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PubMed1993

Fats used in seasoning and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Moscow, Russia.

BACKGROUND: As part of a case-control study of breast cancer conducted in Moscow the relationship between consumption of fat in seasoning and risk of breast cancer was assessed. DESIGN: The study comprised 92 cases and 110 controls. Cases were newly diagnosed consecutive cases seen at the breast clinic of the Cancer Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences during the year 1990. None of the patients had been previously treated for breast or other cancers and none had distant metastases. Patient were interviewed in the Clinic within two days of admission. Controls were recruited from women visiting their friends and relatives treated in the same Cancer Centre. RESULTS: Four levels of frequency of use of butter and vegetable oils, and four levels for combined sources were created to evaluate the association between use of fat in seasoning and breast cancer risk. Compared to low use, a non-significant increase in risk was observed for the highest intake of butter (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (0.8, 3.0)). High frequency of use of vegetable oil in seasoning decreased the risk of breast cancer. For the highest category of use, the adjusted OR was 0.2 (95% CI (0.1, 0.5)). Frequent use of mayonnaise also appeared to be associated with a decrease in the risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.1; 95% CI (0.01, 0.4)). For total fat seasoning consumption (vegetable oil+mayonnaise), the adjusted OR for highest category of intake was 0.1 (95% CI (0.03, 0.3)). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest a negative association between consumption of fat used for seasoning (except butter) and breast cancer risk. This may be a direct effect or due to increased consumption of salad-type vegetables by high consumers of these sources of fats. The topic should be addressed in other studies in different populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of flavorings-related lung disease risk at six microwave popcorn plants.

OBJECTIVE: After investigating fixed airways obstruction in butter flavoring-exposed workers at a microwave popcorn plant, we sought to further characterize lung disease risk from airborne butter-flavoring chemicals. METHODS: We analyzed data from medical and environmental surveys at six microwave popcorn plants (including the index plant). RESULTS: Respiratory symptom and airways obstruction prevalences were higher in oil and flavorings mixers with longer work histories and in packaging-area workers near nonisolated tanks of oil and flavorings. Workers were affected at five plants, one with mixing-area exposure to diacetyl (a butter-flavoring chemical with known respiratory toxicity potential) as low as 0.02 ppm. CONCLUSIONS: Microwave popcorn workers at many plants are at risk for flavoring-related lung disease. Peak exposures may be hazardous even when ventilation maintains low average exposures. Respiratory protection and engineering controls are necessary to protect workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A South Australian Salmonella Mbandaka outbreak investigation using a database to select controls.

UNLABELLED: Between April and June 1996, 15 persons with Salmonella enterica serovar Mbandaka infection were reported in South Australia (population 1.6 million) compared with 12 over the previous five years. To identify a possible source for the infections a case control study was conducted. METHODS: Trained interviewers asked 15 cases and 45 controls about their consumption of 105 foods. Controls were matched to case residential location and age. They were selected from a previously constructed database of 3,014 randomly selected South Australian households. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 15 cases ate 'generic' or 'retail store' brands of peanut butter produced by the same factory in another state, compared with five of the 45 controls (p < 0.01). Salmonella Mbandaka was isolated from three opened jars of peanut butter from case households, and from three unopened jars from retail outlets. Further investigation implicated roasted peanuts from a third Australian state as the source of the Salmonella contamination. DISCUSSION: This is the first recorded outbreak of salmonellosis resulting from the consumption of peanut butter. The SA outbreak investigation comprised a matched case control study to identify possible common food sources. Such investigations need be conducted rapidly to maximise public health benefits, and the utility of selecting controls from a population based database can improve timeliness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Dietary fat, ketosis, and seizure resistance in rats on the ketogenic diet.

