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PubMed1989

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated vesicular calcium transport in intestine: dose-response studies.

In order to further test the validity of the vesicular transport model of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3)-stimulated intestinal calcium absorption, dose-response studies were undertaken. Using previously established methodology for subcellular fractionation following 45Ca absorption from in situ ligated duodenal loops, radionuclide levels were found to increase gradually in endocytic vesicles prepared from 1,25(OH)2D3-treated (+D) chicks relative to controls (-D) achieving a plateau at greater than or equal to 260 pmol seco-steroid. By comparison, lysosomal 45Ca levels increased more readily, having +D/-D ratios of 1.88 +/- 0.35, 2.21 +/- 0.05, 2.17 +/- 0.88, 2.31 +/- 0.25, and 2.15 +/- 0.47 after 0.0104, 0.052, 0.26, 1.3, or 6.5 nmol of 1,25(OH)2D3, respectively. Net intestinal calcium absorption, as judged by appearance of 45Ca in the serum for the same range of doses, rose gradually to a plateau value at greater than or equal to 260 pmol. Since lysosomal 45Ca levels were maximally increased at 1,25(OH)2D3 doses lower than those required for fully stimulated transport, it was concluded that lysosomes are still candidates for cellular calcium carriers, but that other elements of the transport pathway are required. Analyses of gradient fractions for calbindin-D28K (the vitamin D-induced calcium binding protein), and potential 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated changes in vesicular ATPase (microtubule motive power for transcellular delivery of calcium) failed to identify the missing components.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2003

Calcium transporter 1 and epithelial calcium channel messenger ribonucleic acid are differentially regulated by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the intestine and kidney of mice.

We examined the expression of calcium transporter 1 (CaT1) and epithelial calcium channel (ECaC) mRNA in the duodenum and kidney of mice. Intestinal CaT1 mRNA level increased 30-fold at weaning, coincident with the induction of calbindin-D(9k) expression. In contrast, renal CaT1 and ECaC mRNA expression was equal until weaning when ECaC mRNA is induced and CaT1 mRNA levels fall 70%. Long- and short-term adaptation to changes in dietary calcium (Ca) level and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] injection strongly regulated duodenal calbindin D(9k) and CaT1 mRNA. Following a single dose of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), induction of CaT1 mRNA occurred rapidly (within 3 h, peak at 6 h of 9.6 +/- 0.8-fold) and preceded the induction of intestinal Ca absorption (significantly increased at 6 h, peak at 9 h). Neither renal CaT1 nor ECaC mRNA were strongly regulated by dietary calcium level or 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) injection. Our data indicate that CaT1 and ECaC mRNA levels are differentially regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in kidney and intestine and that there may be a specialized role for CaT1 in kidney in fetal and neonatal development. The rapid induction of intestinal CaT1 mRNA expression by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and the marked induction at weaning, suggest that CaT1 is critical for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated intestinal Ca absorption.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Immobilization decreases duodenal calcium absorption through a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-dependent pathway.

Immobilization induces significant and progressive bone loss, with an increase in urinary excretion and a decrease in intestinal absorption of calcium. These actions lead to negative calcium balance and the development of disuse osteoporosis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of decreased intestinal calcium absorption and to determine the effect of dietary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and a high-calcium diet on bone loss due to immobilization. The immobilized rat model was developed in the Bollman cage III to induce systemic disuse osteoporosis in the animals. There was a significant decrease in lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) and intestinal calcium absorption in the immobilized group compared with the controls. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration did not change, but 1,25(OH)2D concentration decreased significantly. The mRNA levels of renal 25-hydoxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase (24OHase) increased, whereas those of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha hydroxylase (1alpha-hydroxylase), duodenal transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 6 (TRPV6), TRPV5, and calbindin-D9k were all decreased. A high-calcium diet did not prevent the reduction in lumbar BMD or affect the mRNA expression of proteins related to calcium transport. Dietary administration of 1,25(OH)2D increased the intestinal calcium absorption that had been downregulated by immobilization. TRPV6, TRPV5, and calbindin-D9k mRNA levels were also upregulated, resulting in prevention of the reduction in lumbar BMD. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary 1,25(OH)2D prevented decreases in intestinal calcium absorption and simultaneously prevented bone loss in immobilized rats. However, it remains unclear that calcium absorption and expression of calcium transport proteins are essential for the regulation of lumbar BMD.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of somatostatin- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the rat olfactory bulb.

