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PubMed2006

[A cross sectional study of passive smoking of non-smoking women and analysis of influence factors on women passive smoking].

OBJECTIVE: To fund out the state of passive smoking of non-smoking women and search for measures of controlling women passive smoking. METHODS: 3500 non-smoking women in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu city were interviewed. Analyses were performed by chi2 test Fisher test and ANOVA test. RESULTS: 92.7% passive smoking women exposure to ETS at home, 40.8% at workplace. 38.9% exposed to ETS from birthday, and 42.3% from 18 - 30 age. The average exposure time of passive smoking is (1.17 +/- 1.10) hours per day. The proportion of passive-smoking time over 2 hours at home is higher than work place. In passive-smoking group, the proportion of 30 - 50 age group, secondary education, married, merchant/service, principal of units, and manufacture/transport workers were higher than non-smoking group. 97.5% think that passive smoking is harmful to health, and the proportion of thinking passive smoking has severe harm to health in non-passive-smoking group is higher than passive-smoking group. 70.0% open windows when someone smokes around her, but only 16.9% ask the smokers do not smoke around her forwardly. Suppose that someone were smoking around yourself, the consciousness of avoiding passive smoking forwardly in non-passive-smoking group is stronger than passive-smoking group. 95.1% believe the content of smoking-harm propagandized by medium. CONCLUSION: The main places of controlling passive smoking are the home and the department, commerce, service, and manufacture/ transport workplace. The rate of passive smoking was influenced by the consciousness of the serious level of harms by passive smoking. Propagandizing the serious harm of passive smoking by medium and strengthening the consciousness of avoiding passive smoking were one of feasible measures to lower the rate of smoking and passive smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Low birth weight in Maniema (Democratic Republic of Congo)].

BACKGROUND: This study sought to examine birth outcomes in the general population in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Specifically we wanted to see if the proportion of low birth-weight infants (<2,500g), including preterm infants, differed from that of most developing countries in view of the political disturbances in DRC over the past eight years. METHODS: We studied birth weight in two maternity units in the province of Maniema from November 2003 to October 2004: there were 938 births, 450 at Kama and 488 at Kipaka. RESULTS: The rate of low birth weight (LBW) (<2,500g) infants was 164 per 1,000 live births at Kama and 270 per 1,000 live births at Kipaka. This rate was higher at Kipaka than at Kama, probably because commerce has improved living conditions at Kama (chi(2)=16.79, p<0.001). The study also confirmed the importance of maternal age, especially the 14-17 year age group, in low birth weight (including preterm births). The relative risk associated with this age group was 2.2 at Kama (95% CI: 1.3-3.7) and 1.5 at Kipaka (95% CI: 1.1-2.1). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that low birth weight (including preterm birth) remains a public heath problem in DRC, as in other developing countries. They also confirm that very young mothers are most likely to have low birth-weight infants and they stress the importance of resources for preventing preterm birth and improving care of low birth-weight infants, born before or at term.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The case for using living non-related donors to alleviate the world wide shortage of cadaver kidneys for transplantation.

There continues to be a shortage of kidneys for transplantation even in countries with developed cadaver donor programmes. It is becoming clearer that cadaver donation will probably never satisfy the demand for kidneys, and living donor transplants are bound to play an important role in transplantation, more so in developing countries. Living non-related donation played a significant role in the early days of clinical renal transplantation, but fell into disrepute partly because of the activities of a few individuals and a few transplant centers that profited from commerce in human organs. However, it has always been recognised that living non-related donor (LNRD) renal transplantation per se was ethically acceptable. With the improvement in the results of renal transplantation, the persistent shortage has led to a reassessment of LNRD transplantation. Evidence indicates that both the public and the profession are in favour of this source of donation, although many transplant units are still reluctant to use it. However, more and more units, in both the developed and the developing world, are now performing such transplants. Where this is done ethically, the results appear to be excellent. We strongly believe that spouses, distant relatives and genetically non-related individuals who have an enduring relationship should be permitted to donate.

Asia↗
PubMed1991

Description of survey towns and populations. Euronut SENECA investigators.

