. A significant correlation was found between plasma ethanol concentration at 30 minutes and maximum NB. NB in the ALDH 2-deficient group was significantly larger from 15 to 45 minutes after consumption than in the proficient group. CONCLUSION: It appeared that the consumption of ethanol can increase the blood flow in the human ONH in the acute phase through decreased resistance in blood vessels induced by acetaldehyde, a metabolite of ethanol.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

High ethanol consumption and low sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation in protein kinase A-mutant mice.

Both in vitro and in vivo evidence indicate that cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) mediates some of the acute and chronic cellular responses to alcohol. However, it is unclear whether PKA regulates voluntary alcohol consumption. We therefore studied alcohol consumption by mice that completely lack the regulatory IIbeta (RIIbeta) subunit of PKA as a result of targeted gene disruption. Here we report that RIIbeta knockout mice (RIIbeta-/-) showed incr eased consumption of solutions containing 6, 10, and 20% (v/v) ethanol when compared with wild-type mice (RIIbeta+/+). On the other hand, RIIbeta-/- mice showed normal consumption of solutions containing either sucrose or quinine. When compared with wild-type mice, the RIIbeta-/- mice were found to be less sensitive to the sedative effects of ethanol as measured by more rapid recovery from ethanol-induced sleep, even though plasma ethanol concentrations did not differ significantly from those of controls. Finally, both RIbeta- and catylatic subunit beta1-deficient mice showed normal voluntary consumption of ethanol, indicating that increased ethanol consumption is not a general characteristic associated with deletion of PKA subunits. These data demonstrate a role for the RIIbeta subunit of PKA in regulating voluntary consumption of alcohol and sensitivity to the intoxication effects that are produced by this drug.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

[Food consumption and food sources of energy and nutrients in Canary Islands (1997-98)].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate food consumption and identify the main food sources of energy and nutrient intake in the Canary Island population (1997-98). DESIGN: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. METHODS: A dietary survey was realised in a representative sample of the Canary Island population (n = 1747; 821 men and 926 women) aged 6 to 75 years. The dietary survey technique utilised consisted of two 24-hour recalls over nonconsecutive days. Spanish Food Composition Tables were used as references. RESULTS: Food composition in the Canary Islands is characterised by typical Canary Island eating patterns, which have lost some of their Central American characteristics and have acquired clearly Mediterranean elements. As such, an acceptable intake of milk was noted (301 g/day) with highly elevated dairy product consumption (71 g/day), high intake of potatoes (143 g/day), moderate meat (red meat 46 g/day) and fish (46 g/day) consumption and low cereal (125 g/day) and legume (27 g/day) intakes. Nut consumption was observed to be fairly low (2 g/day), and average fruit intake (218 g/day) and low vegetable consumption (108 g/day) were also noted, the later being the lowest intake detected in Spain. It is also worth noting the elevated consumption of sweets (49 g/day). An inverse relationship was detected between social class and consumption of potatoes and pulses, and a direct one between vegetables, sausages and cheese. The main sources of energy were cereals and dairy products (21.2% and 18.4%, respectively), as well as the principal sources of saturated fats (5.8% and 28.1%), calcium (6.6% and 67.8%), sodium (27.5% and 18.8%) and riboflavin (6.6% and 41.2%).

Adolescent↗