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PubMed2002

Analysis of synovial fluid from clinically normal alpacas and llamas.

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference range values for synovial fluid from clinically normal New World camelids. ANIMALS: 15 llamas and 15 alpacas. PROCEDURE: Llamas and alpacas were anesthetized with an IM injection of a xylazine hydrochloride, butorphanol tartrate, and ketamine hydrochloride combination. Synovial fluid (1 to 2 ml) was obtained by aseptic arthrocentesis from the radiocarpal and tarsocrural joints. Synovial fluid evaluation included determination of total nucleated cell count (NCC), absolute number and percentage of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear leukocytes, total protein, and specific gravity. RESULTS: Synovial fluid evaluation revealed a total NCC of 100 to 1,400 cells/microl (mean +/- SD, 394.8+/-356.2 cells/microl; 95% confidence interval [CI], 295.2 to 494.6 cells/microl). Mononuclear leukocytes were the predominant cell type with lymphocytes, composing 50 to 90% (mean, 75.6+/-172%; 95% CI, 70.8 to 80.4%) of the mononuclear leukocytes. Approximately 0 to 12% (mean, 1.3+/-2.9%; 95% CI, 0.49 to 2.11%) of the cells were PMN leukocytes. Total protein concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 3.8 g/dl (mean, 2.54+/-0.29 g/dl; 95% CI, 2.46 to 2.62 g/dl); the specific gravity ranged between 1.010 and 1.026 (mean, 1.017+/-0.003; 95% CI, 1.016 to 1.018). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In llamas and alpacas, significant differences do not exist between species or between limbs (left vs right) or joints (radiocarpal vs tarsocrural) for synovial fluid values. Total NCC and absolute number and percentage of PMN and mononuclear leukocyte are similar to those of other ruminants and horses. However, synovial fluid total protein concentrations in New World camelids are high, compared with other domestic species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of meloxicam and carprofen on renal function when administered to healthy dogs prior to anesthesia and painful stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether administration of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs meloxicam or carprofen to healthy dogs that were subsequently anesthetized and subjected to painful electrical stimulation has adverse effects on renal function as measured by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and evaluation of serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. ANIMALS: 6 male and 6 female healthy young-adult Beagles. PROCEDURE: A study was conducted in accordance with a randomized crossover Latin-square design. One of 3 treatments (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution, 0.2 mg of meloxicam/kg, or 4.0 mg of carprofen/kg) was administered i.v. 1 hour before anesthesia was induced by use of drugs in accordance with a standard anesthetic protocol (butorphanol tartrate and acepromazine maleate as preanesthetic medications, ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam for induction, and maintenance with isoflurane). Anesthetized dogs were subjected to intermittent electrical stimulation for 30 minutes. Direct, mean arterial blood pressure; heart rate; and respiratory rate were monitored. End-tidal isoflurane concentration was maintained at 1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration. The GFR, as measured by plasma clearance of 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and serum concentrations of serum and creatinine were determined 24 hours after induction of anesthesia. RESULTS: Neither meloxicam nor carprofen significantly affected GFR or serum concentrations of urea and creatinine, compared with values for the saline treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When administered 1 hour before onset of anesthesia and painful electrical stimulation, meloxicam or carprofen did not cause clinically important alterations of renal function in young healthy dogs.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2006