Some 2600 elderly people born between 1913 and 1918 have been enrolled in the Euronut SENECA study. In 12 European countries they were randomly selected from the resident populations of 19 'traditional' towns, mostly with a population size between 10,000 and 30,000 inhabitants. Site characteristics of these towns differ from mainly rural to urban and from lowland to mountainous with a range of temperate climates. In the rural areas work opportunities are primarily agricultural whereas in mixed rural/urban, suburban and urban areas most of the working population are engaged in industry, administration and commerce. The percentage of people over the age of 65 ranged from 8% to 22%. Medical and social facilities for the aged vary widely from site to site.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in the People's Republic of China.

The People's Republic of China has a large number of animal parasites transmitted through the ingestion of food products. Approximately 20 species of parasites in animals and man are reported from most of the provinces and autonomous regions of the country. The major food-borne parasitic zoonoses are reported from pigs, cattle, fish, crabs and crayfish, snails, frogs, snakes, and aquatic plants. The most important diseases are toxoplasmosis, taeniasis, cysticercosis, sparganosis, clonorchiasis, fascioliasis, fasciolopsiasis, paragonomiasis, echinostomiasis, trichinosis, gnathostomiasis, and angiostrongyliasis. There is concern that some of these parasitoses may develop into more serious problems because of the increase in free-market commerce and the lack of adequate inspection of food products. Furthermore, many cultures in China enjoy eating raw or inadequately cooked food products. Control programs have been initiated utilizing newer drugs, but there must also be educational programs, as well as an improvement in sanitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ethics in organ donation: contrasts in two cultures.

1. For cadaveric organs in the West, there are many avenues that should be pursued in order to increase the supply. Most of the measures under "giving" in Table 2 are ethical, though we do not accept the implication that those who enroll, in advance, as future organ donors should thereby obtain priority for their own possible future transplant organ needs. 2. "Legislated taking" could be ethically justified if shown to be acceptable to most persons in a society or culture, with provision for opting out for those with minority opinions and beliefs. Such evidence should be sought, and acted upon if found to be present. It certainly warrants a strong public education thrust. 3. Possibilities should be explored for nonmonetary rewarding of families of the decreased, in ways that would not foreclose on families giving authorization for purely altruistic reasons. Direct money payments, "buying," will never outweigh the ethical arguments against the practice, in our opinion. There are other societal avenues by which to pursue the perfectly acceptable goals of indirect altruism. 4. For kidney donations from unrelated living donors in India, a case is made for considering rewarded gifting as being ethically acceptable if it is defined in the way that it is carefully defined for this article, provided it meets the criteria for indirect altruism of a panel of social peers, and also is linked to measures of mandated philanthropy (decided also by a panel of social peers), for the reasons given. This is a balance of societal burden (in allowing rewarded gifting) by the ensured benefit to the seller (to prevent his victimization) plus a required benefit to society by seller's philanthropy. The setting of these balances should be decided by a panel of social peers. Such acceptance would not necessarily pass muster for other cultures than the one for which it is designed. 5. All forms of commerce, included that described in the preceding paragraph, become ethically unacceptable if the regulations governing them cannot realistically be enforced. This is a crucial point, a requirement for ethical cogency.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1990

Organ transplantation: the Latin American legislative response.

As medical barriers to human organ transplants have fallen, serious legal and ethical obstacles have emerged. This article provides an overview of those obstacles, taking into account the relevant legislation in force in 16 Latin American countries in 1989. The author proceeds by considering postmortem and inter-vivos organ donations separately and examining the principal ethical and legal issues relating to each kind. In the case of postmortem donation these deal mainly with donor consent, recipient selection, funding of transplant costs, and possible conflict of interest. In the case of inter-vivos donation they relate again to donor consent and funding as well as to certain other matters-notably donor compensation, commerce in organs, and international sharing of organs. On the whole it is concluded that the countries of Latin America, together with the nations of the world in general, urgently need to develop more comprehensive legislation on organ procurement and transplantation.

Brain Death↗
PubMed1990

[The occupational spectrum in alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis].