PURPOSE: Fat is the major component of the ketogenic diet (KD), yet no studies have examined whether the type of fat used in the diet can be optimized to provide additional benefits. The purpose of the present experiments was to compare the efficiency of different fats in inducing ketosis and affording seizure resistance. METHODS: The effects of KDs that incorporate lard, butter, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), or flaxseed oil or a mixture of the latter three fats were examined in rats fed KD for up to 98 days. The maximal electroshock (MES) or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) threshold tests were used to assess seizure susceptibility in two separate experiments. RESULTS: The rank order of induced ketosis was MCT > mixture > or = flaxseed oil > or = lard = butter > or = control. MES failed to reveal anticonvulsant effects, but the PTZ test indicated that up to 50% of rats fed the KD were seizure protected (p < 0.05). The measures of seizure protection, seizure incidence and score, did not correlate, however, with the level of ketosis in the range of 0. 7-5.2 mmol/L for beta-hydroxybutyrate. In the long-term study, flaxseed oil KD maintained stable ketosis throughout 98 days, whereas ketones declined with lard and butter KD to the control level. CONCLUSIONS: Seizure protection with the versions of the KD did not improve with the higher level of ketosis. The focus of the KD improvement, therefore, is not the achievement of higher ketosis per se but rather designing a diet that provides steady ketosis, exploits advantages of certain fats for neurological development or seizure protection via a nonketogenic mechanism, and is nutritionally balanced.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Association of consumption of products containing milk fat with reduced asthma risk in pre-school children: the PIAMA birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Environment and lifestyle contribute to the development of asthma in children. Understanding the relevant factors in this relationship may provide methods of prevention. The role of diet in the development of asthma in pre-school children was investigated. METHODS: Data from 2978 children participating in a prospective birth cohort study were used. Food frequency data were collected at the age of 2 years and related to asthma symptoms reported at the age of 3 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of recent asthma at age 3 was lower in children who consumed (at age 2) full cream milk daily (3.4%) than in those who did not (5.6%) and in those who consumed butter daily (1.5%) than in those who did not (5.1%). The prevalence of recent wheeze was lower in children who consumed milk products daily (13.7%) than in those who did not (18.4%) and in children who consumed butter daily (7.7%) than in those who did not (15.4%). These effects remained in a logistic regression model including different foods and confounders (adjusted odds ratio (CI) for recent asthma: full cream milk daily v rarely 0.59 (0.40 to 0.88), butter daily v rarely 0.28 (0.09 to 0.88)). Daily consumption of brown bread was also associated with lower rates of asthma and wheeze, whereas no associations were observed with the consumption of fruits, vegetables, margarine, and fish. CONCLUSIONS: In pre-school children, frequent consumption of products containing milk fat is associated with a reduced risk of asthma symptoms.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fat sources in the Belgian diet.

Food consumption data from the Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health study (n = 11,302) were analyzed with regard to fat intake. Intakes of macronutrients were compared between several subgroups in the population. The major objective was to quantify the contribution of food groups and individual food items to the intake of total fat, polyunsaturated (PUFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and saturated (SFA) fat in the Belgian diet. These results are compared to nutritional guidelines and Italian, US and Dutch data. Major sources of fat are butter (16% of the total intake) and baking margarine (8%). Major sources of SFA are butter (24%) and cheese (8%), of MUFA butter (13%) and baking margarine (9%), and of PUFA diet margarine (23%) and mayonnaise (11%).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Chemopreventive effects of cocoa polyphenols on chronic diseases.

We have explored the causes of the major chronic diseases prevailing in the world and the relevant mechanisms as a sound basis for recommendations for their prevention. Research shows that the cocoa bean, and tasty products derived from the cocoa bean such as chocolate, and the beverage cocoa, popular with many people worldwide, is rich in specific antioxidants, with the basic structure of catechins and epicatechin, and especially the polymers procyanidins, polyphenols similar to those found in vegetables and tea. Metabolic epidemiological studies indicate that regular intake of such products increases the plasma level of antioxidants, a desirable attribute as a defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS). The antioxidants in cocoa can prevent the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol, related to the mechanism of protection in heart disease. Likewise, a few studies show that ROS associated with the carcinogenic processes is also inhibited, although there have not been many studies on a possible lower risk of various types of cancer either in humans or in animal models consuming cocoa butter or chocolates. Based on the knowledge acquired thus far, it would seem reasonable to suggest inhibition of the several phases of the complex processes leading to cancer, as a function of quantitative intake of antioxidants, including those from cocoa and chocolates. Cocoa and chocolate also contain fats from cocoa butter. These are mainly stearic triglycerides (C18:0) that are less well absorbed than other fats, and are excreted in the feces. Thus, cocoa butter is less bioavailable and has minimal effect on serum cholesterol.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2001

Effects of dietary lipids on renal function of aged rats.