Periglomerular cells (PG) are interneurons of the olfactory bulb (OB) that modulate the first synaptic relay of the olfactory information from the olfactory nerve to the dendrites of the bulbar principal cells. Previous investigations have pointed to the heterogeneity of these interneurons and have demonstrated the presence of two different types of PG. In the rat OB, type 1 PG receive synaptic contacts from the olfactory axons and are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, whereas type 2 PG do not receive synaptic contacts from the olfactory axons and are GABA immunonegative. In this study, we analyze and characterize neurochemically a group of PG that has not been previously classified either as type 1 or type 2. These PG are immunoreactive for the neuropeptides somatostatin (SOM) or cholecystokinin (CCK). By using double immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate that neither the SOM- nor the CCK-immunoreactive PG contain GABA immunoreactivity, which is a neurochemical feature of type 1 PG. Moreover, they do not contain the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D-28k and calretinin, which are neurochemical markers of the type 2 PG. Electron microscopy demonstrates that the dendrites of the SOM- and CCK-containing PG are distributed in the synaptic and sensory subcompartments of the glomerular neuropil and receive synaptic contacts from the olfactory axons. Therefore, they should be included in the type 1 group rather than in the type 2. Altogether, these data indicate that the SOM- and the CCK-containing PG may constitute a group of GABA-immunonegative type 1 PG that has not been previously described. These results further extend the high degree of complexity of the glomerular circuitry.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age-related loss of calcium binding proteins in rabbit hippocampus.

Using immunocytochemistry hippocampal levels of the calcium binding proteins calbindin 28K (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) was studied in young (1 month) to very old (60 month) Albino rabbits. Young (3 month) and senescent (30 month) Wistar rats were also examined to compare the distribution and age dependency of PV and CB in both species. The distribution of PV-ir is similar in the rabbit and rat hippocampus. Aging in both species yielded a small loss of PV-ir in axon terminals. The presence of CB-ir interneurons throughout the hippocampus, and the heavy investment of the dentate gyrus (DG) granular cells with CB-ir was also similar in both species. In rabbits, the number of CB-ir interneurons in the CA1, as well as the density of CB-ir in the DG decreased in the first year of life, and did not change between 12-48 months of age. A secondary reduction in the density of CB-ir in the DG was observed at ages beyond 48 months. A similar loss of CB-ir in the DG occurred in the rat. In the CA1, however, the density of CB-ir was similar in young and aged rats. Another remarkable finding was the total absence of CB-ir in CA1 pyramidal neurons of rabbits at any age. Thus, the distribution and age dependency of PV-ir in the hippocampus is similar in both species. The decline of CB-ir in the DG with advancing age is very prominent and may be related to an altered calcium homeostasis in these cells. However, the absence of CB-ir in the CA1 of rabbits makes a causal role for CB in the functional decline of CA1 pyramidal cells during aging unlikely.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Cocaine adversely affects development of cortical embryonic neurons in vitro: immunocytochemical study of calcium-binding proteins.

