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PubMed2001

A combination of high oxygen atmosphere and equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging to improve the keeping quality of red fruits.

When high-barrier material is used to package fresh whole fruit in high oxygen atmospheres, shelf life is limited due to the accumulation of its produced CO2 and its creation of an anaerobic atmosphere. In this study, the effect of the combination of High Oxygen Atmosphere and Equilibrium Modified Atmosphere Packaging was tested on the shelf life of two non-climacteric red fruits, particularly strawberries and raspberries, at 7 degrees C. Herefor, the following packaging systems are compared: the conventional method of packaging in a macroperforated high-barrier film (air conditions) (1), Equilibrium Modified Atmosphere (EMA, i.e. 3-5% O2 and 5-10% CO2-balance N2) (2) and two novel modified atmospheres: High Oxygen Atmosphere (HOA, i.e. > 70% O2-balance N2) in a high-barrier film (3) and HOA in a EMA film with an adjusted film permeability (4). The shelf life of the fruits was determined by evaluating the evolution of the internal oxygen, carbon dioxide and ethylene concentrations in the packages, the microbial and sensorial quality during the storage, the loss of weight due to transpiration and respiration of the fruit and the loss of marketable fruit due to visual decay or to Botrytis growth. The High Oxygen Atmosphere in the EMA film re-established after five days to an equilibrium of 3% O2 and 5% CO2. The High Oxygen Atmosphere in the high-barrier film remained high during the first five days of storage, but decreased then rapidly to anaerobic conditions, resulting in off-flavours and odours. To avoid an accumulation of ethylene inside the high-barrier package, an ethylene adsorbing monolayer was added. Shelf life of strawberries and raspberries, packed in air conditions, was limited by growth of moulds and yeasts, rather than by sensorial unacceptance. On the other hand, sensorial properties limited the shelf life of the fruits packed under modified atmosphere. Especially High Oxygen Atmosphere improved the microbial quality, due to the inhibiting effect on yeasts and moulds. However, when oxygen was depleted and carbon dioxide had accumulated, sensorial quality (odour, taste andfirmness) was deteriorated. As this is not the case with high O2 in an EMA film, the latter can be assumed as a promising configuration for respiring fresh produce, combining the beneficial effect of high O2 and EMAP.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Anaphylaxis caused by cauliflower.

BACKGROUND: Cauliflower is a vegetable belonging to the family Cruciferae, genus Brassica, var. Botrytis. METHODS: We report the case of a 70 year-old man who suffered an acute episode consisting of oropharyngeal itching, facial and hand swelling, dyspnea and severe bronchospasm within a few minutes after eating vegetable paella containing cauliflower, green beans, red and green pepper. Due to the severity of the reaction he needed treatment in the emergency room. RESULTS: Skin prick tests with common aeroallergens were positive to Cupressus, Platanus and grass pollen. A strong skin prick test response was obtained with cauliflower and peach lipid transfer protein. Skin prick test with rice, green beans and pepper were negative. Specific IgE determinations were positive to cabbage and cauliflower, and negative to mustard. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical history and the results of the allergologic work-up point out to this patient having experienced an IgE-mediated anaphylactic reaction to cauliflower. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of anaphylaxis due to cauliflower.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Cloning of ACC oxidase gene and inhibition of endogenous gene expression with RNAi in cauliflower].

A fragment of 1202 bp of the candidate ACO gene was amplified from the cauliflower (brassica oleracea Var. botrytis) genome using the degenerated primers which were designed according to the consensus sequence of ACO amino acids among various plant species. The result of BLAST showed the sequence presented a very high match with the ACO genes from other plants; the homologue was from 83% to 99%. Three exons and two introns were identified in this sequence. The spliced length of mRNA was 756 nt and encoded 252 amino acids. The putative new gene was denominated BoACO, and submitted to GenBank (AY676466). Using the sequence, we constructed an RNA interference (RNAi) transformation vector through the way of BP cloning. The transformation into cauliflower was performed. Five regenerated plants with kanamycin resistance were obtained. And the transgene integrated into cauliflower genome was proved with PCR and Southern blotting. The expression of this ACO gene is down-regulated based on the Northern blotting in the transgenic plants. The activity of ACO enzyme was depressed significantly.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Proteinase inhibitors as antistress proteins in higher plants].