Normal aging is accompanied by renal functional and morphological deterioration and dietetic manipulation has been used to delay this age-related decline. We examined the effects of chronic administration of diets containing 5% lipid-enriched diet (LD, w/w) on renal function of rats at different ages. Three types of LD were tested: canola oil, fish oil and butter. Mean systemic tail-cuff blood pressure and glycemia remained within the normal range whatever the age and the diet of the animals. Proteinuria began to rise from the 8th month in the groups ingesting LD, while in the control group it increased significantly (above 10 mg/24 h) only after the 10th month. With age, a significant and progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow was observed in the LD groups but after 6 months of lipid supplementation, the decline in these parameters was more marked in the butter and fish oil groups. By the 18th month, the lowest GFR level was observed in the group ingesting the butter diet (2.93 +/- 0.22 vs 5.01 +/- 0.21 ml min(-1) kg(-1) in control, P<0.05). Net acid excretion, evaluated in 9- and 18-month-old rats, was stimulated in the fish oil group when compared both to control and to the other two LD groups. These results suggest that even low levels of LD in a chronic nutritional regimen can modify the age-related changes in renal function and that the impact of different types of lipid-supplemented diets on renal function depends on the kind of lipid present in the diet.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Occurrence of aflatoxins, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone in foods and feeds in Botswana.

Sorghum and maize form the main dietary staple foods in Botswana. Other products such as peanuts, peanut butter, phane (an edible larval stage of an emperor moth Imbrasia belina Westwood), and pulses (cowpeas and beans) are also widely used as food and for the manufacture of feeds. These important food and feed commodities were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone. Aflatoxins were detected in 40% of the samples analyzed. The concentration of total aflatoxins ranged from 0.1 to 64 microg/kg. The mean concentration ranged from 0.3 microg/kg in sorghum to 23 microg/kg in peanut butter. Peanut butter samples were the most contaminated (71%). No aflatoxins were detected in maize. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 36% of the samples. Maize samples were the most contaminated (85% of the samples) with the concentration ranging from 20 to 1,270 microg/kg. No fumonisin B1 was detected in peanuts, phane, and beans. Zearalenone was only found in 2.6% of the samples analyzed at 40 microg/kg. Aflatoxins were the most common toxins detected in foods and feeds in Botswana. However, fumonisin B1 was more prevalent in maize than aflatoxins or zearalenone.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Peanut allergy: an increasing health risk for children.

Matthew, age 24 months, is brought into the clinic by his frantic mother. She reports Matthew started wheezing and broke out in a blotchy skin rash within 5 minutes of eating a cracker with peanut butter. Matthew has a history of mild, intermittent asthma treated with nebulized albuterol, which the mother administered without improvement in the child's breathing pattern. He also has a history of moderate atopic dermatitis and a prior milk intolerance that he has since outgrown. No other food allergies are noted in his history, and the mother believes this is the first time Matthew has eaten peanut butter. It has been approximately fi hour since he ingested the peanut butter. Matthew's vital signs are temperature 98.6 degrees F, pulse 90, and respirations 60 with audible wheezing and repetitive cough. His blood pressure is 80/60. His face and chest are flushed with urticaria, and some swelling is noted around his mouth.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

[The impact of plant-sterol supplemented diet on the LDL and oxidized-LDL levels in young men].

As evidenced by clinical trials, sterols and stanols may reduce LDL-cholesterol more potently than the restriction in the dietary intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. So far, in Poland no clinical trials on the preventive applications of plant sterol margarines were conducted. Therefore, the objective of our study was to confirm their utility in primary prevention of cardiovascular disorders in young, healthy men who habitually consume butter. The present study was conducted on 42 healthy men (24.5 +/- 6 yr)--priests students living throughout the study in a boarding house and 4 weeks consumed during the study the same amounts (portions) of all diet elements, and the only difference were the two compared fats used in the study. 31 men consumed daily 15 g of extra butter (30 g/d), and 31 men consumed twice daily 15 g of margarine (30 g/d) with the addition of plant sterol esters amounting to 8 g/100 g of the product. Total cholesterol reduction by 7% (p < 0.001), and above all the LDL reduction by as much as over 11% (p < 0.001) confirm the beneficial effect of sterols on lipid parameters. The first time we observed reduction of oxidized LDL (oxy-LDL) by as much as 21% (p < 0.001) after consumption of margarine with plant sterol. This results suggest that sterols have pleiotropic effects, similar to statins. Our proposal of this results is that sterol have anti-inflammatory effect, probability by reduction of oxysterols from food. Of note is the fact that dietary sterol intake did not cause any changes in the HDL fraction level. Also the observed reduction in the atherogenic index (LDL-C/HDL-C) by over 11% (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the disadvantageous effect of butter-containing diet on blood serum lipids, with a trend towards their increase, was confirmed in the present study. The results obtained indicate a potent hypolipaemic activity of dietary sterol intake in normocholesterolemics young men, and probably that is the one of the important methods of prevention heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The interdependence of age on the utilization of proteins and intake of fats of various quality].