Neurons of cerebral cortex from 15-16 day old embryos of white rats (Sprague-Dawley) were cultured in MEM enriched with 5% horse serum. On the 7th day after plating the cultures were divided into three experimental and one control groups (6-8 Petri dishes in each group). In group 1, cultures were grown without additives. In group 2, cocaine chloride was added at concentrations 0.3, 0.6 and 1 mg/ml of culture. In group 3, a monoclonal antibody against calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin (APV) or calbindin (ACB) was added at a concentration 25 microl/ml. In group 4, a combination of cocaine +APV was added at a concentration 1 mg+25 microl/ml of culture media. On the 10th day cultures were immunostained using APV and ACB antibodies. In developing GABAergic neurons of group 2 cocaine produced cytotoxic effects that were expressed in drastic decrease in number of neurons and in degeneration of their processes. The lower concentrations of cocaine caused milder cytotoxity and their effects were reversible. The highest concentration of cocaine caused irreversible degeneration of neurons. Similar cytotoxity was caused by APV or ACB in group 3. The most severe cytotoxic effects were seen in group 4, where a mixture of cocaine and APV was used. Overall, it can be concluded that cocaine in higher concentrations directly affects development of GABAergic neurons in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Neurochemical characterization of AMPA receptor-containing neurons in the mediolateral septal area of the rat.

The lateral septum receives a massive innervation by excitatory amino acid-containing limbic cortical and hypothalamic afferents, and previous studies have described a wide distribution of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor-containing neurons in this area. The aim of this study was to determine whether different subtypes of AMPA receptors are expressed in the same neurons. Furthermore, considering the fact that a population of lateral septal cells, the "somatospiny neurons," are GABAergic calbindin-containing cells, the coexistence of each subtype of AMPA receptor with calbindin was also investigated. Colocalization experiments were performed on adjacent vibratome sections of the lateral septal area for GluR1 and GluR2/3 AMPA-receptor subunits, GluR1 and calbindin, GluR2/3 and calbindin, as well as GluR1 plus calbindin and GluR2/3 plus calbindin, using the "mirror" colocalization technique. The results are summarized as follows: (1) GluR1 is present in the soma and most intensively expressed in dendrites and somatic and dendritic spines; while GluR2/3 is associated with the soma and proximal dendrites of the neurons. (2) Forty-one percent of the AMPA receptor-containing neurons cocontain GluR1 and GluR2/3. (3) Thirty-eight percent of GluR1- and 28% of GluR2/3-labeled cells express calbindin. (4) Sixty-two percent of the calbindin-immunoreactive neurons contain GluR1 and 51% of them express GluR2/3. (5) Half of the neurons expressing both GluR1 and GluR2/3 also contain calbindin. (6) The distribution of GluR1 plus GluR2/3-containing, GluR1 plus calbindin-containing, and GluR2/3 plus calbindin-containing neurons in the lateral septum are homogeneous. This study indicates the existence of multiple populations of AMPA receptor- and calbindin-containing neurons in the lateral septal area.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of differential gene expression profiles in diabetic embryopathy using DNA microarray analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The molecular mechanisms by which maternal diabetes impairs embryogenesis are not established. This study aimed to determine the developmental genes and molecular pathways that are involved in diabetic embryopathy, by comparing gene expression profiles in the yolk sacs between the embryos of diabetic and control rats by using DNA microarray analysis. STUDY DESIGN: Diabetes was induced in female rats by injecting streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) intravenously. Glucose levels were controlled by subcutaneously implanting insulin pellets. The female rats were mated with normal male rats. At gestation day 4, the insulin pellets were removed from a group of animals, making them hyperglycemic. The animals with insulin pellets served as controls. At gestational day 12, embryos were explanted, and yolk sacs were collected. Total RNA, free of DNA contamination, was extracted from the yolk sacs. Complementary DNA probes were synthesized, labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 fluorescent dyes, and used to hybridize rat oligo-array containing 10,000 genes. Data were analyzed by using 1-sample t test on log2 ratios, with P < .05 representing a significant difference. The changes in expression levels of important genes were verified with the use of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Five microarray experiments produced consistent results. A total of 101 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the embryos of diabetic and control rats. Analyses that used PathwayAssist (Ariadne Genomics, Rockville, MD) revealed a number of potential signaling pathways and genes involved in insulin signaling and stress response (insulin 2, insulin-binding protein 1, GST pi1), cell growth (GAP43, CSF1R, HGF), calcium signaling (calbindin 3, CBP A6), and PKC signaling (PKCBP beta15, FABP5), in concert with prior biochemical and molecular findings. CONCLUSION: These observations show significant alterations in expression of developmental and stress response genes in diabetic embryopathy, and demonstrate, for the first time, that the yolk sac cells express insulin during early development. In addition, these data also demonstrate that hyperglycemia induces altered gene expression, resulting in aberrant cell signaling, morphogenesis, and embryopathy.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Development of the tecto-thalamic projection neurons and the differential expressions of calcium-binding proteins in the rat.