The professional spectrum was analysed in 898 patients with ascertained alveolitides and lung fibroses. Most frequent were fibroses in occupations from agriculture and forestry (167 = 18.6%). Then followed workers in metal (119 = 13.3%), commerce and supply (69 = 7.7%), transport (46 = 5.1%), economic management (46 = 5.1%), building trade (42 = 4.7%) and textile workers (34 = 3.8%). The proportion of the other professional branches was lower than 3.5%. Close connections between disease and profession were seen in the employees in agriculture. The group is formed above all by farmer's lungs (exposure against hay, straw, pellets, corn, fruit, vegetables and so on) and bird-fanciers' lungs. In the other professional groups the rate of the etiologically clarified cases is essentially smaller. Particularly the metal branches are a centre for further investigations.

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
PubMed1990

Bioethics and knowledge.

The acquisition of knowledge must be regarded as the first duty, as affirmed by Claude Bernard and Jacques Monod. It occupies a place in the forefront of other duties--respect for the individual and his liberty and dignity--to which the duty of knowledge must be subordinated. An attempt must be made to reconcile these diverse obligations. These three situations are described by stressing the importance of the principles that govern these studies: respect for the individual; respect for science; restriction of human experiments to what is strictly necessary; scrupulous assessment of the balance of risks and advantages; the human body is not an object of commerce; free and informed consent; solidarity between men.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of positive pressure on gypsum bonded investments].

The work aims to investigate the influence of positive pressure to initial and final setting time, as well as the volume variation in course of the pressure carried out gypsum-bonded investment found at Dental Commerce. Seventy-six test samples were obtained, being five of them through conventional investing technique and seventy-one through technique by pressure. Gillmore needles were employed for determining the setting time, meanwhile for volumetric variation a mathematic formula had been applied. According to results, it was concluded that the use of positive pressure affected the initial and the final setting time and the volume after set.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

We need to know more about the economics of pediatric dental practice.

Reports by the ADA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, and the HCFA all confirm the improving economics of dental practice, a reflection of increasing use of dental services by children of all ages. Unfortunately, the continued activity of questionable proprietary economic surveys results in a jaded group of practitioners continuously asked to respond. It is inexcusable that we just don't know very much about the income of the profession.

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1990

[Trends in lipid consumption in the Czechoslovak population].

The health status of our population is not satisfactory, an important part in this respect is played among others also by nutrition. The authors submit information on changes in the energy, protein and fat consumption of the Czechoslovak population during the period between 1936 and 1987. The increase in fat consumption is due in the first place to the increased consumption of meat, milk, eggs and fats. While in 1936 the mean consumption was 79.0 g of fat per head per day, in 1987 the intake was more than 129 g, i.e. by 63% higher. In addition to fats the greatest contribution to fat intake is made by meat and meat products (40%), milk and dairy products (18%) and cereal products (13%). The increase in lipid consumption is one of the risk factors participating in the development of cardiovascular diseases, the trend of which is alarming. Improvement can be achieved by a change of dietary habits; the prerequisite is a nation-wide programme with an active approach in all spheres--from farmers, the food industry and commerce to all types of communal and family catering.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1989

Marketing of human organs and tissues is justified and necessary.

The bioethical guidelines now banning commerce in human body parts to be used for transplantation manifest unrealistic and arbitrary inflexibility which perpetuates and worsens the deficit in organ supply. Instead of relying on traditionally revered but now outmoded and even irrelevant bioethical maxims, formulators of the guidelines should have concentrated on a more meaningful situational adaptation to contemporary real-life circumstances. Many unexpectedly relevant and important nuances of concepts such as property, ownership, and altruism must now be taken into account. Hypothetical examples explore the morality of a universal ban by fiat and the associated problems of organ supply and demand, of cost and affordability, and of fair equity. It is difficult to justify purely altruistic organ donation today, when the health care professions and industries are frantically pursuing commercial profits. It is concluded that the ban should be scrapped in favor of a well-organized, open, and legally regulated commercial market for human organs and tissues.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1989

The mammalian circadian system: models and physiology.

