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Results for “Child Development Disorders, Pervasive”

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PubMed1986

A therapeutic feeding programme. II: Links with language and learning.

The feeding programme described in Part I of this study produced immediate change in the eating patterns of disturbed children, who then became available for learning and language development in a way they had not been previously. The authors give a broad outline of the principles and practice of functional learning, and the educational technique they used. They describe the language development of one child in detail, and the methods used. Follow-up details are also given for the three children described in Part I of the study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Disintegrative psychosis of childhood: teenage follow-up.

Nine patients with disintegrative psychosis of childhood were reviewed after follow-up periods of 11 to 16 years. Eight of the nine had a uniform picture of early normal development for two years or more, followed by subacute regression over a period of a few months, to become functionally severely retarded with autistic behavioural features and overactivity. Neurological investigations were consistently negative. The clinical course has remained largely static for these patients, but two have developed epilepsy. They are likely to remain severely handicapped, but not to deteriorate. It is possible that this remarkably homogeneous clinical picture is the result of unidentified encephalopathic processes occurring during early childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Clumsiness in children--do they grow out of it? A 10-year follow-up study.

The question of whether problems of motor co-ordination in early childhood recede with age has rarely been addressed. This paper reports the findings from a follow-up study of 17 children, identified by their teachers as having poor motor co-ordination at age six. Now age 16, these children and their matched controls completed a battery of assessments. The results suggest that the majority of children still have difficulties with motor co-ordination, have poor self-concept and are experiencing problems of various kinds in school. However, there are individual differences in the extent to which the children have learned to cope with their continuing difficulties over the years.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

Eye-movement tics in children.

Tics are relatively common in childhood, especially between the ages of six to 12 years. While eye-blinking and eye-winking tics are well recognised, eye-movement tics are not. Three children with conjugate eye-movement tics, occurring alone or in combination with other tics, are described and the differential diagnosis is discussed. Treatment of tics in the first instance comprises reassurance and explanation. Detailed further investigation is not indicated, but follow-up is desirable while tics persist, since some children may go on to develop Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Migrating partial seizures in infancy: a malignant disorder with developmental arrest.

Fourteen infants of both sexes had a previously unreported epileptic condition characterized by nearly continuous multifocal seizures. The first seizures occurred at a mean age of 3 months, without antecedent risk factors. At 1 to 10 months, the seizures became very frequent. They were partial with variable clinical expression, and the EEG showed that the discharges randomly involved multiple independent sites, moving from one cortical area to another in consecutive seizures. Although their topography varied, the EEG ictal pattern of each seizure was very similar. It consisted of rhythmic alpha or theta activity which spread to involve an increasing area of the cortical surface. Patients regressed developmentally and became quadriplegic with severe axial hypotonia. Three patients died at age 7 months and at age 7 and 8 years, respectively. Seizures were controlled in only 2 patients, and only 3 children resumed psychomotor development. Extensive investigation failed to determine an etiology, and there was no familial recurrence. Neuropathological examination of the brain in two cases showed only severe hippocampal neuronal loss and accompanying gliosis.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2006

Profiles of executive function in parents and siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

Delineation of a cognitive endophenotype for autism is useful both for exploring the genetic mechanisms underlying the disorder and for identifying which cognitive traits may be primary to it. This study investigated whether first-degree relatives of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) demonstrate a specific profile of performance on a range of components of executive function (EF), to determine whether EF deficits represent possible endophenotypes for autism. Parents and siblings of ASD and control probands were tested on EF tasks measuring planning, set-shifting, inhibition and generativity. ASD parents showed poorer performance than control parents on a test of ideational fluency or generativity, and ASD fathers demonstrated a weakness in set-shifting to a previously irrelevant dimension. ASD siblings revealed a mild reduction in ideational fluency and a weakness in non-verbal generativity when compared with control siblings. Neither ASD parents nor siblings displayed significant difficulties with planning or inhibition. These results indicated that the broad autism phenotype may not be characterized primarily by impairments in planning and cognitive flexibility, as had been previously proposed. Weaknesses in generativity emerged as stronger potential endophenotypes in this study, suggesting that this aspect of EF should play a central role in cognitive theories of autism. However, discrepancies in the EF profile demonstrated by parents and siblings suggest that factors related to age or parental responsibility may affect the precise pattern of deficits observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Cognitive explanations of autism.