We studied expression of calbindin-D 28 K and parvalbumin in tecto-thalamic projection neurons and during the formation of their tecto thalamic projections using a double-labeling with Fluoro-Gold. To discern the completion of these projections, Fluoro Gold, an opalescent fluorescent dye, was injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate and/or the lateral posterior nucleus in rats of various ages from neonates to adults. After one day's survival, the brains were removed and sections of the brain were immunohistochemically processed using Cy3, a red fluorescent dye, as a marker for calbindin-D 28 K or parvalbumin. The three types of tecto thalamic neurons, which have been described previously in the adult rats, were identified in the present study. The results revealed that in developing rats: 1) A population of medium-sized neurons (the presumed pyriform cells) express calbindin-D 28 K as early as the day of birth prior to the formation of their tecto thalamic projection that occured on postnatal day 4. Most (over 90%) of them project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; 2) A population of large neurons (the presumed wide-field vertical cells) express calbindin-D 28 K on postnatal day 7, and most of them (over 90%) project to the lateral posterior nucleus; 3) Another population of medium-sized neurons (the presumed narrow-field cells) express parvalbumin on post-natal day 17, but only a half (45%) of them project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. In the developing nervous system, calcium ions play important roles in the biological and molecular events underlying neural development. Changes in the free intracellular calcium ion level, indicating neuronal activity has been reported to be correlated with onset of calbindin-D 28 K or parvalbumin-immunoreactivity that participate in the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis in neurons. Therefore, the present findings may reflect distinct developmental events in the different classes of tectal relay neurons that form parallel visual pathways, but which have such different functions as the detection of luminance, discrimination of direction, and the detection of fast movements.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Selective expression of doublecortin and LIS1 in developing human cortex suggests unique modes of neuronal movement.

The genes doublecortin (DCX) and LIS1 are required for proper cortical neuronal migration and differentiation in humans. Here, we study the expression pattern of the encoded proteins of these genes in developing human brain. LIS1 stained virtually all migrating neurons throughout periods of development. Initially, DCX extensively overlapped with Reelin in early preplate stage in radially oriented columns of cells in the ventricular zone, whereas at later stages, the majority of DCX-positive cells were horizontally oriented. During the cortical plate stage, two opposite patterns of DCX expression were found: in radially oriented apical processes, presumably of pyramidal cells in the cortical plate, and in non-radially oriented mono- or bipolar neurons with migratory morphologies in the deep compartments of the cerebral wall. The extensive co-localization of DCX and Calretinin in non-radially oriented neurons suggested a non-pyramidal phenotype. These cells assumed a more vertical orientation upon entering the subplate. In addition, DCX was expressed by cells in the subpial granular layer and by Cajal-Retzius cells. In a 19 week human fetal cortex with a LIS1 mutation, the number of Reelin-expressing Cajal-Retzius cells was reduced and their morphology was abnormal. DCX was expressed by cells in all regions, but in extremely low numbers, suggesting that LIS1 deficiency adversely affects the migration and differentiation of DCX- and Reelin-positive neurons.

1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase↗
PubMed1986

Distribution of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid in rat placenta and duodenum.

The vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP), cholecalcin or calbindin, is one of the best documented molecular expressions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the hormonal metabolite of vitamin D. In this report, DNA/RNA hybridization assays have been used to examine cholecalcin (CaBP) mRNA production in the placenta and duodenum of 21-day pregnant rats. A cloned CaBP cDNA which codes for the rat intestinal 9000 mol wt cholecalcin (9KCaBP) was radiolabeled and used in hybridization assays to explore 1) the size and relative quantities of CaBP mRNA extractable from placenta and duodenum by molecular hybridization, and 2) the localization and quantification, by in situ hybridization histochemistry, of CaBP mRNA in specific cells in rat placenta and duodenum. Northern hybridization studies show that the [32P]cDNA sequence hybridizes to a single 500- to 600-nucleotide species in the placenta as in the duodenum and, therefore, demonstrate identical 9KCaBP mRNA processing in both tissues. Dot blot hybridization studies show that the concentration of 9KCaBP mRNA was greatest in the duodenum, while that of the inner (fetal) placenta was about 50% the duodenal level. Considerably less CaBP mRNA was found in the outer (maternal) placenta. The observed differences in 9KCaBP mRNA levels correlate well with the in vivo variations in 9KCaBP concentrations. In situ hybridization histochemistry using [3H]cDNA reveals that 9KCaBP mRNA visualized by silver grains was concentrated in the inner placenta over the cytoplasm of syncytial cells in the trophoblastic epithelium of the labyrinth and much less frequently in the cells of the outer placenta. In the duodenum, 9KCaBP mRNA was found only in the absorptive epithelial cells from the crypt region to the upper part of the villi. The silver grains were distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the columnar cells; they were densest in the perinuclear region and rarest in the nuclear region. The concentration was greater in the cells at the villous tips than in those of the crypts. This difference in 9KCaBP mRNA levels correlates well with the distribution of the protein itself along the villi. CaBP mRNA quantities detected by hybridization histochemistry showed greater labeling in the syncytial cells of the trophoblastic epithelium of the labyrinth than in the absorptive epithelial cells of the upper part of the villi (200% less), indicating accumulation of CaBP mRNA at a greater rate in the trophoblastic epithelium than in the absorptive epithelial cells. These results indicate that in the rat, 9KCaBP is synthesized in both the absorptive cells of the duodenum and the cells of the trophoblastic epithelium of the placenta.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Identification of genes differentially expressed in wild type and Purkinje cell degeneration mice.

Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mice are characterized by death of virtually all cerebellar Purkinje cells by postnatal day 30. In this study, we used DNA microarray analysis to investigate differences in gene expression between the brains of wild type and pcd mice on postnatal day 20, before the appearance of clear-cut phenotypic abnormalities. We identified 300 differentially expressed genes, most of which were involved in metabolic and physiological processes. Among the differentially expressed genes were several calcium binding proteins including calbindin-28k, paravalbumin, matrix gamma-carboxyglutamate protein and synaptotagamins 1 and 13, suggesting the involvement of abnormal Ca2+ signaling in the pcd phenotype.

Alleles↗
PubMed1991

Abnormal intestinal regulation of calbindin-D9K and calmodulin by dietary calcium in genetic hypertension.

Using isolated duodenal cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive controls, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), we previously showed that cellular calcium flux was decreased in SHR and that increasing dietary calcium (from 1 to 2%) eliminated strain differences in Ca2+ fluxes. The present study was carried out to investigate the role of calbindin-D9K and calmodulin in the flux difference and dietary calcium effects. Calbindin-D9K and calmodulin were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis in duodenal protein extracts of SHR and WKY (12-14 and 24-26 wk old) fed either a 1 or 2% calcium diet and measured by a ligand blotting (45Ca) technique. Young SHR had a significantly lower calbindin-D9K (P less than 0.001) than did WKY on either diet. Calmodulin was significantly lower in young SHR than in WKY (P less than 0.002). There was no strain difference in calmodulin in older rats fed the normal calcium diet. Calbindin-D9K was significantly decreased by the high-calcium diet in both strains at both ages. There was a significant correlation between duodenal calbindin-D9K and plasma levels of calcitriol (r = +0.80, P less than 0.001) in WKY but not in SHR. Calmodulin was significantly decreased by dietary calcium in mature WKY (4.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.4 micrograms/mg cell protein, P less than 0.03), demonstrating a potential regulation by dietary calcium of this protein. Finally, there was a significant correlation between calbindin-D9K and calmodulin (r = 0.59, P less than 0.001) in WKY but not in SHR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1999

Intestinal plasma membrane calcium pump protein and its induction by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) decrease with age.