Mammalian circadian rhythms have been studied in great detail using primarily two different methods. One method is usually referred to as the formal analysis of rhythms. Its goal is to describe the properties of both rhythms and their underlying mechanisms, and it aims at the development of adequate mathematical models of the circadian system. The other method is the physiological analysis of the mechanisms that generate and entrain rhythms. Its goal is the identification of the anatomical components of the circadian system and the elucidation at a cellular and molecular level of how these components work. This paper reviews how the formal analysis of circadian systems, primarily in rodents, set the agenda for physiological studies, and the degree to which this agenda has been fulfilled. It then discusses how physiological analyses of the system have helped to redefine issues such as the nature and identity of the pacemaker, the nature of the entrainment process, the roles of photic and nonphotic cues, and the role of feedback in the circadian system. The continued commerce between these two approaches has led to a sophisticated appreciation of the complexities and subtleties of circadian organization in mammals. The further integration of formal and physiological analyses remains a challenging goal for the future.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer induction in mice by 4-hydroxybenzenediazonium sulfate of the Agaricus xanthodermus mushroom.

4-Hydroxybenzenediazonium sulfate (HBD) was administered to Swiss mice by subcutaneous injection at weekly intervals of two or 36 times at 10 or 2 micrograms per gram body weight, respectively. The HBD given 36 times induced tumors of the subcutis in 22% of females and in 22% of males. The corresponding tumor incidences in the untreated controls were 2% in females and 8% in males. Histopathologically, the neoplasms were classified as fibromas, fibrosarcomas, myxosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. The HBD given two times was, however, without tumor-inducing effect. HBD is an ingredient of the Agaricus xanthodermus, a non-cultivable unedible mushroom, which is closely related to the mushroom of commerce Agaricus bisporus. HBD is now the third compound of the diazonium class to exhibit carcinogenic activity.

Agaricus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aflatoxins in domestic and imported foods and feeds.

Aflatoxins, metabolic products of the molds Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, may occur in foods and feeds. These toxins cannot be entirely avoided or eliminated from foods or feeds by current agronomic and manufacturing processes and are considered unavoidable contaminants. To limit aflatoxin exposure, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has set action levels for these toxins in foods and feeds involved in interstate commerce. FDA continually monitors food and feed industries through compliance programs. This report summarizes data generated from compliance programs on aflatoxins for the fiscal year 1986. Commodities sampled included peanuts and peanut products, corn and corn products, tree nuts, cottonseed, milk, spices, manufactured products, and miscellaneous foods and feeds. Correlations were highest between aflatoxin contamination and geographical areas for corn/corn products and cottonseed/cottonseed meal. Higher incidences of aflatoxin contamination in corn and corn products designated for human consumption were observed in samples collected in the southeastern states (32 and 28%, respectively). A higher incidence of contamination was observed in corn designated for animal feed from Arkansas-Texas (74%) than from the southeastern states (47%). Only 3% of feed corn from corn belt states contained detectable aflatoxins. All aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed was collected in the Arizona-California area; 80% of cottonseed meal analyzed from this area also contained detectable levels of aflatoxins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer induction by the sulfate form of 4-(hydroxymethyl) benzenediazonium ion of Agaricus bisporus.

The sulfate form of 4-(hydroxymethyl) benzenediazonium ion (HMBD) of Agaricus bisporus was given by 26 weekly subcutaneous injections at 50 micrograms/g body weight to Swiss mice. As a result of treatment, tumors of subcutis and skin developed in 32% and 14% of the females and 40% and 4% of the males, respectively. The corresponding tumor incidences in the sodium sulfate-injected solvent control groups were 0% and 2% in females and 4% and 0% in males, respectively. Histopathologically, the tumors were fibrosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas and angiosarcomas of the subcutis, squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of skin. The present finding discounts an earlier allegation that the tetrafluoroborate portion of the diazonium ion acted as a cocarcinogen. HMBD was found at a 0.6 ppm level in the mushroom of commerce Agaricus bisporus.

Agaricus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The emergence of pioneering public health education programs in the United States.

This paper considers the social forces leading to the establishment of pioneering public health education programs in the United States. Schools of Public Health emerged in the United States as the result of a confluence of factors, including the changing nature of higher education, the development of commerce and industry, the rise to prominence of the science of bacteriology, and the urbanization of the nation, all coupled with a pervasive spirit of utility and a desire to be, in a word, useful. Each line leading to the establishment of five public health institutions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard-M.I.T., Yale, Michigan, and Pennsylvania is explored.

Health Education↗