Effects of the bronchoalveolar lavage procedure on lung function in horses with clinical exacerbation of recurrent airway obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) alters respiratory mechanics of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (ie, heaves) over a 48-hour period. ANIMALS: 6 horses affected with heaves. PROCEDURES: Horses were subjected to a complete BAL procedure, which included sedation with xylazine and butorphanol, intratracheal administration of lidocaine, and instillation and aspiration of two 250-mL boluses of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution through an endoscope (study 1). To evaluate the effects of saline solution, horses were subjected to the same procedure without saline solution instillation and aspiration (study 2). Lastly, the endoscope was similarly introduced into the lower airways, without sedation or saline instillation and aspiration (study 3). Respiratory mechanics were performed at baseline (time 0) and at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after each procedure. RESULTS: In study 1, BAL induced a significant decrease in pulmonary resistance lasting up to 6 hours. This may have resulted from clearance of mucus in large airways. We also observed a significant increase in lung elastance and transpulmonary pressure at 12 hours after BAL in all 3 studies, which may be attributed to a circadian effect. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our results indicate that the temporal effects of BAL procedures on lung mechanics should be taken into account when designing research protocols involving horses with heaves. Future studies should address the immediate effects of BAL on lung function.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Effect of intratesticular injection of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses to castration in isoflurane-anesthetized stallions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of intratesticular administration of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses and cremaster muscle tension during castration of isoflurane-anesthetized stallions. ANIMALS: 28 healthy stallions (mean +/- SD age, 4.2 +/- 2.8 years) with no testicular abnormalities that were scheduled for castration. PROCEDURE: Each horse was given acepromazine (20 microg/kg, IM), romifidine (50 microg/kg, IV), and butorphanol (20 microg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and midazolam (50 microg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.7% end-tidal concentration). After 10 minutes at a stable anesthetic plane, a needle was placed in each testicle and either no fluid or 15 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected; 10 minutes after needle placement, surgery was commenced. Pulse rate and arterial blood pressures were measured invasively at intervals from 5 minutes prior to castration (baseline) until 5 minutes after the left spermatic cord was clamped. The surgeon subjectively scored the degree of cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, lidocaine labeled with radioactive carbon (C(14)) was used and testicular autoradiograms were obtained. RESULTS: Compared with baseline values, castration significantly increased blood pressure measurements; intratesticular injection of lidocaine decreased this blood pressure response and cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, autoradiography revealed diffuse distribution of lidocaine into the spermatic cord but poor distribution into the cremaster muscle. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In isoflurane-anesthetized stallions, intratesticular injection of lidocaine prior to castration appeared to decrease intraoperative blood pressure responses and cremaster muscle tension and may be a beneficial supplement to isoflurane anesthesia.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of four drug combinations for total intravenous anesthesia of horses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal testis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anesthetic effects of 4 drug combinations used for total intravenous anesthesia of horses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal testis. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 32 healthy cryptorchid horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were sedated with xylazine and butorphanol and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: induction of anesthesia with ketamine and diazepam and maintenance with bolus administration of ketamine and xylazine (KD/KX); induction and maintenance of anesthesia with bolus administration of tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine, and detomidine (TKD); induction and maintenance of anesthesia with continuous infusion of xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine; and induction and maintenance of anesthesia with continuous infusion of guaifenesin and thiopental. Horses that moved 3 consecutive times in response to surgical stimulation or for which surgery time was > 60 minutes were administered an inhalant anesthetic, and data from these horses were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: Quality of induction was not significantly different among groups. Muscle relaxation and analgesia scores were lowest for horses given KD/KX, but significant differences among groups were not detected. Horses anesthetized with TKD had a significantly greater number of attempts to stand, compared with the other groups, and mean quality of recovery from anesthesia for horses in the TKD group was significantly worse than for the other groups. Anesthesia, surgery, and recovery times were not significantly different among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that all 4 drug combinations can be used to induce short-term anesthesia for abdominal cryptorchidectomy in horses. However, horses receiving TKD had a poorer recovery from anesthesia, often requiring assistance to stand.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2003

Effects of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists during recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia in horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Recovery from inhalant anaesthesia in the horse is a critical and difficult period to manage; however, several factors could help to obtain a calm recovery period including choice of anaesthetic and analgesic procedure used and the conditions under which anaesthetic maintenance and recovery occur. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the quality of recovery in horses administered saline, xylazine, detomidine or romifidine during recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia. METHODS: Six mature and healthy horses were premedicated with i.v. xylazine and butorphanol, and anaesthesia induced using ketamine. After 2 h of inhalant anaesthesia with isoflurane vaporised in oxygen, saline solution, xylazine (0.1 mg/kg bwt), detomidine (2 microg/kg bwt) or romifidine (8 pg/kg bwt) were administered. The quality of recovery of each horse and the degree of sedation and ataxia were evaluated. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were recorded, and arterial blood samples obtained and analysed for pH, PO2 and PCO2 during recovery. RESULTS: Quality of recovery was better in groups treated with alpha-2 adrenergic receptors agonists, showing less ataxia. Degree of sedation was greater in the romifidine group. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the administration of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists during recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia in horses prolonged and improved the quality of recovery without producing significant cardiorespiratory effects. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists after inhalent anaesthesia could prevent complications during the recovery period.

