Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CAMPHOR”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 829 records · Page 46Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Activity of endodontic antibacterial agents against selected anaerobic bacteria.

The antimicrobial activity of substances used as antibacterial agents (solutions of 10% calcium hydroxide, camphorated paramonochlorophenol - PMCC, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and 10% castor oil plant detergent) on anaerobic bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, Prevotella nigrescens ATCC 33563, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 and Bacteroidesfragilis ATCC 25285), using a broth dilution technique, was evaluated in vitro. For determination of minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericide concentrations (MIC and MBC), two culture broths, Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM) and supplemented Brucella, standardized inoculum and serially diluted solutions were used. All antibacterial agents presented antimicrobial activity that varied for different bacteria. There were no differences in the performance of the two broths. Chlorhexidine digluconate was the most effective, with the lowest MICs, followed by castor oil detergent, PMCC and calcium hydroxide. C. perfringens and B. fragilis were the most resistant bacteria to all agents.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2006

In vitro evaluation of the susceptibility of endodontic pathogens to calcium hydroxide combined with different vehicles.

The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] in combination with different vehicles against endodontic pathogens. For such purpose, a broth dilution test was performed. Pastes were prepared with Ca(OH)2 powder and the following vehicles: sterile water, glycerin, camphorated monochlorophenol (CMCP), CMCP + glycerin, polyethyleneglycol and CMCP + polyethyleneglycol. The time required for the pastes to produce negative cultures against the tested microorganisms was recorded and analyzed statistically using the Kruskal Wallis test at 5% significance level. Timing for pastes to eliminate the aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms ranged from 6 to 24 h, while strict anaerobic microorganisms were inhibited within 30 s to 5 min. Microbial susceptibility, ranked from weakest to strongest, can be presented as follows: Enterococcus faecalis (the most resistant microorganism), Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Prevotella intermedia (the last two microorganisms required the same time to be eliminated). In conclusion, calcium hydroxide pastes needed more time to eliminate facultative than anaerobic microorganisms. These findings suggest that the antimicrobial property is related both to paste formulation and to microbial susceptibility.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Antibacterial efficacy of root canal medicaments.

The antibacterial efficacy of four endodontic medicaments was studied in vitro. Calcium hydroxide (CALACEPT), camphorated parachlorophenol (CPCP), Cresophene, and 2% iodine-potassium iodide (IKI) were tested against four anaerobic microorganisms, Streptococcus mutans, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Porphyromonus gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, for 10 or 15 min. IKI was effective only against F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, and the others were effective against all four microorganisms.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1991

A behavioral augmentation of natural immunity: odor specificity supports a Pavlovian conditioning model.

BALB/c mice were conditioned by pairing an odor to an injection of poly-inosinic:poly-cytidylic acid (poly I:C), a strong inducer of natural killer (NK) cell activity as the unconditioned stimulus (US). When later reexposed to the odor conditioning stimulus (CS), these mice showed a conditioned augmentation of the NK cell response to a suboptimal dose of 1 microgram poly I:C. The two stimuli used in these studies were camphor (Ca) and citronella oil (Cr) odors, two chemically-related but distinct odor stimuli. The conditioned mice demonstrated the ability to discriminate between Ca and Cr, such that the conditioned response (CR) was only elicited by the odor CS used in the formation of the conditioned association. Exposure of conditioned mice to the non-associated odor stimulus on the test day did not elicit a change in the NK cell response to the suboptimal dose of poly I:C when compared to mice in the US group that had been given the US on day 0 without pairing to either odor stimulus. This specificity of the CR for the odor CS and not the unassociated odor stimulus supports the interpretation that the elevation of NK cell activity in this paradigm is due to Pavlovian conditioning and therefore dependent on central nervous system (CNS) associative processes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The direction of the conditioned natural killer cell response can be re-directed with indomethacin and/or handling.

We have used the pairing of camphor odor conditioned stimulus (CS) and injection of poly I:C unconditioned stimulus (US) in a short 3 day single trial conditioning paradigm. Conditioning was done by exposing mice to the CS/US combination on day 0 and reexposing the conditioned animals to the CS on day 2. This results in a conditioned augmentation of the natural killer (NK) cell response. Indomethacin treatment and/or handling stress induced by simply measuring rectal temperature was found to dramatically alter the direction of the conditioned NK cell response. Conditioning of indomethacin treated mice produced a conditioned suppression of the NK cell response mimicking a conditioned tolerance response. If handling stress was superimposed on day 2 the conditioned suppression response was replaced by a conditioned augmentation of the NK cell response. Even with one trial conditioning, drugs and handling stress can serve as additional cues to alter the direction of the conditioned response. The studies also show that the conditioning of the fever response is independent of conditioning of the NK cell response.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

One pill can kill: assessing the potential for fatal poisonings in children.

Antimalarials, camphor, clonidine, methyl salicylates, and sulfonylureas all may result in serious poisonings and are potentially fatal in small doses in toddlers. Early recognition and appropriate management, including antidotal and supportive care, may prevent poor outcomes in these patients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acute poisoning of an infant by cutaneous application of a local counterirritant and pulmonary antiseptic salve].