A brief review of the theory of mind account of autism is presented. A lack of theory of mind in autism is well supported by empirical studies and can explain quite specifically the nature of the social communication impairments. Other characteristic behavioural features of autism, in particular perseveration and rigidity, are tackled by the hypothesis of executive function deficits. The theory of weak central coherence attempts to explain the uneven pattern of intellectual abilities seen in autistic individuals, proposing that they adopt a distinctive cognitive style. It is likely that a number of separate cognitive deficits will be identified and that these will provide clues to the underlying brain abnormalities in autism.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A case of Asperger's syndrome first diagnosed in adulthood.

A 25-year-old white male patient was admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, Division of Social Psychiatry, of the University of Vienna, Austria, for severe social withdrawal, selective mutism and outbursts of violence with attacks on his mother. Careful examination revealed the presence of all the typical symptoms of Asperger's syndrome. The diagnosis had never been made before, although the patient had a history of a difficult childhood with several admissions to a child psychiatric inpatient unit for 'obsessional neurosis' and an institutional career. It is stressed that, in view of the availability of treatments and the deleterious effect of the untreated condition in the sensitive years of personality development, early recognition and diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome are of utmost importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Childhood-onset schizophrenia: biological markers in relation to clinical characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between clinical and neurobiological measures of childhood-onset schizophrenia. It was hypothesized that there would be a more striking pattern in the rare cases with very early onset than is seen in subjects with later onset. METHOD: Premorbid, clinical, prenatal, perinatal, and magnetic resonance imaging brain measures were examined in 29 children and adolescents who met the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia with onset before age 12. Specifically, gender, premorbid adjustment, and clinical symptoms were examined in relation to cerebral volume, ventricular volume, and maternal obstetrical complications. RESULTS: Males were more likely to have had an insidious onset than females. There was a significant negative correlation between score on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and total cerebral volume. CONCLUSIONS: These neurobiological associations support the continuity of early-onset schizophrenia with the later-onset disorder; the striking association between smaller cerebral volume and negative symptoms suggests a more homogeneous or more potent neurobiological basis for very early-onset schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Severe problem behaviors related to social interaction. 2: A systems analysis.

The effects of problem behavior displayed by two groups of children with developmental disabilities was investigated. One group of children exhibited problem behavior under conditions of low adult attention and was referred to as the attention-seeking or AS behavior profile group. A second group of children exhibited problem behavior under conditions of high adult attention and was referred to as the socially avoidant or SA behavior profile group. A third group of nonproblem children (NP) was examined for comparison purposes. Pairs of children were placed in a teaching situation, and the effects of child problem behavior upon adult instructional behavior were measured. Results indicated that child behavior affected adult behavior and that different child behavior profiles affected adults differentially. Adults responded to the problem behaviors of the AS behavior profile group by increasing attention, providing higher levels of physical contact, and presenting academic tasks that required continuous adult-child interaction. Conversely, the same adults responded to the problem behaviors of the SA behavior profile group by reducing attention, providing lower levels of physical contact, and presenting academic tasks that required little adult-child interaction. The data indicated that these child effects were powerful, immediate, and durable. Theoretical implications concerning reciprocal social influence and the operant theory of child problem behavior are discussed. Applied implications concerning treatment selection and maintenance are also explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Imaging of autism: lessons from the past to guide studies in the future.

OBJECTIVE: To review the scientific literature on the imaging of autism with a view to understanding how imaging can contribute to future studies. METHODS: Medline was searched, and bibliographies from retrieved articles were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of autism according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria, third edition or later, and a control group without autism. RESULTS: The field suffers from a lack of replication studies and poor methodology in terms of not controlling for confounding variables. Enlarged brain size, particularly in the temporoparietal brain region, and decreased size of the posterior corpus callosum are the only findings that have been independently replicated. CONCLUSION: Future imaging studies should attempt to investigate more homogeneous subgroups of patients such as those with "the lesser variant of PDD" and high-functioning patients with PDD who do not have comorbid medical conditions. A different approach, examining the individual behaviours that constitute the PDD spectrum and exploring these separately along with other associated variables such as neuropsychological deficits, structural and functional brain abnormalities, and genetic information could help identify biological mechanisms that do not follow diagnostic boundaries.

Autistic Disorder↗