From an age of 30 days to 150 days, male rats were given ad libitum feed with a physiological content of nutrients (adequate to their age) and with different sources of fat: sunflower oil, pork lard, butter. The net protein ratio (NPR), body fat content, and the specific activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase PEPCK were determined every 15 days. For all the three fat sources, NPR had the same high values in the intensive growth period (age 45 and 60 days: increased protein demand for building the organism); lower and the same again are the NPR values at an age of 75 to 105 days. From an age of 120 days to 150 days (the end of maturation), the long-continued intake of lard and butter had an adverse effect on the availability of protein for the animals, though their food had a physiological structure and an optimum proportion of the saccharide components. The result correlates with the growth of PEPCK activity, as indicated by exploitation of protein as substrate for gluconeogenesis, not for proteosynthesis. Pork lard and butter with a 3.5 - to 5-fold prevalence of saturated fatty acids, compared with sunflower oil, implies that short-chain fatty acids were provided as effectors of gluconeogenesis and that, under the conditions of physiological intake of nutrients, substrates were also provided for mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1988

Separate effects of dietary protein and fat on serum cholesterol levels: another view of amino acid content of proteins.

Casein or soy protein with vegetable or animal fat were used to determine the dietary protein or fat effects and their possible interaction on serum cholesterol levels. Young, male New Zealand white rabbits with a mean weight of 2.1 kg were divided into groups of six and fed one of four different diets containing 20% of the calories as protein, 30% as fat (according to dietary guidelines for the United States) and 50% as carbohydrate. The diets contained casein or soy (lysine/arginine ratio = 2.2 or 0.9, respectively) as the protein sources with fat from either almond oil or butter. There was no significant difference in weight gain among the diet groups. Total serum cholesterol level was highest among animals fed the diet containing butter with casein (177 +/- 25 mg/dl) or soy protein (189 +/- 50 mg/dl), it was intermediate in animals fed the vegetable oil with casein (121 +/- 14 mg/dl), and lowest in the soy protein with vegetable oil group (58 +/- 12 mg/dl). There was a significant difference in serum cholesterol levels due to the protein effect when vegetable oil was used (p less than 0.05) but not with butter. There was also a significant fat effect on serum cholesterol when the diet contained soy protein (p less than 0.005) but not when the protein was casein. No significant interaction was observed between the dietary fat and protein sources on serum cholesterol levels, which suggests that dietary protein and fat independently affect the levels of serum cholesterol. Thus, dietary protein has a significant effect on serum cholesterol levels and may be a factor in the low levels of serum cholesterol observed among vegetarians and in humans of Third World countries where the diets is primarily of vegetable origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of various high-fat diets on myocardial contractility and morphology in rats.

The effects of various high-fat diets (20% w/w) containing commercially available fats and oils (butter, corn oil, corn oil margarine, canola oil, canola oil margarine, soybean oil, soybean oil margarine, sunflower oil, sunflower oil margarine) on myocardial contractility and morphology and on plasma lipids were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed the diets for 16 weeks. Diets containing corn oil caused significantly (P less than or equal to .05) higher plasma total cholesterol levels than diets containing butter. Significant differences were also determined in lipoprotein levels. Plasma triglyceride levels were significantly (P less than or equal to .05) higher with butter than with sunflower oil or sunflower margarine. No significant differences among the groups occurred in blood pressure, heart rate, or myocardial contractility. Histological evaluation revealed that animals fed canola oil had the highest incidence and severity of myocarditis and fibrosis and that the degree of cardiac lipidosis was not correlated to the erucic-acid content of the diet. Myocardial damage was significantly (P less than or equal to .05) negatively correlated with stearic and palmitic acids and positively correlated with oleic acid. The results indicate that diets low in saturated fats may have adverse long-term effects on the heart.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of buttermilk as a source of phospholipids].