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists↗
PubMed2003

Cardiopulmonary, blood and peritoneal fluid alterations associated with abdominal insufflation of carbon dioxide in standing horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Abdominal insufflation is performed routinely during laparoscopy in horses to improve visualisation and facilitate instrument and visceral manipulations during surgery. It has been shown that high-pressure pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide (CO2) has deleterious cardiopulmonary effects in dorsally recumbent, mechanically ventilated, halothane-anaesthetised horses. There is no information on the effects of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on cardiopulmonary function and haematology, plasma chemistry and peritoneal fluid (PF) variables in standing sedated horses during laparoscopic surgery. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of high pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum in standing sedated horses on cardiopulmonary function, blood gas, haematology, plasma chemistry and PF variables. METHODS: Six healthy, mature horses were sedated with an i.v. bolus of detomidine (0.02 mg/kg bwt) and butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg bwt) and instrumented to determine the changes in cardiopulmonary function, haematology, serum chemistry and PF values during and after pneumoperitoneum with CO2 to 15 mmHg pressure for standing laparoscopy. Each horse was assigned at random to either a standing left flank exploratory laparoscopy (LFL) with CO2 pneumoperitoneum or sham procedure (SLFL) without insufflation, and instrumented for measurement of cardiopulmonary variables. Each horse underwent a second procedure in crossover fashion one month later so that all 6 horses had both an LFL and SLFL performed. Cardiopulmonary variables and blood gas analyses were obtained 5 mins after sedation and every 15 mins during 60 mins baseline (BL), insufflation (15 mmHg) and desufflation. Haematology, serum chemistry analysis and PF analysis were performed at BL, insufflation and desufflation, and 24 h after the conclusion of each procedure. RESULTS: Significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output and cardiac index and significant increases in mean right atrial pressure, systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance were recorded immediately after and during sedation in both groups of horses. Pneumoperitoneum with CO2 at 15 mmHg had no significant effect on cardiopulmonary function during surgery. There were no significant differences in blood gas, haematology or plasma chemistry values within or between groups at any time interval during the study. There was a significant increase in the PF total nucleated cell count 24 h following LFL compared to baseline values for LFL or SLFL at 24 h. There were no differences in PF protein concentrations within or between groups at any time interval. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumoperitoneum with CO2 during standing laparoscopy in healthy horses does not cause adverse alterations in cardiopulmonary, haematology or plasma chemistry variables, but does induce a mild inflammatory response within the peritoneal cavity. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: High pressure (15 mmHg) pneumoperitoneum in standing sedated mature horses for laparoscopic surgery can be performed safely without any short-term or cumulative adverse effects on haemodynamic or cardiopulmonary function.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transdermal fentanyl patches in small animals.

Fentanyl citrate is a potent opioid that can be delivered by the transdermal route in cats and dogs. Publications regarding transdermal fentanyl patches were obtained and systematically reviewed. Seven studies in cats and seven studies in dogs met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Dogs achieved effective plasma concentrations approximately 24 hours after patch application. Cats achieved effective plasma concentrations 7 hours after patch application. In dogs, transdermal fentanyl produced analgesia for up to 72 hours, except for the immediate 0- to 6-hour postoperative period. In cats, transdermal fentanyl produced analgesia equivalent to intermittent butorphanol administration for up to 72 hours following patch application.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recent developments in nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in cats.

Pain, particularly chronic pain, is an underestimated ailment in cats. Veterinarians tend to under-diagnose and under-treat pain in this aloof and stoic species. Until recently, there was only one analgesic (i.e., butorphanol) approved in the United States for use in cats; but many analgesics, particularly opioids, have been used extra-label for this purpose. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been used sparingly in cats because of safety concerns, which are less of an issue with the newer agents. Meloxicam is the only NSAID labeled for use in cats in the United States, but other agents are available in this country and are labeled for use in cats in other countries.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2000

An evaluation of chemical arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in the horse by using monoiodoacetate.