Physicochemical and functional characteristics of plant protein proteinase inhibitors as antistress biopolymers were studied to determine the mechanisms for plant resistance to phytopathogens and to obtain disease-resistant cereal and leguminous cultures. The activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin inhibitors varied in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous cultures. Study varieties of leguminous and cereal cultures were shown to contain endogenous inhibitors specific to proteinases of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Helminthosporium, and Botrytis. These inhibitors were characterized by species specificity and variety specificity. Protease inhibitors from buckwheat seeds inhibited proteases of fungal pathogens and suppressed germination of spores and growth of the fungal mycelium. Our results suggest that proteinaceous inhibitors of proteinases are involved in the protective reaction of plants under stress conditions.

Fungi↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of a class III chitinase from Vitis vinifera cv. Koshu.

A chitinase gene (Chi3K) was cloned from the genomic DNA of Vitis vinifera cv. Koshu. The structural gene comprised 891 by without introns and encoded 297 amino acids. The Chi3K product showed high similarity to the class III chitinase of V. vinifera cv. Pinot noir. Chi3K was expressed using a bacterial expression vector for purification and enzymatic characterization of its gene product. The recombinant chitinase exhibited hydrolytic activity toward glycol chitin and its optimum pH was 4.0. It also inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea, which causes grey mold disease in grapes.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bacillus subtilis and phenotypically similar strains producing hexaene antibiotics].

We studied metabolites synthesized by Bacillus subtilis strains, including the type strain of B. atrophaeus and phenotypically similar cultures. These metabolites were presented by polyene antibiotics with conjugated double bonds. Hexaenes from study strains inhibited the growth of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium culmorum, F. sporotrichiella, F. oxysporum, Botrytis sorokiniana, Alternaria tenuis, and Phytophtora infestans. The degree of growth inhibition depended on the test fungus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Exposure to moulds in flats and the prevalence of allergic diseases--preliminary study.

The presented study concerned mycological analysis of buildings in Lódź and evaluation of the role between filamentous fungi contaminated flats and inhabitants health (allergic airway diseases). 49 inhabitants of 20 flats with signs of moulds contamination were examined. Air samples were collected in houses and outdoors. In all inhabitants skin prick tests (SPT) to common allergens and to standardized particular fungal extracts were performed. Moreover, total and serum specific IgE to moulds, rest spirometry were measured in all subjects. Level of moulds contamination in the air of flats was high and in 75% cases exceed accepted limits. The most frequent species isolated from examined rooms were: Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Acremoniu and Alternaria. The most frequent symptoms reported by examined subjects were rhinitis (N = 29, 59.2%), conjunctivitis (N = 29, 59.2%), chronic cough (N = 24, 49%), dyspnea (N = 15, 30.6%) and skin symptoms (N = 24, 49%). Elevated IgE level was found in 12 subjects (24.5%) and in three patients (6.1%) mould specific serum IgE were detected. Nineteen out of all subjects (38.8%) had positive SPT to common allergens (house dust mites, grass and tree pollens). Eight out of these patients (16.3% of the group) were sensitized to moulds (Candida albicans, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Helminthosporium halodes, Aspergillus). In all cases sensitisation to moulds was accompanied by allergy to other common allergens. No isolated hypersensitivity to moulds was found. Although the frequency of self-reported symptoms was high, the prevalence of atopy and allergic diseases seems to be similar to that found in general population, but that statement must be confirmed by comparison of the control group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Micromycetes, producers of toxins, detected on stored vegetables.