The case of acute poisoning reported here raises the question of the harmlessness of preparations destined for cutaneous application in infants. After describing the method perfected for the identification and estimation of camphor, menthol and thymol in biological material, the authors present the toxicological, clinical and biological arguments in favour of the notion that the cutaneous resorption of these substances was responsible for this acute intoxication in an infant. Particular attention should be paid to poisoning which may result, in the newborn and infant, from the cutaneous application of active substances.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

[Relationship between nasal airflow sensation and nasal patency].

The relationship between nasal airflow sensation and nasal patency was evaluated by means of visual analogue test and anterior rhinomanometry. It was demonstrated that there is no significant correlation between the subjective sensation of nasal airflow and objective assessment of nasal airflow resistance. The site responsible for sensing airflow is located in the nasal vestibule. The volatile agents used in traditional Chinese medicine for nasal obstruction, such as camphor and menthol, could only improve the nasal sensation of airflow without alteration of nasal airway resistance. Our results suggested that the nasal sensation of airflow could not reflect real patency completely. Therefore, assessment of subjective sensation of airflow and measurement of nasal airway resistance combined must be used in the diagnosis and treatment of nasally obstructed patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of the essential oil of Juniperus procera Endl. growing in Kenya.

The essential oil of the wood of Juniperus procera Endl. (Cupressaceae) from the Aberdares mountains, Central Province, Kenya has been extracted by steam distillation for varying times and analyzed using GC and GC-MS. The optimum time has been found to be 8 hours with the yield of the oil and cedrol as 0.48 and 79.10%, respectively. Other constituents include 3,4-dimethylbiphenyl, a-cedrene, camphor, trans-geraniol, eugenol, and a-terpineol.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed1975

Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450. The effect of complexes of the ferric hemeprotein on the relaxation of solvent water protons.

With pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, the effects of various complexes of ferric cytochrome P-450 on the relaxation rate of bulk solution water protons have been determined. For the camphor, metyrapone, and 4-phenylimidazole complexes, the experimental results are consistent with outer sphere relaxation effects. However, for the substrate-free enzyme, the magnitude and temperature dependence of the paramagnetic relaxation effects indicate the presence of exchangeable protons in the coordination sphere of the heme iron atom. The exchange rate (9.3 x 10(4) S-1 at 25 degrees) and the thermodynamic activation parameters for the exchange process are very similar to those of acid metmyoglobin and acid methemoglobin, suggesting that a water molecule, and not an amino acid residue of the protein, coordinates to the ferric cation of the enzyme in the absence of added substrate or ligands. From the equations appropriate for coordination sphere protons, the distance between these protons and the ferric heme cation was evaluated as 2.1 A, which further supports the interpretation. These experimental results demonstrate that the solvent accessibility of the ferric cation of substrate-free cytochrome P-450 is significantly reduced by the binding of substrate or nitrogenous ligands to the hemeprotein.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2004

High pressure fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic studies on inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase active site: a comparison to cytochrome p450CAM.

High pressure Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is performed for the first time to analyse the active site of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOSox) using the carbon monoxide (CO) heme iron ligand stretch mode (nuCO) as spectroscopic probe. A membrane-driven sapphire anvil high-pressure cell is used. Three major conformational substates exist in substrate-free iNOSox which are characterized by nuCO at approximately 1936, 1945 and 1952 cm(-1). High pressure favors the 1936 cm(-1) substate with a volume difference to the 1945 substate of approximately -21 cm3/mol. The pressure induced cytochrome P420 formation with a reaction volume of approximately -80 cm3/mol is observed. Arginine binding produces a very low nuCO at approximately 1905 cm(-1) caused by the H-bond from the substrate to CO. nuCO for the substates in the substrate-free and arginine-bound proteins shift linearly with pressure which is qualitatively similar to the observation on cytochrome P450cam. The slightly smaller positive slope of the shift in substrate-free iNOSox compared to substrate-free P450cam is interpreted as a slightly lesser compressible heme pocket. In contrast, the significant slower negative slope for arginine-bound iNOSox compared to camphor-bound P450cam results from the different kind of interactions to the CO ligand (electrostatic interaction in P450cam, H-bond in iNOSox).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Treatment of rosacea with herbal ingredients.

Since rosacea is a chronic disease and many patients find prescription therapies unsatisfactory, they frequently turn to herbal ingredients for relief of their persistent facial redness. The most useful and frequently used herbal compounds include licorice, feverfew, green tea, oatmeal, lavender, chamomile, tea tree oil, and camphor oil. The utility of most of these herbs is based on their purported anti-inflammatory properties. Some of these herbs have proven effects, many have potential benefits, and some may aggravate rosacea. Due to the fact that many patients fail to inform their physicians about their use of herbal ingredients, dermatologists should be aware of what patients may be using and be able to advise them about the efficacy of these ingredients or the potential for adverse effects.

Avena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of various analeptics on the outcome of acute microwave lesion in mice].