A method for obtaining phospholipids from butter-milk, a by-product of butter making is described. The method consists in coagulating the fat globule membranes with mineral or organic acid, separating the resulted precipitate by centrifugation or filtering, lipid extraction by organic solvents mixture and isolation of phospholipids from the extract by acetone treatment or by column chromatography. Butter-milk, a new source of biological membranes, is characterized by a low cost and accessibility.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Nutritional effects on blood lipid and HDL cholesterol concentrations in two subspecies of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The African green monkey has previously been found to be a promising model for the study of atherosclerosis. We have compared the plasma and HDL cholesterol response to dietary manipulation in the two subspecies of African green monkeys (vervets and grivets) most often imported for biomedical research purposes. Twenty vervets and 20 grivets were fed, in succession, diets containing safflower oil, butter, or lard as the principal dietary fat at a level of 40% of calories. Ten animals of each subspecies were fed the diets without added cholesterol (control groups) and 10 were fed diets with either added crystalline cholesterol (safflower oil and butter diets) or egg yolk (lard diet) to raise the diet cholesterol level at least five-fold. The effect of the type of dietary fat was that total plasma cholesterol (TPC) and HDL cholesterol concentrations were lowest while the safflower oil diet was fed, were significantly higher when butter fat diets were fed, and were highest when the egg yolk-lard based diets were fed. In addition, a significant effect of the elevated level of dietary cholesterol, independent of the type of dietary fat, was seen: a statistically significant negative correlation between TPC and HDL cholesterol concentrations was induced. In contrast, a positive correlation between TPC and HDL cholesterol concentrations was found at the lower dietary cholesterol level. Thus, the different factors (type of fat versus cholesterol) influenced lipoprotein metabolism in distinct yet related ways. Although average values for both plasma and HDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in the grivet subspecies than in the vervet subspecies, the data for both subspecies fit the same regression lines. This outcome suggested that the subspecies differed in the magnitude of response rather than in the mechanism of response.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in foods.

A method for determining aflatoxins by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection after CB extraction and cleanup has been applied to various foods. Recoveries at 1--15 ppb levels from green coffee and peanut butter was 72--85 and 74--104%, respectively. Precision of the method has been tested for peanut butter. Other products to which the method has been successfully applied include tree nuts, seeds, grains, chocolate-covered peanut butter candy, and roasted, salted-in-shell peanuts. High levels of aflatoxins found in several samples of nuts by this method have been verified by the official thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method. The advantages of this HPLC method are speed, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and immediate chemical confirmation of aflatoxins B1 and G1. None of the products analyzed required special cleanup procedures. Preparative-scale HPLC was used to isolate purified B1 for toxicity testing.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of the therapeutic effect of diets with qualitatively and quantitatively different fat content on children with cirrhosis of the liver].

A total of 107 children with liver cirrhosis aged from 7 to 12 were kept under observation. Four types of diets with different variants of the fatty component were used in the course of their treatment. The diet No 5 ration contained a physiological set of basic nutrients (with vegetable oil comprising 12% of the total amount of fat in the ration). The diet 52 carried a higher amount of the vegetable oil with its proportion reaching 22% of the total quantity of fat at the expense of a lesser share of butter. The total amount of fat was consistent with the age-specific standard rate. The diets 53 and 54 has the amount of fat raised by 15% with respect to the physiological level through additional introduction of vegetable oil and butter "Zdorovie", respectively. The fat-enriched diets were well tolerated with no manifestations of steatorrhea in evidence. Against the background of all the diets applied the great majority of the patients demonstrated an improvement of both the clinical data (general conditions, reduction in the size of the liver) and a number of characteristics reflecting the functional capacity of the liver (normalization of the blood serum bilirubin, of proteinogram findings). Following the use of diets with an elevated fat content there could be observed a well-marked tendency toward normalization of metabolic rates. In particular the level of the blood serum cholesterol esthers was rising; the plasma and lipids of the erythrocytes stroma showed an increased proportion of arachidonic acid with simultaneous fall of the icosatrienic acid share. This may ascribed to a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration. The most convenient way of introducing polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration is the dietetic butter "Zdorovie". This justifies recommending it in dietotherapy of children suffering from liver cirrhosis.

Child↗