In 2003-2004, investigations of mycological contamination of stored and newly harvested vegetables were carried out. The aim of the study was to detect fungal species able to synthesize toxic metabolites, which are spread on vegetables under various conditions. For mycological investigations, samples of carrots, onions and cabbage were taken from storehouses with different storage periods and conditions. Penicillium expansum, P. nalgiovense, Mucor silvaticus and Penicillium verrucosum were more frequently detected on carrots, Penicillium expansum - on onions and Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Mucor hiemalis, Penicillium funiculosum and Penicillium expansum - on cabbages. Storing conditions of vegetables influenced distribution of different fungal species. Primary screening using CYA and YES test-media showed that 46.7 % of tested strains may be evaluated as toxin producers. The ability of fungi to produce mycotoxins depends on their growth substrata. According to Rf and fluorescence in the UV of compounds comparing with standards, such toxins as patulin, cytochalasin and penitrem were identified. The ability of Penicillium expansum Sv-168-1 growing on different foodstuff and especially potato to produce patulin was confirmed quantitatively.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Annual variation of fungal spores in atmosphere of Porto: 2003.

The seasonal distribution of fungal spore concentration in the city of Porto, Portugal, was continuously studied, from 1 January to 31 December 2003, using a 7-day volumetric Burkard trap. In Portugal, aerobiological studies are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no published data on the atmospheric concentration of fungal spores. The aim of this work therefore is to initiate the aeromycological studies in Porto. The total airborne spore concentration fluctuated between 2 and 2,198 spores/m(3) per day with an daily mean of 403 spores/m(3). The highest airborne spore concentration was found during the summer and the early autumn, while the lowest concentration was registered during the winter. A range of allergenic and phytopathogenic fungal spores was present in the atmosphere of Porto throughout the entire year, although in different concentrations. Among the 22 fungal spore types identified Cladosporium (74.5 %), Ganoderma (11.7 %), Aspergillaceae (2.9 %), Ustilago (2.5 %), Coprinus (1.5 %), Alternaria (1.3 %) and Botrytis (1.3 %) were the most frequent. Seasonally, spore levels of Cladosporium and Alternaria peaked in the autumn and winter, Ganoderma peaked toward autumn, whilst spore levels of the basidiomycete Coprinus fluctuated throughout the year. The total spore concentration was negatively correlated with wind speed and positively correlated with temperature and relative humidity.

Air↗
PubMed2005

Signum, a new fungicide for control of leaf diseases in outdoor vegetables.

During three years, the new fungicide Signum, containing 6.7% pyraclostrobine + 26.7 % boscalid and developed by BASF. has been evaluated in leek, carrots and cabbages in several outdoor field experiments under practical conditions and during one year in outdoor lettuce. In leek, Phytophthora porri is one of the major leaf diseases causing lesions on differ ent places on the leaves, resulting in at least extra labour costs for trimming or even worse sometimes resulting in complete crop loss. So far, crop protection consists of repeated applications of fungicides especially during autumn and winter. Pyraclostrobin + boscalid has been evaluated in comparison with the fungicides mancozeb, mancozeb + metalaxyl-M and azoxystrobin. The progress of the disease during the growth season is discussed. For all parameters evaluated, pyraclostrobin + boscalid gave comparable or even better results than reference products. Especially during 2003, a small drop of the activity of benalaxyl against P. porri has been observed after repeated applications. In carrots, Erisiphe heraclei and Alternaria dauci are both the most common leaf diseases causing yield and quality loss. During periods of very high pressure of A. dauci, pyraclostrobin + boscalid, applied in a three weeks interval, revealed a superior activity compared with triazole references or compared with azoxystrobin. Against E. heraclei, a good control but also a clear dose response activity have been observed with pyraclostrobin + boscalid. Yield gain was approximately 30 ton /ha compared wih untreated. In Brussels sprouts, good efficacy was obtained against Mycosphaerella spp., Albugo candida and Alternaria spp. In outdoor lettuce Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are the most important diseases causing crop damage and reducing the quality of the heads. Pyraclostrobin + boscalid was evaluated in comparison with the standard fungicide iprodione. The plant protection was better with the new fungicide pyraclostrobin + boscalid.