The use of monoiodoacetate (MIA) for arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) and the effect of exercise on the degree of fusion were investigated. Eight horses received 3 injections (Weeks 0, 3, 6) of MIA (2 mL; 60 mg/mL) into the right or left front PIJ. Peri-operatively, the horses received phenylbutazone, butorphanol, and abaxial sesamoidean nerve blocks to relieve pain. During the study, the horses were monitored for general health, lameness, and swelling around the injection area. Radiographs were taken biweekly to evaluate bony fusion. Horses were randomly divided into non-exercised and exercised groups. Exercise consisted of 20 minutes of trotting on a treadmill (4 m/s), 3 days per week for 13 weeks. The horses were euthanized at 24 weeks. Slab sections of the PIJ were evaluated grossly and radiographically for bony fusion. Histologic examinations were performed to evaluate articular cartilage. Three horses were excluded from the study after developing soft tissue necrosis around the injection site, septic arthritis, and necrotic tendinitis. The remaining horses remained healthy, developed a grade 1 to 4 lameness with minimal to severe swelling in the PIJ region. All 5 horses showed radiographic evidence of bony fusion, however, no fusion was present when injected joints were examined on postmortem examination. Histologic examination revealed thinning of the cartilage, diffuse necrosis of chondrocytes, with the calcified zone intact. Subjectively, exercise did not influence the degree of cartilage destruction. Based on this study, chemical arthrodesis cannot be advocated in clinical cases because of the high complication rate and lack of bony fusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Discriminative stimulus properties of (+)- and (-)-n allylnormetazocine: the role of training dose in the stimulus substitution patterns produced by PCP/sigma and mixed action opioid compounds.

The discriminative stimulus effects of the stereoisomers of N-allylnormetazocine (NANM) were evaluated in separate groups of pigeons trained to discriminate 3.0 (low) then 7.5 (high) mg/kg (-)-NANM from saline or 3.0 (high) then 1.0 (low) mg/kg (+)-NANM from saline. The stimulus effects of the high and low training dose of (-)-NANM were shared by the PCP/sigma compounds (+)-NANM, phencyclidine, dextrorphan, (+)-cyclazocine and (+)-metazocine but not the putative sigma ligand (+)-pentazocine. Doses of naloxone 3-10 times larger than those which antagonize the effects of mu and kappa opioids failed to alter these substitution patterns. In contrast to the lack of substitution obtained with the mu opioid morphine, kappa opioid bremazocine and opioid antagonist naloxone, the mixed action opioids (-)-pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine and nalorphine substituted completely for the low training dose and partially for the high training dose of (-)-NANM. At the low training dose, the substitution patterns produced by these mixed action opioids were naloxone-reversible. Complete substitution for both training doses of (-)-NANM was also obtained with the mixed action opioids levallorphan and (-)-cyclazocine, although these effects were not naloxone-reversible. In pigeons trained to discriminate the high and low training dose of (+)-NANM from saline, (-)-NANM and the PCP/sigma compounds substituted completely and in a non-naloxone reversible manner. The relative potencies of these PCP/sigma compounds in producing (+)-NANM-like stimulus effects were highly correlated with their relative affinity for the sites labeled by PCP but not (+)-NANM. In these pigeons, naloxone revealed the (+)-NANM-like stimulus effects produced by (-)-pentazocine and (-)-cyclazocine, thus suggesting that these mixed action opioids have a prominent PCP/sigma-like component. When administered alone or in combination with naloxone, the other mixed action opioids evaluated failed to substitute for either the high or low training dose of (+)-NANM. The present results indicate that the stimulus effects of both training doses of (+)-NANM and the high training dose of (-)-NANM are comprised of a PCP/sigma component, whereas that of the low training dose of (-)-NANM has both a PCP/sigma and a naloxone-reversible, opioid component.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Examination of the kappa agonist and antagonist properties of opioids in the rat drug discrimination procedure: influence of training dose and intrinsic efficacy.

In a two-choice drug discrimination procedure, rats were trained to discriminate either 0.056 (low dose) or 0.17 (high dose) mg/kg of the kappa opioid bremazocine from saline. Substitution and antagonism tests were then conducted with a variety of opioids. The opioids U50, 488, ethylketocyclazocine, spiradoline, enadoline, and U69,593 substituted completely (>/=80% bremazocine-appropriate responding) for the bremazocine stimulus in both training groups, a finding consistent with their high-efficacy kappa profile. In contrast, the other opioids examined could be classified into different subsets on the basis of their patterns of substitution and antagonism: (1) (-)-cyclazocine substituted completely for the low-dose bremazocine stimulus and substituted partially (approximately 50% bremazocine-appropriate responding) for, and antagonized partially, the high-dose bremazocine stimulus; (2) butorphanol, nalorphine and nalbuphine substituted partially for, and antagonized partially, the low- and high-dose bremazocine stimuli; (3) levellorphan did not substitute for either training dose of bremazocine and antagonized the bremazocine stimulus at both training doses; (4) (-)-N-allylnormetazocine [(-)-NANM] substituted partially for the low-dose bremazocine stimulus and substituted completely for the high-dose bremazocine stimuli. Despite the high levels of substitution, (-)-NANM antagonized both the low- and high-dose bremazocine stimuli at doses below those required to produce its maximal agonist effects. The substitution patterns exhibited by (-)-NANM were not antagonized by doses of naloxone that antagonized the stimulus effects of (-)-cyclazocine and bremazocine, suggesting that these substitution patterns were non-opioid mediated. Collectively, these results suggest that the different patterns of substitution and antagonism observed with these opioids were due either to differences in their intrinsic efficacy at the kappa receptor or to a non-opioid component of action.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Opioids and rate of positively reinforced behavior: differential antagonism by naltrexone.