The plasma membrane Ca pump of intestinal absorptive cells has been proposed as a component in the vitamin D-dependent active transport of Ca. Because intestinal Ca transport declines with age, the purpose of this study was to determine if changes in Ca pump expression parallel this decline. Intestinal levels of the plasma membrane Ca pump protein were measured by Western blotting in Fischer 344 rats that were 2, 12, and 24 mo of age. Ca pump protein levels declined by 90% in the duodenum and 65% in the ileum between 2 and 12 mo of age, the time during which active Ca transport declines markedly. The effect of age on the induction of the Ca pump by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], the active metabolite of vitamin D, was determined. Rats were made deficient in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) by feeding a high-strontium diet, and they were then dosed with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or vehicle at 48, 24, and 6 h. In 12-mo-old rats 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induced duodenal Ca pump protein to only 39% and active Ca transport to 33% of that seen in 2-mo-old animals. These studies demonstrate that decreased expression of the plasma membrane Ca pump protein, along with calbindin protein, parallels the decline in intestinal Ca transport and its response to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) with age.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Response of Purkinje neurons to hypobaric hypoxic exposure as shown by alteration in expression of glutamate receptors, nitric oxide synthases and calcium binding proteins.

Hypobaric hypoxia is known to impair muscular coordination. It is not known whether hypobaric hypoxia causes any damage to the Purkinje neurons which may be responsible for impairment of muscular coordination. Expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1, amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid GluR2/3, calcium binding proteins and nitric oxide synthases in the Purkinje neurons was examined in rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. The mRNA expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1, GluR2, GluR3 and nitric oxide synthases [neuronal, endothelial and inducible] was upregulated at 3 h peaking at 24 h after the exposure. This was sustained up to 3 days; thereafter, it was comparable to the controls. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed a marked expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1 and GluR2/3 at the above time intervals. Immunoexpression of calbindin-D28k (calbindin) and parvalbumin was intense in the soma of Purkinje neurons in the control rats. It was, however, drastically downregulated up to 3 days after exposure. At 3 days the neuronal dendrites showed intense expression of calbindin which returned to control levels at 7 days. Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthase was markedly upregulated from 3 h to 3 days whereas endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, localized in the blood vessels and Purkinje neurons, remained elevated up to 24 h after the exposure. A progressive darkening of the Purkinje neuron cell bodies was observed at ultrastructural level up to 3 days but degenerating cells were not observed. A salient alteration was the dilation and stacking of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the dendrites up to 14 days after the exposure. The present results suggest that hypobaric hypoxia leads to overexpression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1 and GluR2/3 in Purkinje neurons that may be responsive to altered calcium levels as manifested by decreased expression of calcium binding proteins. This together with excess nitric oxide production may have led to transient ultrastructural changes. We propose that the functions of the Purkinje neurons may be altered in response to an acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia resulting in impairment of motor coordination.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Prednisolone-induced Ca2+ malabsorption is caused by diminished expression of the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6.