The survival of albino mice irradiated by microwaves till the terminal state (wave length of 12.5 cm, intensity-62 +/- 5 microvat, for 14-16 minutes), given directly after irradiation diethylamide of nicotinic acid (cordiamine) in a dose of 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally and strychnine nitrate in a dose of 1 mg/kg, subcutaneously, i. e. nearly 1.5 times as much as received by controls, was studied. The application of caffeine sodium benzoate, camphor, metrasol, lobeline hydrochloride and cytisine, employed in different doses, proved to be little effective.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Observation of the O-O stretching Raman band for cytochrome P-450cam under catalytic conditions.

Dioxygen stretching (voo) Raman band was observed for the oxy form of Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450 (P-450cam) generated at room temperature under catalytic conditions, that is, in the presence of D-camphor, beta-NADH, putidaredoxin, and putidaredoxin reductase, by using the mixed flow transient Raman apparatus. At the same time the visible absorption spectra were monitored for the transient species. It was found that the voo frequency is little altered by binding of putidaredoxin to P-450cam, although the reduction rate of the oxy form becomes faster. Another intermediate with an oxygen isotope-sensitive band was not found in a time region until 2 s after mixing of the reduced enzyme with oxygen.

Camphor 5-Monooxygenase↗
PubMed1990

Investigation of DNA reactivity of endodontic agents by rec-assay.

Eight endodontic agents were tested for their reactivity with DNA by the rec-assay system. Employing 2 strains of Bacillus subtilis with different recombination capacities, the assay suggested that DNA damage is produced by agents for root canal cleaning containing sodium hypochloride. Other endodontic drugs, including disinfectants for caries cavities, sedatives for pulp, root canal disinfectants, and pulp devitalizing agents containing phenol, camphor, tricresol, formalin, and paraformaldehyde were also positive by rec-assay and would seem to potentially of damage cellular DNA in Bacillus subtilis. Though no clear evidence exists that drugs showing positive results by rec-assay induce malignant tumors in the oral region, these agents should be used carefully since they would seem to possibly cause genetic toxicity in mammalian cells.

Camphor↗
PubMed1979

Cytochrome P-450cam and putidaredoxin interaction during electron transfer.

Cytochrome P-450cam, the bacterial hemeprotein which catalyzes the 5-exo-hydroxylation of d-camphor, requires two electrons to activate molecular oxygen for this monooxygenase reaction. These two electrons are transferred to cytochrome P-450cam in two one-electron steps by the physiological reductant, putidaredoxin. The present study of the kinetics of reduction of cytochrome P-450cam by reduced putidaredoxin has shown that the reaction obeys first order kinetics with a rate constant of 33 s-1 at 25 degrees C with respect to: 1) the appearance of the carbon monoxide complex of Fe(II) cytochrome P-450cam; 2) the disappearance of the 645 nm absorbance band of high-spin Fe(III) cytochrome P-450cam; and 3) the disappearance of the g = 1.94 EPR signal of reduced putidaredoxin. This data was interpreted as indicative of the rapid formation of a bimolecular complex between reduced putidaredoxin Fe(III) cytochrome P-450cam. The existence of the complex was first shown indirectly by kinetic analysis and secondly directly by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of samples which were freeze-quenched approximately 16 ms after mixing. The direct evidence for complex formation was the loss of the EPR signal of Fe(III) cytochrome P-450cam upon formation of the complex while the EPR signal of reduced putidaredoxin decays with the same kinetics as the appearance of Fe(II) cytochrome P-450. The mechanism of the loss of the EPR signal of cytochrome P-450 upon formation of the complex is not apparent at this time but may involve a conformational change of cytochrome P-450cam following complex formation.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1989

19F nuclear magnetic resonance as a probe of the spatial relationship between the heme iron of cytochrome P-450 and its substrate.

The distance between the heme iron of ferrous cytochrome P-450-CAM and a fluorine label attached to the 9-methyl carbon of its substrate, (1R)-(+)-camphor, has been determined using 19F NMR. This investigation uses the Solomon-Bloembergen equation to measure the distance from a paramagnetic heme iron to a fluorine probe incorporated into a substrate that is not in fast exchange. The structural identity of the substrate analogue, 9-fluorocamphor, has been established using one- and two-dimensional NMR methods and mass spectrometry. The relaxation rate of 9-fluorocamphor bound to high-spin paramagnetic ferrous P-450-CAM has been studied at 188, 282, and 376 MHz, and the correlation time has been directly determined from the frequency dependence of the relaxation rate. When the substrate analogue was bound to the low-spin diamagnetic ferrous-CO derivative of the enzyme, the relaxation rate was found to be 100 times slower and was therefore neglected in the distance calculation. The relaxation data for the paramagnetic system and the correlation time have been used to calculate a distance of 3.8 A between the heme iron and the C-9 fluoride. A fit of the distance and the chemical shift data to the pseudocontact shift equation predicts an angle of approximately 52 degrees between the heme normal and the Fe-F vector. The solution state Fe-F distance is somewhat shorter and the angle between the heme normal and the Fe-F vector slightly larger for the substrate-bound ferrous enzyme reported herein than the analogous values for the substrate-bound ferric enzyme determined in the solid state by x-ray crystallography. These differences may reflect a structural change at the substrate-binding site upon reduction of the iron.

Camphor↗