Lever pressing by rats was maintained under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food presentation. The response rate-decreasing effects of several opioid compounds that vary in selectivity for, and activity at, µ, kappa, and non-opioid receptors, were examined alone and in combination with the opioid antagonist naltrexone. Naltrexone (0.01-1.0mg/kg) produced dose-dependent and generally parallel rightward shifts in the dose-effect curves for morphine, fentanyl, butorphanol and nalbuphine. Apparent pA(2) values for naltrexone against these agonists ranged from 7.05 to 7.29, and the slopes of the regression lines fitted to the Schild plots approximated theoretical unity (-1.0), suggesting a competitive interaction at µ-opioid receptors. In contrast, although at least one dose of naltrexone (0.01-10.0mg/kg) antagonized the response rate-decreasing effects of bremazocine, U50,488, (-)-pentazocine and nalorphine, suggesting some opioid activity, these effects differed from those of the µ agonists in that: (a) they were less sensitive to naltrexone antagonism; (b) maximal rightward shifts were smaller; (c) antagonism patterns were not directly related to naltrexone dose and, in some cases, were influenced by the response rate-decreasing effects of the larger naltrexone doses; and (d) there were considerable between-subjects differences in sensitivity to naltrexone antagonism. Naltrexone (0.1-10.0mg/kg) did not antagonize the effects of the non-opioid control compound pentobarbital. The present results suggest that patterns of naltrexone antagonism can provide a basis for making inferences about receptor activity related to the effects of some opioids on rate of schedule-controlled behavior. With some opioids, however, such inferences are limited by the direct response rate-decreasing effects of naltrexone itself and by differences in patterns of antagonism across subjects.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Recurrence of bullous pemphigoid after surgery: report of a case].

We report a 38-year-old woman with myoma uteri and bullous pemphigoid controlled by oral prednisolone (7.5 mg.day-1). She underwent transabdominal hysterectomy under epidural anesthesia using mepivacaine supplemented with intravenous midazolam and butorphanol, without untoward event. On the postoperative day 2, recurrence of bullous pemphigoid was noted. The skin lesion of pemphigoid was improved after increasing the prednisolone dose up to 60 mg a day.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Testing and comparison of non-opioid analgesics in amphibians.

Because of the lack of information about effective analgesics in non-mammalian vertebrates, the potency of various non-opioid agents were tested in a model of analgesia by using Northern grass frogs (Rana pipiens). This alternative model has been used widely for investigating opioid analgesic action. Potential non-opioid analgesics tested included antipsychotic, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, antihistamine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID), and partial opioid agents. Northern grass frogs were acclimated to lab conditions in individual cages. Drugs were administered systemically through the dorsal lymph sac, and analgesic effects were estimated by using the acetic acid test (AAT). The AAT is done by placing logarithmic dilutions of acid dropwise on the dorsum of the animal's thigh until a wiping response is obtained. At various doses, chlorpromazine and haloperidol (antipsychotics), chlordiazepoxide (a benzodiazepine), buprenorphine (a partial opioid agonist), and diphenhydramine (a histamine antagonist) produced moderate to strong analgesic effects. Indomethacin and ketorolac (NSAIDs), butorphanol (a partial opioid agonist), and pentobarbital (a barbiturate) produced weaker but noticeable analgesic effects. Our results are the first to document the effectiveness of a wide array of pharmacologically active agents in a novel amphibian model for analgesia. These findings provide needed data regarding the use of alternative, non-opioid agents for the treatment of pain in amphibians and other poikilothermic species.

Analgesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Opioid tolerance and dependence--pharmacological aspects].