Brassica↗
PubMed2006

Overexpression in Arabidopsis of a plasma membrane-targeting glutamate receptor from small radish increases glutamate-mediated Ca2+ influx and delays fungal infection.

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated nonselective cation channels that mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission. Although homologues of the iGluRs have been identified in higher plants, their roles are largely unknown. In this work we isolated a full-length cDNA clone (RsGluR) encoding a putative glutamate receptor from small radish. An RsGluR: mGFP fusion protein was localized to the plasma membrane. In Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing the full-length cDNA, glutamate treatment triggered greater Ca2+ influx in the root cells of transgenic seedlings than in those of the wild type. Transgenic plants exhibited multiple morphological changes such as necrosis at their tips and the margins of developing leaves, dwarf stature with multiple secondary inflorescences, and retarded growth, as previously observed in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing AtGluR3.2 [Kim et al. (2001)]. Microarray analysis showed that jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive genes including defensins and JA-biosynthetic genes were up-regulated. RsGluR overexpression also inhibited growth of a necrotic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea possibly due to up-regulation of the defensins. Based on these results, we suggest that RsGluR is a glutamate-gated Ca2+ channel located in the plasma membrane of higher plants and plays a direct or indirect role in defense against pathogen infection by triggering JA biosynthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis of shoot apical anatomic changes during the development of Brassica plants].

In this study, we analyzed shoot apical anatomic changes during the development of Brassica plants including cauliflower (Brasscia oleracea L.var. botrytis), broccoli (B. oleracea L.var italica), Chinese cabbage (Brasscia compestris spp. pekinensis) and cabbage (Brasscia oleracea.L.). It has been showed that all of their apical meristems changed from the original tunica-corpus structure to the intergrade subarea, to typical 5-subarea structure and to 4-subarea structure when they went into reproductive development. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) cells were undergoing in different developmental way among these plants after they began reproductive development. The bilateral cells of sub-tunica of Chinese cabbage and cabbage divided into apical leafy primordial, in which lateral inflorescence meristem arised. While the bilateral cells of sub-tunica of cauliflower and broccoli divided into inflorescence meristem, which proliferated into curd or head. The results presented here provide the base for further investigation of anatomic identity of inflorescence phenotype formation and molecular events associated with meristem fate.

Brassica↗
PubMed1990

Biological studies on 2,1-benzisothiazole derivatives. I. Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and genotoxic activities of 1-acyl-3-acylimino-2,1-benzisothiazolines.

The in vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and genotoxic activities of some 1-acyl-3-acylimino-2,1-benzisothiazolines is described. Compounds 55, 58, 60 and 62 exhibited a selective antibacterial activity. Compounds 1, 2, 30, 59 and 63 were active against Botrytis cinerea, compounds 6, 20, 39 and 54 against Pythium irregulare. DNA-damaging activity in the Bacillus subtilis rec-assay was demonstrated for compounds 45, 46, 54, 55, 57 and 61. By the Salmonella-microsome assay, genotoxic activity was confirmed and demonstrated also for compounds 10, 28, 29, 40, 44, 47-53, 56, 58-60, 62 and 63. Relationships between structure and genotoxic activity showed that all compounds containing an aromatic -NO2 group, except compound 27, were active. Among derivatives containing a -CH2Cl group in the acylic chain, only compound 40 showed mutagenic activity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of carbendazin residue accumulation on greenhouse and field-grown strawberries, after successive treatments with benomyl.

Benomyl, a systemic fungicide used in preharvest treatments to prevent Botrytis and other fungal diseases, metabolizes to carbendazim (MBC). A study was undertaken to determine if the total residues of MBC of greenhouse and field-grown Douglas strawberries accumulate in fruits after successive fortnightly treatments with a commercial preparation of benomyl. Statistical analysis of the data obtained indicates that residues of MBC do not accumulate in fruits; on the contrary, they decrease over time.