Glucocorticoids, such as prednisolone, are often used in clinic because of their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, glucocorticoids reduce bone mineral density (BMD) as a side effect. Malabsorption of Ca2+ in the intestine is supposed to play an important role in the etiology of low BMD. To elucidate the mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced Ca2+ malabsorption, the present study investigated the effect of prednisolone on the expression and activity of proteins responsible for active intestinal Ca2+ absorption including the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6, calbindin-D(9K), and the plasma membrane ATPase PMCA1b. Therefore, C57BL/6 mice received 10 mg/kg body wt prednisolone daily by oral gavage for 7 days and were compared with control mice receiving vehicle only. An in vivo 45Ca2+ absorption assay indicated that intestinal Ca2+ absorption was diminished after prednisolone treatment. We showed decreased duodenal TRPV6 and calbindin-D(9K) mRNA and protein abundance in prednisolone-treated compared with control mice, whereas PMCA1b mRNA levels were not altered. Importantly, detailed expression studies demonstrated that in mice these Ca2+ transport proteins are predominantly localized in the first 2 cm of the duodenum. Furthermore, serum Ca2+ and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] concentrations remained unchanged by prednisolone treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that prednisolone reduces the intestinal Ca2+ absorption capacity through diminished duodenal expression of the active Ca2+ transporters TRPV6 and calbindin-D(9K) independent of systemic 1,25(OH)2D3.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Biological evaluation of epoxy analogs of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

The biological activity of 16-epoxy side-chain analogs of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, (1 alpha,25(OH)2D3) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Compared to 1 alpha,25(0H)2D3, all analogs had lower affinities for the pig duodenal vitamin D receptor and also for the human serum vitamin D binding protein. The in vitro effects on cell proliferation or differentiation of human promyeloid leukemia (induction of superoxide production in HL-60 cells), human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells (osteocalcin secretion), or human breast cancer cells (incorporation of thymidine in MCF-7 cells), was markedly inhibited by several epoxy analogs, compared to 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3, but the rank order of their activity widely varied among different cancer cells. The most potent analogs (24S,25S-24-hydroxy-25,26-epoxy-22-ene-1 alpha-OHD3, 25,26-epoxy-23-yne-1 alpha-OHD3, and 25,26-epoxy-23-yne-20-epi-1 alpha-OHD3 or compounds, 16, 5, and 7, respectively) were equipotent (16 and 5) or 30-fold (compound 7 on MG-63 cells) to 40-fold (compound 7 on MCF-7 cells) more active than 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3. These analogs were nevertheless poorly antirachitic (< 3%) when tested in vitamin D-deficient chicks (using serum and bone calcium, serum osteocalcin and duodenal calbindin D-28K, as end points). Compound 7 was also 100-fold more active than 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 in inhibition of proliferation of human foreskin keratinocytes. Some epoxy analogs of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 thus display interesting dissociations between their receptor affinity and their potency to induce cell differentiation, whereas their effect on cell proliferation/differentiation exceed their calcemic effects more than 100- to 1000-fold.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Phosphorus intake regulates intestinal function and polyamine metabolism in uremia.

This study found that 5/6-nephrectomized uremic rats showed secondary hyperparathyroidism as reflected by an increase in their serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in association with a decrease in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D]. These changes recovered partially upon phosphorus restriction. Calcium absorption and gene expression of calbindin-D9k were decreased in uremia and were also improved by phosphorus restriction. In uremia, intestinal spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase activity was decreased, while ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and its gene expression were potentiated. Enhancement of c-fos and c-jun gene expressions was also observed in uremia. These phenomena suggest that the intestinal villus may proliferate in uremia. Phosphorus restriction prevented increases in the expression of ODC, c-fos and c-jun observed in uremia. Since phosphorus restriction caused a rise in the serum 1,25-(OH)2D level, the role of 1,25-(OH)2D in uremia-induced intestinal dysfunction was examined. A single injection of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to uremic rats caused an increase in the steady-state calbindin-D9k mRNA level, and decreases in steady state c-fos and ODC mRNA levels, suggesting that the deficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D3 is responsible for intestinal dysfunction in uremia. In conclusion, altered polyamine metabolism caused by 1,25-(OH)2D deficiency is intimately involved in intestinal dysfunction and the development of the proliferative state of the intestinal villus in uremia.

Absorption↗