Prolonged opioids administration leads inevitably to tolerance and dependence, a phenomenon we meet more often in healthy people than in ill patients. Tolerance means a hypersensibility of neuronal membranes as well as changes in the number and affinity of opioid receptors, which implies intake of larger doses to obtain the initial effect. Physical dependence, quite different of the psychological one, is the appearance of abstinence syndrome on sudden interruption of opioid administration or on administration of an antagonist. There is usually cross-tolerance in opioids, but it can also be incomplete, when the initial opioid can be replaced with another one that produces a milder abstinence syndrome. Classically, metadone is used in long time therapy, after detoxification with an antagonist is performed (naloxon, naltrexon). Modern pharmacological alternatives are levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol (LAAM) and agonists-antagonists (butorphanol, buprenorphine, pentazocine, nalbuphine). An antagonist can also be used if associated with an alpha--stimulant (clonidine), in order to remove noradrenergic manifestations of abstinence syndrome. Now other therapeutical principles are being studied: enkephalinaze inhibitors to reduce the abstinence syndrome, NMDA receptor antagonists, NO sintetasis inhibitors, that facilitates opioid analgesia and hinders tolerance development; colecystokinin-receptors agonists or antagonists to reduce tolerance on morphine. A recent study showed that the concomitant administration of an opioid agonist (sufentanil) and a calcium channels blocker (nimodipine) not only prevents from tolerance development but also triggers hypersensibility to analgesic effects of the opioid.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Search of antimicrobial activity of selected non-antibiotic drugs.

A variety of pharmaceutical preparations, which are applied in the management of non-infectious diseases, have shown in vitro some antimicrobial activity. These drugs are called "non-antibiotics". The aim of this study was to detect and characterise the antimicrobial activity of non-antibiotic drugs. selected from the preparations analysed during state control performed at the Drug Institute in Poland. Over 160 pharmaceutical preparations were randomly chosen from different groups of drugs. The surveillance study was performed on standard ATCC microbial strains used for drug control: S aureus, E. coil, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. It was shown that the drugs listed below inhibited growth of at least one of the examined strains:acyclovir (Awirol 5%, cream), alendronate (Alenato 5 mg, tabl.), alverine (Meteospasmyl 20 mg, caps.), butorphanole (Butamidor 10 mg/ml, amp.), clodronate (Sindronat 400 mg, caps), diclofenac (Olfen 75 mg, amp.), emadastine (Emadine 0.05%, eye dr.), etodolac (Febret 200 mg, caps.), fluvastatine (Lescol 40 mg, tabl.), ketamine (Ketamidor 10%, amp.), levocabastine (Histimet 0.5 mg/ml, eye dr.), losartan (Lorista 50 mg, tabl.), matipranolol (Betaman 0.3% eye dr.), mesalazine (Pentasa 1%, susp.), naproxen (Nalgesin 550 mg, tabl.), oxaprosine (Reumax 600 mg, tabl.), oxymethazoline (Nasivin 0.025%, nose dr.), proxymetacaine (Alcaine 0.5%, eye dr.), ribavirin (Rebetol 200 mg, caps.), rutoside with ascorbic acid (Cerutin 20+200 mg, tabl.), sulodexide (Vessel due F, 250 LSU, caps.), tegaserole (Zelmac 50 mg, tabl.), telmisartan (Pritor 20 mg, tabl.), temosolomide (Temodal 100 mg, caps.), ticlopidine (Ticlid 250 mg, tabl.), tolfenamic acid (Migea rapid 200 mg, tabl.), tramadole (Tramundin 100 mg, tabl.), tropicamide (Tropicamidum 1%, eye dr.). Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to most of the drugs listed above. Ticlopidine showed activity against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans (MICs equal to: 0.45; 0.45 and 0.65 mg/ml, respectively). Oxymetazoline showed activity against S. aureus and E. coli (MICs: 0.005 and 0.025 mg/ml, respectively). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to alendronate, clondronate, oxaprozine, ribavirin and tramadole (MICs: 10, 63, 60, 3 and 43 mg/ml, respectively).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence.

This report presents the recommendations of a WHO Expert Committee responsible for reviewing information on dependence-producing drugs to assess the need for their international control. The first part of the report contains a description of the procedure for the review of dependence-producing substances. This is followed by a critical review of five psychoactive substances (amfepramone, amineptine, buprenorphine, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and tramadol). The report also discusses the substances that were pre-reviewed by the Committee, four of which (ketamine, zopiclone, butorphanol and khat) were recommended for critical review at a future meeting. The final section discusses the problems of the terminology used in reporting abuse-related adverse drug reactions and describes how confusion affects the reporting of adverse effects using the example of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Advisory Committees↗