Benomyl↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of an airborne spore study in various regions of southern Sardinia].

Fungal air spores can play a significant role in several allergic manifestations. Therefore, the identification of geographic areas of mould distribution could be helpful to the clinician, especially if associated with fungal air spore recording in homes or working environments of sensitized subjects, in determining the real clinical importance of sensitization to fungi. On this basis, we studied the occurrence of airborne fungi at two urban sites and at two rural sites in the South of Sardinia, from May 1987 to April 1988, using the gravity plate method. Our survey has pointed out a significant difference about the occurrence of airborne spores in the areas sampled. Spore concentrations were lower at the urban sites during all the survey period. On the whole 6319 fungal colonies belonging to 28 different genera have been found. Cladosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus, represented by a range of species, were the most common fungi identified in all sites examined. Remarkable the incidence of Yeasts, represented by the genera Candida, Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces. Aureobasidium, Stemphilium, Botrytis, Chaetomium, Mucor and Rhizopus have been found in all sites but they have not been steadily isolated during the survey. Several other genera have been found only sporadically. Our results seem to confirm that fungal air spores, because of its quantity and variety, can represent a serious problem for human health in Sardinia.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1989

[Search for actinomycetes--antagonists of fungi causing sugar beet root rot].

Actinomycetes belonging to Streptomyces were isolated from the rhizosphere of sugar beet grown on an infected area after cultivation for many years. 44.1 per cent of them proved to be antagonists of phytopathogenic test fungi. The majority of the antagonists were detected among the Cinereus. The lowest number of the antagonists was detected among the Azureus, the maximum number of the antagonists was observed in the middle and at the end of the sugar beet vegetation period. During various periods of the plant development, the number of the antagonists belonging to different sections changed. The majority of the actinomycetes belonging to Streptomyces were active against Fusarium solani and Botrytis cinerea. The antagonists of the fungi were mainly detected among the representatives of the Cinereus and Helvolo-Flavus.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed1977

[Fungal spore content of the air in Munich (author's transl)].

A volumetric determination of seasonal variations in the fungal spore content of the air was carried out with Andersen samplers (culture plates) in the center of the City of Munich and 2.4 km (1.5 miles) west of it. Cladosporium spores were predominant (60% altogether), followed by those of penicillium and aspergillus. Up to 22 different genera were counted among the varieties. The spores of cladosporium, penicillium, aspergillus, botrytis, thysanophora and epicoccum are twice as densely represented 2.4 km west of the center of the City than in the center. The most frequent types of spore during the course of the year are described.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1985

Sequential sampling of fungal air spores inside and outside the homes of mould-sensitive, asthmatic patients: a search for a relationship to obstructive reactions.

A sequential sampling study of fungal airspores was carried out with the Andersen sampler inside and outside the homes of eight asthmatic, mould-sensitive patients. The aim of the study was to find a possible relationship between variations in airborne colony forming units (CFU) and the occurrence of increased pulmonary complaints (IPC). Great variations in fungal prevalence occurred throughout the year, the lowest average daily concentration being 125, and the highest, 1425 CFU/m3/sample during the whole survey. Penicillium dominated the catch in seven of the eight environments. Other frequently sampled moulds were Cladosporium, yeasts, Aspergillus, and Botrytis. Sixty-six percent of IPC were noted from July through November, during which time 56% of all fungal peaks occurred. A significant difference was found between peak flow (PF) values on days with the highest mould numbers compared with PF values on days with low counts. This relation was not found for PF and indoor mould counts. No particular fungal genus was responsible for IPC in general, but in a given patient the occurrence of a special mould type may be related to obstructive reactions. It is concluded that a possible relationship exists between the prevalence of airborne fungi and IPC. Definite proof of a direct bronchial obstructive effect, however, might only be provided by means of inhalation-provocation studies with the sampled fungi.

Air Pollutants↗